呼中林区与呼中自然保护区森林粗木质残体储量的比较

采用样线法研究了人为干扰对大兴安岭呼中林区粗木质残体(Coarse woody debris,CWD)储量的影响。结果表明,未受人为干扰的呼中自然保护区中CWD变化范围集中在5.92～43.53m3.hm–2,受到人为干扰的呼中林区中CWD变化范围集中在12.70～47.59m3.hm–2之间。人为干扰对混交林和针叶林的CWD储量影响显著,而对阔叶林CWD储量影响不显著。人为干扰增加了混交林CWD储量,减少了针叶林CWD储量,同时减少了枯立木的数量,增加了高度腐烂的CWD的比例。对兴安落叶松各林型的分析表明,人为干扰条件下CWD储量(8.20～25.60m3.hm–2)是未受干扰条件下CWD储量(18.70～36.99m3.hm–2)的1/4～1/3。为促使采伐后的森林能维持原始林粗木质残体的结构特征,建议保留采伐剩余物以维持一定储量的CWD。

长白山阔叶红松林内木质物残体的生态学研究

木质物残体（WD）在维持森林生态系统生物多样性、稳定性，参与森林生态系统养分循环、碳循环，促进群落更新演替及生态系统平衡等方面发挥重要作用。 本文以长白山阔叶红松林为对象，研究森林类型及采伐干扰如何影响林内WD相关特征，量化主要树种粗死木质物残体（CWD）分解规律，结果表明：（1）不同森林类型内WD的树种种类均由几个不同优势树种控制，其存在形式、径级分布和腐烂级分布均显著不同；（2）WD数量和贮量在森林采伐后表现出明显的先降低再升高再降低的变化趋势，其中CWD变化明显；（3）随着森林演替的进程，轻度腐烂的WD（1级、2级）表现为采伐初期增加，随后逐渐减少，而深度腐烂的WD（4级、5级）表现为采伐后初期减少随后增加，中度腐烂的WD（3级）在整个演替的过程中变化不明显；（4）随着腐烂级别加深，各个树种WD的密度、C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均发生规律性的变化，C/N比值不断下降；（5）CWD分解释放CO2通量在不同树种间存在差异，并与CWD含水量之间存在显著的负相关。整个生长季节CWD分解释放CO2通量呈现比较一致的先升高后降低的单峰曲线格局，其峰值均出现在7－8月，因树种不同而有一定差别，与温度的变化趋势一致而与含水量的变化相反。在上述研究基础上，本文探讨了长白山阔叶红松林内WD管理对策及未来发展方向，为森林经营工作提供科学的理论依据。

An algorithm for coarse particle sedimentation simulation by Stokesian dynamics

Coarse Particle sedimentation is studied by using an algorithm with no adjustable parameters based on stokesian dynamics. Only inter-particle interactions of hydrodynamic force and gravity are considered. The sedimentation of a simple cubic array of spheres is used to verify the computational results. The scaling and parallelism with OpenMP of the method are presented. Random suspension sedimentation is investigated with Mont Carlo simulation. The computational results are shown in good agreement with experimental fitting at the lower computational cost of O(N In N).

Multi-scale Calculation of Settling Speed of Coarse Particles by Accelerated Stokesian Dynamics without Adjustable Parameter

The calculation of settling speed of coarse particles is firstly addressed, with accelerated Stokesian dynamics without adjustable parameters, in which far field force acting on the particle instead of particle velocity is chosen as dependent variables to consider inter-particle hydrodynamic interactions. The sedimentation of a simple cubic array of spherical particles is simulated and compared to the results available to verify and validate the numerical code and computational scheme. The improvedmethod keeps the same computational cost of the order O(N log N) as usual accelerated Stokesian dynamics does. Then, more realistic random suspension sedimentation is investigated with the help ofMont Carlo method. The computational results agree well with experimental fitting. Finally, the sedimentation of finer cohesive particle, which is often observed in estuary environment, is presented as a further application in coastal engineering.

A hierarchical approach coupled with coarse DEM information for improving the efficiency and accuracy of forest mapping over very rugged terrains

Forest mapping over mountainous terrains is difficult because of high relief Although digital elevation models (DEMs) are often useful to improve mapping accuracy, high quality DEMs are seldom available over large areas, especially in developing countries

Generalized Viscoplastic Modeling of Debris Flow

Various concepts have been proposed or used in the development of rheological models for debris flow. The earliest model developed by Bagnold was based on the concept of the “dispersive” pressure generated by grain collisions. Bagnold’s concept appears to be theoretically sound, but his empirical model has been found to be inconsistent with most theoretical models developed from non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. Although the generality of Bagnold’s model is still at issue, debris-flow modelers in Japan have generally accepted Takahashi’s formulas derived from Bagnold’s model. Some efforts have recently been made by theoreticians in non-Newtonian fluid mechanics to modify or improve Bagnold’s concept or model. A viable rheological model should consist both of a rate-independent part and a rate-dependent part. A generalized viscoplastic fluid (GVF) model that has both parts as well as two major rheological properties (i.e., the normal stress effect and soil yield criterion) is shown to be sufficiently accurate, yet practical, for general use in debris-flow modeling. In fact, Bagnold’s model is found to be only a particular case of the GVF model. Analytical solutions for (steady) uniform debris flows in wide channels are obtained from the GVF model based on Bagnold’s simplified assumption of constant grain concentration.