槽道湍流的直接数值模拟

通过直接数值模拟(DNS)研究槽道湍流的性质和机理。包含五个部分：1）湍流直接数值模拟的差分方法研究。2）求解不可压N－S方程的高效算法和不可压槽道湍流的直接数值模拟。3）可压缩槽道湍流的直接数值模拟和压缩性机理分析。4）“二维湍流”的机理分析。5）槽道湍流的标度律分析。1．针对壁湍流计算网格变化剧烈的特点，构造了基于非等距网格的的迎风紧致格式。该方法直接针对计算网格构造格式中的系数，克服了传统方法采用 Jacobian 变换因网格变化剧烈而带来的误差。针对湍流场的多尺度特性分析了差分格式的精度、网格尺度与数值模拟能分辨的最小尺度的关系，给出不同差分格式对计算网格步长的限制。同时分析了计算中混淆误差的来源和控制方法，指出了迎风型紧致格式能很好地控制混淆误差。2．将上述格式与三阶精度的Adams半隐格式相结合，构造了不可压槽道湍流直接数值模拟的高效算法。该算法利用基于交错网格的离散形式的压力Poisson方程求解压力项，避免了压力边界条件处理的困难。利用FFT对方程中的隐式部分进行解耦，解耦后的方程采用追赶法（LU分解法）求解，大大减少了计算量。为了检验该方法，进行了三维不可压槽道湍流的直接数值模拟，得到了Re＝2800的充分发展不可压槽道湍流，并对该湍流场进行了统计分析。包括脉动速度偏斜因子在内的各阶统计量与实验结果及Kim等人的计算结果吻合十分理想，说明本方法是行之有效的。3．进行了三维充分发展的可压缩槽道湍流的直接数值模拟。得到了 Re=3300，Ma=0.8的充分发展可压槽道湍流的数据库。流场的统计特征（如等效平均速度分布，“半局部”尺度无量纲化的脉动速度均方根）和他人的数值计算结果吻合。得到了可压槽道湍流的各阶统计量，其中脉动速度的偏斜因子和平坦因子等高阶统计量尚未见其他文献报道。同时还分析了压缩性效应对壁湍流影响的机理，指出近壁处的压力－膨胀项将部分湍流脉动的动能转换成内能，使得可压湍流近壁速度条带结构更加平整。4．模拟了二维不可压槽道流动的饱和态（所谓“二维湍流”），分析了“二维槽道湍流”的非线性行为特征。分析了流场中的上抛－下扫和间歇现象，研究了“二维湍流”与三维湍流的区别。指出“二维湍流”反映了三维湍流的部分特征，同时指出了展向扰动对于湍流核心区发展的重要性。5．首次对可压缩槽道湍流及“二维槽道湍流”标度律进行了分析，得出了以下结论：a）槽道湍流中，在槽道中心线附近较宽的区域，存在标度律。b）该区域流场存在扩展自相似性（ESS）。c）在Mach数不是很高时，压缩性对标度指数影响不大。本文结果同SL标度律的理论值吻合较好，有效支持了该理论。对“二维槽道湍流”也有相似的结论，但与三维湍流不同的是，“二维槽道湍流”存在标度律的区域更宽，近壁处的标度指数比中心处有所升高。

Propulsion characteristics of wing-in-ground effect dual-foil propulsors

Propulsion characteristics of wing-in-ground effect propulsors were investigated using a comparative analysis of thrust and powering characteristics between wing-in-ground (WIG) effect thrusters and traditional screw propellers. WIG thrusters were found to have constant thrust production and efficiency, nearly independent of speed of advance, as contrary to screw propellers, whose optimum efficiency occurs at only one speed point. To produce the same amount of thrust as equivalent screw propellers, WIG thrusters have to work under heavily loaded operating conditions. WIG thrusters were also found to produce a relatively lower but nearly constant efficiency and thrust, independent of speed. Another distinguishing propulsion characteristic revealed for WIG thrusters is that they are capable of operating at much higher speeds, in a range of three to six times that of screw propellers of the same size. While the speed range of screw propellers is mainly limited by their geometric pitch, the speed range of WIG thrusters has no speed limit in ideal fluid. In reality, the speed range is only limited by viscous drag and cavitation, or compressibility, in water or air, respectively. This suggests a potential for WIG thrusters of higher speed application than screw propellers. An experimental investigation and validation of the propulsion system is warranted. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.