蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)对砷和铜复合污染的响应及生理机制研究

随着现代工农业的发展，环境污染日益加剧。农用土壤作为我们赖以生存的基础，大量含砷（Arsenic, As）和铜（Copper, Cu）的化肥和农药的应用造成As、Cu及其他重金属的复合污染日趋加重。蜈蚣草作为一种天然的砷超富集植物，在清除土壤砷污染的应用中备受人们关注。然而，目前的研究多集中在蜈蚣草对单一砷污染的吸收、转运和超富集等方面，几乎没有对土壤复合污染尤其是As、Cu复合污染的的响应和生理机制的研究。本文针对As、Cu复合污染的现实，研究了不同浓度砷、铜复合污染胁迫对蜈蚣草生长和发育的影响，探讨了蜈蚣草对砷、铜复合污染抗性和富集的生理生化机制，以期为蜈蚣草在植物修复复合污染的应用提供理论基础。 主要研究结果如下： 1、以砷超富集植物蜈蚣草成熟孢子为外植体材料，建立了一套成熟的蜈蚣草孢子植株再生体系，包括配子体分化和愈伤组织分化两条途径。为蜈蚣草的生理生化机制以及将来的遗传转化奠定了基础。同时证明了蜈蚣草愈伤组织与其孢子体及配子体一样具有对砷的抗性和超富集特性以及铜抗性。 2、以组培的蜈蚣草孢子体为材料，通过比较高浓度砷、低浓度砷以及高浓度铜、低浓度铜的相互组合对孢子体毒性的差异，表明适度浓度砷可以增强蜈蚣草对铜的抗性，但高、低浓度铜都不能增强砷的抗性。同时测定了不同浓度砷、铜处理对蜈蚣草体内砷和铜的吸收分配情况，探讨了蜈蚣草对砷铜复合污染土壤的植物修复的潜在可能性 。 3、以蜈蚣草组培的配子体为材料，研究了蜈蚣草对不同浓度铜砷复合处理的生理生化响应。结果表明砷的加入可以缓解铜对蜈蚣草配子体的植物毒性，而铜的加入并没有缓解砷的植物毒性。而且随着砷浓度的提高可以显著降低铜在配子体中的积累，显著提高了配子体细胞生存能力，降低了配子体细胞膜透性，且可以改变铜砷在配子体中亚细胞定位，暗示砷对铜的积累具有拮抗作用。同时观察到适度的铜也可以降低砷在孢子体根中的积累，对砷在叶柄以及羽叶中的积累有一定的降低作用，但并不显著。 4、以蜈蚣草愈伤组织为材料，研究了蜈蚣草愈伤组织对砷和铜复合污染胁迫的生理生化响应，结果表明适度的砷可以显著提高蜈蚣草愈伤组织中抗氧化酶系统，进而提高抵御铜胁迫引起的ROS胁迫的能力而显著缓解铜对蜈蚣草愈伤组织的毒性。低浓度砷加入显著诱导POD、CAT活性的升高，提高了蜈蚣草愈伤组织抵抗ROS胁迫能力，尤其是POD与生长呈显著的正相关;SOD活性在0-1.0 mM Na3AsO4条件下并没有显著增加，暗示在相对较低的砷胁迫和铜胁迫条件下POD对蜈蚣草愈伤组织解毒起到重要作用。同时在高砷或者高铜胁迫条件下GR活性和GPx活性与之的相关系数可以达到显著水平，这说明高砷或者高铜胁迫条件下GR和GPx在蜈蚣草解毒中起到重要作用。 5、首次证明NO可能参与砷缓解铜对蜈蚣草的植物毒性的过程。发现加入0.2 μM NO加入并没有显著改善蜈蚣草砷的植物毒性，清除蜈蚣草愈伤组织内的NO后，显著增强了砷胁迫条件下对蜈蚣草愈伤组织生长的抑制作用。同时加入NO后却显著改善了蜈蚣草铜胁迫条件下愈伤组织的生长。测定了As、Cu处理后蜈蚣草愈伤组织内源NO含量的变化以及CAT抗ROS能力的变化，结果表明蜈蚣草愈伤组织NO合成显著受As诱导，但不受铜的诱导，同时内源NO浓度的升高，伴随着抵抗ROS胁迫的抗氧化的CAT活性升高。暗示砷可能是通过诱导内源NO浓度升高提高蜈蚣草愈伤组织抵抗ROS胁迫能力来缓解对铜的植物毒性。

西藏土壤中铜含量及分布

Cu content in soils sampled from different sites in Tibet was analyzed.The results showed that the average Cu content of soils was 19.6mg·kg -1 ,lower than the average content in China.The content of Cu was distributed in Tibet with a total of gradually decreasing from the southeast to the northwest,which was consistent with the direction of change in the zonal successions of soil in Tibet.The variation of the content of Cu in the soils developed from different soil parent materials in Tibet was very remarkable,and the content of Cu in the soil developed from shale was greatly higher than that in the soil developed from other soil parent material.

Distribution and mobility of metals in agricultural soils near a copper smelter in South China

The distribution and mobility of heavy metals in the paddy soils surrounding a copper smelting plant in south China was investigated. We assessed the degree of metal contamination using an index of geoaccumulation. The metals were divided into two groups: (1) Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, whose concentrations were heavily affected by anthropogenic inputs, and (2) Ni, Co and Cr, which were mainly of geochemical origin. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb in the polluted soils were higher than the Chinese soil quality criteria. The chemical partitioning patterns of Pb, Zn and Cu indicated that Pb was largely associated with the residual and NH2OH HCl extractable fractions. In contrast, Cd was predominantly associated with the MgCl2 extractable fraction. A large proportion of Cu was bound to the acidic H2O2 extractable fractions, while Zn was predominantly found in the residual phase. The fraction of mobile species, which potentially is the most harmful to the environment, was found to be elevated compared to unpolluted soils in which heavy metals are more strongly bound to the matrix. The mobility of the metals was studied by water extraction using a modification of Tessier's procedure, and the order of mobility was Zn > Cd > Cu > Ce > Pb.