Xenobiotics removal from polluted water by a multifunctional constructed wetland

Removal efficiencies on xenobiotics from polluted water in a twin-shaped constructed wetland consisting of a vertical flow chamber with the crop plant Colocasia esculenta L. Schott and a reverse vertical flow one with Ischaemum aristatum var. glaucum Honda, were assessed by chemical analysis and bioassays. After a four-month period of application, removal efficiencies of the applied pesticides parathion and omethoate were 100%, with no detectable parathion and omethoate in the effluent. For the applied herbicides, the decontamination was less efficient with removal efficiencies of 36% and 0% for 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid and dicamba, respectively. As shown by toxicity assay with duckweed Lemna minor L., growth retardation may occur if the water treated for herbicide removal is used in irrigation of sensitive cultivars in agriculture or horticulture. In contrast to I. aristatum var. glaucum Honda, the crop C esculenta L. Schott has a high yield in biomass production as a valuable source of renewable energy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

施氮对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤矿质氮的影响

研究施氮对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区不同土层土壤矿质氮含量和累积量的影响。【方法】试验设作物和施肥2个因子,分析不同施氮水平和不同作物处理下黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区0~100 cm土层土壤矿质氮的差异。【结果】不同施氮处理对土壤硝态氮含量及矿质氮累积量有明显影响,土壤硝态氮含量和0~100 cm土层土壤矿质氮累积量均随施氮量的增加而增加,但施氮量对土壤铵态氮的影响较小;不同施氮条件下,不同土层土壤硝态氮含量和矿质氮累积量均以0~20 cm土层最高,从总体上看,随着施氮量增加,较深土层(80~100 cm)土壤硝态氮含量和矿质氮累积量亦有所增加;不同作物间,除施90 kg/hm2磷+45 kg/hm2氮处理时,种植黑麦草作物的0~20cm土层土壤NO3--N含量有所增加外,其余施氮处理对种植两种不同作物土壤的NO3--N含量和NH4+-N含量均未产生明显影响,在相同施氮处理下,黑麦草地和苜蓿地0~100 cm土层土壤总矿质氮累积量的差异不明显。【结论】不同水平氮肥处理均对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤矿质氮含量及累积量有一定影响,土壤矿质氮含量及累积量均与施氮量密切相关。

Spectral response of winter wheat to crop development and various agronomic limitations

For maximizing the effective applications of remote sensing in crop recognition, crop performance assessment and canopy variables estimation at large areas, it is essential to fully understand the spectral response of canopy to crop development and varying growing conditions. In this paper, the spectral properties of winter wheat canopy under different growth stages and different agronomic conditions were investigated at the field level based on reflectance measurements. It was proved that crop growth and development, nitrogen fertilization rates, nutrient deficit (e.g. lacking any kind of nitrogen, phosphorus and kalium fertilizer or lacking all of them), irrigation frequency and plant density had direct influence on canopy reflectance in 400-900 nm which including the visible/near infrared bands, and resulted in great changes of spectral curves. It was suggested that spectral reflectance of crop canopy can well reflect the growth and development of crop and the impacts from various factors, and was feasible to provide vital information for crop monitoring and assessment. ©2010 IEEE.