Fast-growing transgenic common carp mounfing compensatory growth

Compensatory growth is a phase of accelerated growth apparent when favourable conditions are restored after a period of growth depression. To investigate if F-2 common 'all-fish' growth hormone gene transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio) could mount compensatory growth, a 9 week study at 29 degrees C was performed. The control group was fed to satiation twice a day throughout the experiment. The other two groups were deprived of feed for 1 or 2 weeks, respectively, and then fed to satiation during the re-feeding period. At the end of the experiment, the live masses of fish in the deprived groups were still significantly lower than those of the controls. During the re-feeding period, size-adjusted mean specific growth rates and mean feed intakes were significantly higher in the deprived fish than in the controls, indicating a partial compensatory growth response in these fish. No significant differences were found in food conversion efficiency between the deprived and control fish during re-feeding, suggesting that hyperphagia was the mechanism responsible for increased growth rates. The proximate composition of the deprived fish at the end of the experiment was similar to that of the control fish. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to report that fast-growing transgenic fish can achieve partial compensation of growth following starvation. (c) 2007 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2007 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Partial compensatory growth in hybrid tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus x O-niloticus following food deprivation

The capacity of hybrid tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus [23.2 +/- 0.2 g (mean +/- SE)] to show compensatory growth was assessed in an 8-week experiment. Fish were deprived of feed for 1, 2 and 4 weeks, and then fed to satiation for 4 weeks; fish fed to satiation during the experiment served as control. Water temperature gradually declined from 28.1 to 25.5 degrees C throughout the experiment. Specific growth rate (SGR) decreased with progressive food deprivation. At the end of deprivation, body weight was lower in the deprived fish than in the control. Fish deprived for 4 weeks exhibited lower contents of lipids and energy in whole body, and higher moisture content and ratio of protein to energy (P/E) than those of the control; they also consumed feed faster than the control when normal feeding was resumed. All deprived fish showed higher food intake (FI) than that of the control during re-alimentation; however, enhanced SGR was only observed in the fish deprived for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in digestibility of protein and energy, food efficiency (FE) or energy retention efficiency between the control and deprived fish. At the end of re-alimentation, deprived fish failed to catch up in body weight with the control, while content of moisture, lipids and energy, and P/E in whole body of the deprived fish did not significantly differ from that of the control. The results of the experiment revealed that the hybrid tilapia reared in freshwater showed partial capacity for compensatory growth following food deprivation of 4 weeks, and that growth compensation was due mainly to increased FI, rather than to improved FE.

Compensatory growth and food consumption in gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, and Chinese longsnout catfish, Leiocassis longirostris, experiencing cycles of feed deprivation and re-feeding

The compensatory responses of juvenile gibel carp and Chinese longsnout catfish to four cycles of 1 part of a study designed to determine feeding regimes that would maximise growth rates. Both species showed compensatory growth in the re-feeding periods. The compensation was not sufficient for the deprived fish to match the growth trajectories of controls fed to satiation daily. The compensatory growth response was more clearly defined in the later cycles. The deprived fish showed hyperphagia during the 2-week periods of re-feeding and the hyperphagic response was clearer in the later cycles. The hyperphagia tended to persist for both weeks of the re-feeding period. The gibel carp showed no difference in gross growth efficiency between deprived and control fish. In the catfish, the gross growth efficiency of the deprived fish was marginally higher than that of control fish, but the efficiency varied erratically from week to week. Over the experiment, the deprived fish achieved growth rates 75-80% of those shown by control fish, although fed at a frequency of 66%. There was no evidence of growth over-compensation with the deprivation-re-feeding protocol used in this study. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Compensatory growth response in three-spined stickleback in relation to feed-deprivation protocols

Different protocols of food deprivation were used to bring two groups of juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gaslerosteus aculeatus to the same reduced body mass in comparison with a control group fed daily ad libitum. One group experienced I week or deprivation then 2 weeks on maintenance rations. The second group experienced I week of ad lithium feeding followed by 2 weeks of deprivation. The deprived groups were reduced to a mean mass ore. 80% of controls. The compensatory growth response shown when ad libitum feeding was resumed was independent of the trajectory by which the three-spined sticklebacks had reached the reduced body mass. The compensatory response was Sufficient to return the deprived groups to the mass and length trajectories shown by the control group within 4 weeks. There was full compensation for dry mass and total lipid, but incomplete compensation for lipid-free dry mass. Hyperphagia and increased growth efficiency were present in the re-feeding phase, but there was a lag of a week before the hyperphagia was established. The consistency of the compensatory response of immature three-spined sticklebacks provides a potential model system for the analysis and prediction of appetite and growth in teleosts. (C) 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British isles.

Compensatory growth in the gibel carp following feed deprivation: temporal patterns in growth, nutrient deposition, feed intake and body composition

To investigate the nature of compenstory growth in fish, an 8 week study at 28 degreesC was performed on juvenile gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio weighing 6.6 g. Fish were starved for 0 (control), 1 (Sl)or 2 (S2) weeks and then re-fed to satiation For 5 weeks. Weekly changes in weight gain, feed intake and body composition were monitored during re-feeding. No significant difference was found in final body weight between the three groups, indicating complete compensation in the deprived fish, The deprived groups caught up in body weight with that of the control after 2 weeks of re-feeding. Body fat:lean body mass ratio was restored to the control level within 1 week of re-feeding. In the re-feeding period, weekly gains in body weight, protein. lipid, ash and energy in the S1 group were significantly higher than in the controls for 1 week. For the S2 group, weekly gains in body weight. lipid. ash and energy were higher than in the controls for 2 weeks, and gain in protein was higher than in the controls for 3 weeks, though gain in body energy became elevated again during the last 2 weeks of the experiment. Feed intake remained higher than the control level for 3 weeks in the S1 group and 3 weeks in the SZ group. Growth efficiency was not significantly different among the three groups in any of the weeks during re-feeding. Compensatory responses in growth and especially feed intake tended to last longer than the recovery of body composition. (C) 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Comparison of compensatory growth responses of juvenile three-spined stickleback and minnow following similar food deprivation protocols

The compensatory growth responses of individual juveniles of two co-existing species were compared after identical periods of starvation to determine inter-specific similarities and differences. The carnivorous stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus was compared with the omnivorous minnow Phoxinus phoxinus. Both species experienced 1 or 2 weeks of starvation before being re-fed ad libitum. The two species differed in their response to the starvation periods, with minnows showing a lower weight-specific loss. Both species showed compensatory responses in appetite, growth and to a lesser extent, growth efficiency. Minnows wholly compensated for 1 and 2 weeks of starvation. At the end of the experiment, sticklebacks starved For 2 weeks were still showing a compensatory response and had nut achieved full compensation. The compensatory responses of the sticklebacks showed a lag of a week before developing in the re-feeding phase, whereas the response of the minnows was immediate. Analysis of lipid and dry matter concentrations suggested that the compensatory response restored reserve lipids while also bringing the fish back to the growth trajectory of continuously fed fish. (C) 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Compensatory growth in hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus x O-niloticus, reared in seawater

Hybrid tilapia weighing 4.34 +/- 0.03 g (mean +/- SE) were reared in seawater at 23.8 to 27.0 degrees C for 8 weeks. The control group was fed to satiation twice a day throughout the experiment. The other three groups were deprived of feed for 1, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively, and then fed to satiation during the refeeding period. At the end of the experiment, fish deprived for 1 week had similar body weights to the controls, whereas fish deprived for 2 and 4 weeks had significantly lower body weights than the controls. During the refeeding period, size-adjusted feed intakes and specific growth rates were significantly higher in deprived fish than in the controls, indicating some compensatory responses in these fish. Feed intake and growth rate upon refeeding were higher the longer the duration of deprivation. No significant differences were found in digestibility, feed efficiency or protein and energy retention efficiency between the deprived and control fish during refeeding, suggesting that hyperphagia was the mechanism responsible for increased growth rates during compensatory growth. During refeeding, relative gains in protein, lipid and ash, as proportions of total body weight gain, did not differ significantly among treatment groups. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Compensatory growth, feed utilization and activity in gibel carp, following feed deprivation

Following a period of food deprivation, gibel carp compensated for growth through increased feed intake and conversion efficiency, but increased conversion efficiency was not achieved by increasing digestibility or reducing activity. (C) 2000 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Effect of cycles of feed deprivation on growth and food consumption of immature three-spined sticklebacks and European minnows

Individual juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus and European minnow Phoxinus phoxinus, from sympatric populations, were subjected to four cycles of I week of food deprivation and 2 weeks of ad libitum feeding. Mean specific growth rate during the weeks of deprivation was negative and did not differ between species. The three-spined stickleback showed sufficient growth compensation to recover to the growth trajectory shown by control fish daily fed ad libitum. The compensation was generated by hyperphagia during the re-feeding periods, and in the last two periods of re-feeding, the gross growth efficiencies of deprived three-spined sticklebacks were greater than in control fish. The expression of the compensatory changes in growth and food consumption became clearer over the successive periods of re-feeding. The European minnow developed only a weak compensatory growth response and the mass trajectory of the deprived fish deviated more and more from the control trajectory During re-feeding periods, there were no significant differences in food consumption or gross growth efficiency between control and deprived European minnows. The differences between the two species are discussed in terms of the possible costs of compensatory growth, the control of growth and differences in feeding biology (C) 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

浑善达克沙地根茎克隆植物对去除枝叶的响应

过度放牧是导致浑善达克沙地荒漠化发展的重要原因之一。在该地区占据优势的根茎型克隆草本植物不仅被牲畜频繁地采食，而且也面临着频繁的沙埋和养分胁迫的干扰。通过克隆生长，这些根茎型植物的单个基株能够跨越异质性的资源斑块，同时也可能遭受局部的、非均匀性的采食或沙埋。克隆整合可能会作为一种补偿性机制促进被采食克隆部分或分株的恢复和生长，因而，能够缓解采食及其与环境因素（沙埋/养分胁迫）交互作用对克隆植物的影响。本文以浑善达克沙地草地典型的根茎型沙生植物种和草地植物种为实验材料，应用（野外和温室）实验生态学方法检验了克隆整合的这种效果。 在一个野外实验中，通过对共存在沙丘上的两种根茎型克隆植物沙地雀麦（Bromus ircutensis Kom.）和沙鞭（Psammochloa villosa (Trin.) Bor.），及两种非克隆植物褐沙蒿（Artemisia intramongolica H.C.Fu）和草木樨状黄芪（Astragalus melilotoides Pall.）的个体植株进行不同强度（0、50、90％）的枝叶去除处理，我们发现：50％和90％的枝叶去除增加了沙地雀麦和沙鞭的相对生长率（RGR）;而90％的枝叶去除显著减小了褐沙蒿和草木樨状黄芪的RGR。经两个多月处理后，与对照相比，去除枝叶的非克隆植物的地上生物量恢复的远不及克隆植物完全。这些结果表明克隆植物比共存的非克隆植物更能忍耐采食。在分株种群水平上开展的另外一个野外实验表明，在50％的去除强度下，根茎连接明显改善了沙鞭分株种群的表现，但对沙地雀麦分株种群没有显著影响。然而，在90％的去除强度下，根茎连接显著的改善了两种植物分株种群的表现，显示出克隆整合的重要作用。而且，与未剪除的分株种群相比，两种植物当遭受90％的去除强度后，其根茎保持连接的分株种群产生了更多而小的分株个体。 以羊草（Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzevl.）和赖草（Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvel）的克隆片断为材料，通过两个温室实验研究了克隆整合对克隆植物忍受采食与沙埋/养分胁迫交互作用的影响。每个克隆片断由一个近端（发育上较老）分株和一个远端（发育上较年轻）分株组成。近端分株不进行胁迫处理，而远端分株进行重复去除 枝叶沙埋/养分胁迫处理;同时，切断或保持克隆片断的根茎连接。结果表明，单因素的干扰对两个种远端分株的影响较小。当遭受剪除处理后，低养供应的赖草远端分株显示出比高养条件下更强的生物量补偿能力。当两个种的远 端分株处于单因素胁迫时，根茎切断很少影响其生物量生产和新分株的形成;而当远端分株同时处于枝叶去除和沙 埋/养分胁迫下时，切断根茎对两个种远端分株的生物量和分株的产生造成了明显的负效果，表明克隆整合发挥了重 要的作用。但克隆整合并没有导致近端分株的显著损耗。 基于以上实验结果，我们得出：克隆整合可以明显提高浑善达克沙地根茎克隆植物应对枝叶去除，及其和沙埋/养分胁迫交互影响的能力，是克隆植物适应频繁干扰的沙地草地环境的重要对策之一。

羊草对过度放牧和刈割的生理生态响应

放牧是草地最主要的利用方式，草地植物被家畜采食而部分或全部去叶是一个普遍存在的现象。内蒙古草原是我国北方地区最大的干旱半干旱草原，长期以来，过度放牧使草地的植被、土壤状况不断趋于恶化。由于过度放牧，草地植物正常的生理生态特性受到影响，光合作用能力、生长能力和繁殖更新能力等出现不同程度的降低。本文从动物－植物－土壤相互联系的角度出发，着重研究了过度放牧和刈割对内蒙古草原的一种典型植物—羊草（Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzevel.）形态、生长和生理的影响，以及羊草对放牧和刈割的生理生态响应，并得出以下主要结论： 1．过度放牧使土壤表层含水量、有机质含量和氮含量显著下降;羊草的叶量减少，比叶面积增大，节间缩短，分蘖减少;羊草的生物量根部分配比例增大，生殖器官则分配很少;羊草种群高度、盖度、密度和相对生物量均比对照显著降低。试验结果说明，过度放牧从短期可以影响到羊草种群和部分形态特征，长期则影响羊草的生物量分配模式，最终还使羊草的生境趋于恶化，不利于羊草的生长。同时，羊草对放牧也形成了一定的适应性。例如，比叶面积增大，增加了更多的光合叶面积;节间缩短可以躲避家畜啃食;生物量向根部集中，增大了对水分和养分的吸收面积等。 2．过度放牧使羊草的净光合速率显著降低;光合作用补偿点增大，光合作用饱和点却降低;蒸腾速率、气孔导度下降，暗呼吸速率增大;光系统Ⅱ的光化学效率、实际量子产量和光化学粹灭值均显著低于围封样地;瞬时和长期的水分利用效率也有不同程度的降低。试验结果表明，过度放牧强烈制约了羊草的光合作用能力和水分利用效率。而植物的光合作用是物质生产的基础，羊草光合能力的降低必然导致其生物产量的降低，从而也改变了羊草种群在整个生物群落中的作用和地位。 3．羊草在轻度（地上20％）和中度（地上40％）刈割条件下可以获得更大的地上累积生物量，表现为超补偿生长，并且地下生物量降低较少，相对生长速率较高，分蘖较多。而重度（地上80％）刈割可收获的地上累积生物量远少于对照，表现为欠补偿生长，且地下生物量大量减少，分蘖较少。在轻度或中度刈割条件下，施氮肥可以起到稳定维持植物生物产量的作用，但是重度刈割条件下，即使施加再多的氮肥也不能补偿植物生物量的损失。施磷肥对羊草的补偿性生长特性没有明显影响。而干旱加刈割处理的羊草不管是哪个刈割水平，均为欠补偿生长，地下生物量低，相对生长速率较低。 4．轻度刈割后羊草剩余叶片经过3天左右的生理恢复期后，表现出了明显的补偿性光合作用。中度和重度刈割羊草的生理恢复时间较长，没有表现出补偿性光合作用。刈割和施氮处理羊草剩余叶片的净光合速率变化和仅刈割处理（对照）基本上相同。刈割和干旱处理羊草剩余叶片的光合速率始终处于一个较低的水平，各刈割水平均没有表现出补偿性光合作用，主要是干旱导致气孔关闭，限制了叶片的气体交换。刈割后叶片气孔导度的增加可能是补偿性光合作用发生的重要原因。但叶片受到强烈伤害后，气孔导度虽然增加，其呼吸作用也增大，所以净光合速率还是较低。重度刈割叶片的叶绿素含量升高可以增加其光合作用潜力，为恢复正常生长作了生理上的准备，这可能是植物对刈割或放牧的一种生理适应性。 研究放牧条件下植物对动物采食的反应不仅具有重要的理论生态学意义，而且对提高植物的净生长量，维持草地持续的生产能力，实现草地的可持续利用具有重要的意义。研究草地主要植物对牲畜采食的补偿性生长效应及其条件，对合理利用草地可再生资源，确定合理的放牧强度有重要意义。应充分利用植物的超补偿效应，适时放牧，控制放牧强度，实现草地植物可食部分的超补偿生长，实现草地的最优化利用和生产力的最大化。

外来入侵种紫茎泽兰竞争策略与扩散动态

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.）作为重要的外来入侵种之一，已严重破坏了入侵地生态系统的结构与功能，同时使当地农林业生产蒙受巨大的损失。因此，明确紫茎泽兰的竞争策略与扩散潜力，对制定合理的控制措施具有重要意义。 土壤氮素增加常常有助于外来种的入侵，那么降氮能否抵制入侵呢？向土壤中添加碳素，增强微生物对氮素的吸收，从而降低土壤中可被植物吸收的氮素是目前常用的降氮方法。为检验这一假说对入侵种紫茎泽兰的适用性，选取入侵种紫茎泽兰和本地种禾本科雀麦（Bromus japonicus）、菊科鱼眼草（Dichrocephala integrifolia），分别单栽或与紫茎泽兰混栽，向各植物组合中添加碳素（按1650克有机质/平方米计）或氮素（按30克氮素/平方米计），并设立对照进行盆栽实验。在碳素添加条件下，紫茎泽兰地上与地下生物量分别比对照降低了71.9% 和 74.9%，而本地种的生物量却没有受到显著影响。同时，碳素添加导致紫茎泽兰对本地种的竞争强度（RII）明显下降。氮素添加则减弱或逆转了上述碳素的作用。因此，向土壤中添加碳素有助于抵抗氮沉降对外来种入侵的促进作用，特别对抵御那些与氮素有亲和力的入侵种更为有效。在不同氮素条件下，紫茎泽兰对本地种竞争中，资源竞争强度均明显大于化感作用。尽管在紫茎泽兰发育早期化感作用较小，但是，碳素添加使紫茎泽兰可利用氮素减少，激发了化感作用在竞争中占有更大的比例，说明资源竞争与化感是相互结合、共同发挥作用的。 去叶作为模拟采食方法之一，至少可以通过两种方式影响植物竞争。一是去叶对目标种生长产生负面影响，二是邻种去叶有利于目标种生长，进而改变种间竞争关系。基于以上假定，对紫茎泽兰与相邻本地种分别单栽、同种合栽和异种混栽，进行去叶处理。结果恰与假定相悖：在整个生长季内，去叶增加目标株生物量的1.0 – 198.9%。对于入侵种而言，当邻居本地种去叶时，紫茎泽兰能完全弥补竞争产生的负面效应，即它与未去叶的单栽紫茎泽兰生长无显著差异;而紫茎泽兰去叶降低了相邻本地种的生长，加剧了原本由于竞争给对本地种带来的负面影响。因此，去叶效应与邻种的存在与否及邻种的类型均有关。在应用生物控制对目标株采食时，特别是在没有造成严重伤害或致死情况下，可以使本来具有竞争优势的入侵种变得更具强势。竞争与去叶之间存在复杂的相互作用，采食带来的间接效应可能比预想的更为复杂。因此，在生物控制措施实施之前，充分地估计生物控制的间接作用至关重要。 为检验反应—扩散模型（reaction–diffusion model）能否正确模拟紫茎泽兰小尺度扩散速率，本研究调查了四川攀枝花山区5个不同的生境的紫茎泽兰群落。对各样地内紫茎泽兰定位和年龄确定，基于克里金插值法做出其入侵格局的等年线图，通过等年线之间的垂直距离即可得到紫茎泽兰扩散速率的经验值。同时，计算内禀增长率和扩散系数，根据模型计算得到扩散速率的预测值。结果表明：紫茎泽兰扩散速率经验值明显小于模型预测值。因此，尽管反应—扩散模型已在大尺度扩散预测方面得到广泛的应用和验证，但在小尺度上，由于没有借助于复杂的生活史模型和分层模型，单凭反应—扩散模型不足以得到准确的预测。另外，在没有遭受干扰的生境中，可以发现紫茎泽兰扩散早期存在明显的时滞期。倘若这种时滞效应在入侵扩散中是频繁发生的，那么在判定物种是否具有入侵性时，很可能由于物种处于时滞期而被误认为非入侵种。 基于紫茎泽兰入侵至中国60年来所收集到的441已知分布记录和23个环境变量，采用GARP模型对其潜在分布范围做出了预测，并通过Kappa和ROC（receiver–operator characteristic）对预测结果进行检验。结果表明紫茎泽兰目前分布以云贵高原为主体，逐渐向四川盆地东部、山东半岛、东南沿海、台湾沿海以及海南岛等地扩散。冷季降水量、年极端低温和年均最高温对分布影响较大。RDA（Redundancy Analysis）分析结果显示温度和降水是限制紫茎泽兰扩散的重要因素。在过去的20年里，紫茎泽兰已经从温度较高、天气波动较小的亚热带气候逐渐向气候温凉、降水减少的高海拔地区扩散。紫茎泽兰可以适应相对较宽的温度和降水梯度，年均温度在10—22 ˚C，年降水量在800—2000 mm区间均有分布。本研究结果为发展早期预警工作、防止紫茎泽兰在中国进一步入侵提供了科学依据。

评价水产动物生长性能的生理生化指标和分子生物学指标

以奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)为实验对象，设计了3种不同的摄食类型，分别是鲜活饵料组、饥饿3周后饱食投喂组和人工饲料组。鲜活饵料组投喂冰冻赤子爱胜蚓，利用蚯蚓体内丰富的营养成分和活性物质，以期获得奥利亚罗非鱼良好的生长状况；饥饿后饱食组是指饥饿3周后，以人工饲料饱食投喂2周，用于研究饥饿与补偿生长获得快速生长时血液理化指标的变化情况；人工饲料组作为对照组。纯淡水条件下养殖，水温25±2℃。测定了奥利亚罗非鱼在3种摄食类型饲喂下某些血液生理生化指标变化的情况，并将指标变化情况与增重率做相关性分析，试图找出能够反映奥利亚罗非鱼生长性能的血液生理生化指标。 研究结果表明，奥利亚罗非鱼在饥饿3周后获得了补偿生长，补偿生长时的增重率和特定生长率显著高于人工饲料组(P<0.05)，高于鲜活饵料组，但差别不显著；相关性分析研究表明血清总蛋白、胆固醇、四碘甲状腺原氨酸（T4）与增重率极显著相关(P<0.01)，血红蛋白显著相关(P<0.05)，红细胞、白细胞、碱性磷酸酶高度相关(相关系数为0.580、0.551和0.557)，因此，建议血清总蛋白、胆固醇和血红蛋白可作为能够反映罗非鱼生长性能的新指标。 根据序列设计引物，PCR反应条件：变性温度：95 ℃，3 min；退火温度：57℃，20 sec；延伸温度：72℃，5 min，共36个循环，从牙鲆、黑鲪和鲈鱼中克隆出胰岛素样生长因子（IGF-Ⅰ）部分序列，首次证实了IGF-Ⅰ在3种海水鱼中的存在。 利用蛋氨酸与ZnSO4•7H2O，在pH 5.5、80℃下，反应1小时，采用蛋氨酸与硫酸锌2：1的配料比，合成出了产物蛋氨酸螯合锌，蛋氨酸螯合锌外观白色，粉状，室温下微溶于水，不溶于乙醇，并用原子吸收光谱法测定其含锌量为15%，螯合率为88.2%。