杉木生殖生物学特性的研究

本文就杉木大小孢子、雌雄配子体发育、受精作用、新细胞质形成以及细胞质遗传进行较为详细的研究，主要结果如下： 1.2月底小孢子母细胞进入减数分裂，其核相的变化与通常所描述的一致，细胞器集中排列在赤道板附近，其中质体有一重建的过程。当分裂完成时，在四个核之间产生胼胝质壁，细胞器随机分配在四分体中，每个四分孢子含有线粒体、质体、核糖体、高尔基体、脂体、RER和一些液泡。 2.花粉外壁的形成开始于四分体。颗粒状外壁外层和纤维状的原外壁几乎同时产生，具有三层结构的片层状外壁内层的形成晚于外壁外层。初期外壁外层的物质由小孢子和绒毡层共同提供，后期则主要由绒毡层形成的乌氏体所叠加;外壁内层则由小孢子本身分泌的物质形成，在液泡化之前厚度及数目达到最大，片层之间存在广泛的交叉和融合。3月底花粉成熟，花粉壁由颗粒状外层、片层结构的外壁内层和厚的纤维状内壁所组成，在喙处只有一层外壁内层和内壁。各种细胞器的活动在四分体及游离小孢子时期最为活跃。 3.绒毡层的变化与小孢子的发育密切相关，前者具有发生、发展和解体的过程。期间绒毡层分泌的圆球体在结构上有所不同，减数分裂时为中间电子密度深、外围浅的圆球体结构;四分体及游离小孢子时为中间电子密度浅、外围沉积有孢粉素的乌氏体;成熟花粉时为星芒状的乌氏体，它们共同形成花粉的我壁。绒毡层细胞中的细胞器也经历一个变化过程，造粉体的含量在四分体时达到高潮，在小孢子液泡期时基本消耗殆尽并解体;大量的粗糙内质网成零分布在质膜处，并与质膜走向平行。绒毡层解体时出现特殊的现象，具多个由多层膜组成的吞噬泡，并成堆分布，RER和线粒体为最后解体的细胞器。绒毡层外切向面的周绒毡层膜由两层膜组成，其上分布有大量的孢粉素和乌氏体。 4.萌发的花粉管4月底穿过珠心顶端，内含两个不育核和一精原细胞，不育核分布在具有淀粉、脂滴、线粒体和RER的原花粉细胞质中，位于精原细胞之前，这种关系保持到受精前。6月初精原细胞体积迅速增加到最大，相应的细胞质也发生变化，以线粒体为主的细胞质中出现少量质体，线粒体再资分化，细胞质中含有大量的可溶性多糖。 5.受精前，精原细胞分裂产生两个大小和形状相同的精细胞，彼此之间由胞间连丝的横壁联系在一起，并被原花粉细胞质所包被。精细胞中质体和淀粉粒的数量大幅度增加。精核们于细胞的中央，细胞质呈现区域分布的特点，据所含细胞器的差别，人核膜向外，细胞质分为五层，中间两层最为突出，即线粒体层和淀粉层，其间有大量核糖体的存在，线粒体层位于淀粉层的里面。这两层占据精细胞的大部分体积。 6.雌配子体游离核时期持续时间较长，近两个月，而从细胞化到卵细胞成熟则非常迅速，大约只需两周左右的时间。进一步发育，颈卵器中的液泡减少，细胞质变浓。初期少量的质体和淀粉粒被膨大的内质网片段和小泡的融合而与细胞质相隔，并最终退化。小内含物增加，亲锇颗粒出现。 7.成熟的卵细胞中具有大量各种形式的小内含物，细胞质被平行和环形的内质网所分隔。核膜外围有一圈疏松排列的亲锇颗粒，核仁变为多个基本为圆形的小核仁。没有质体的存在，大量脱分化的线粒体和核糖体集中分布在卵核的下部。 8.受精作用主要发生在6.9-6.16日期间，雄性细胞质始终伴随着精核向卵核移动，当两核接近时，朝向精核－面的卵核形成凹陷内，性细胞质覆盖在精核之上并最终包围两性核，而把雌性细胞质排除在外。因此，受精卵周围的胞质主要为由质体、线粒体和核糖体组成的新细胞质，且线粒体和质体的分布形式与精细胞的相同，即线粒体在里层，质体在外层。 9.融合后的合子核随即进行有丝分裂，形成两个原胚游离核，两个游离核同步分裂，并向基部移动，游离核始终分布在新细胞质中。八游离核时形成细胞壁，原胚属标准型。胚细胞中基本不含淀粉粒，具有大量的线粒体、高尔基体、RER和原质体。原胚之上的卵细胞质退化解体。杉木的质体和线粒体均为父本遗传。 10.幼胚的胚性细胞和胚柄细胞具有明显的差别，主要表现在质体的存在形式和高尔基体的数量上。胚性细胞中，原质体分布在核周围，大量的RER、高尔基体和线粒体平行于胚的走向;位于其上的胚柄细胞则含有淀粉粒和特别多的高尔基体。具简单多胚和裂生多胚，胚柄系统发达，7月底出现根原始细胞，8月中旬胚分化完成，具有两个子叶。

Simultaneous determination of microcystin contaminations in various vertebrates (fish, turtle, duck and water bird) from a large eutrophic Chinese lake, Lake Taihu, with toxic Microcystis blooms

This is the first to conduct Simultaneous determination of microcystin (MC) contaminations in multi-groups of vertebrates (fish, turtle, duck and water bird) from Lake Taihu with Microcystis blooms. MCs (-RR, -YR, -LR) in Microcystis scum was 328 mu g g(-1) DW. MCs reached 235 mu g g(-1) DW in intestinal contents of phytoplanktivorous silver carp, but never exceeded 0.1 mu g g(-1) DW in intestinal contents of other animals. The highest MC content in liver of fish was in Carassius auratus (150 ng g(-1) DW), followed by silver carp and Culter ilishaeformis, whereas the lowest was in common carp (3 ng g(-1) DW). In livers of turtle, duck and water bird, MC content ranged from 18 to 30 ng g(-1) DW. High MC level was found in the gonad, egg yolk and egg white of Nycticorax nycticorax and Anas platyrhynchos, suggesting the potential effect of MCs on water bird and duck embryos. High MC contents were identified for the first time in the spleens of N. nycticorax and A. platyrhynchos (6.850 and 9.462 ng g(-1) DW, respectively), indicating a different organotropism of MCs in birds. Lakes with deaths of turtles or water birds in the literatures had a considerably higher MC content in both cyanobacteria and wildlife than Lake Taihu, indicating that toxicity of cyanobacteria may determine accumulation level of MCs and consequently fates of aquatic wildlife. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

云南西北部四县林地的分布和受威胁程度评价以及该地区鸡形目鸟类的保护状况分析

横断山区拥有独特的生物区系和丰富的生物多样性，成为研究生物和地学许 多重大理论问题的关键性区域。然而该地区复杂的高山峡谷地形不利于大范围实 地考察工作的开展，而传统的调查方法也较难直接地获取野生动物及其生境的一 些量化数据，如某种或某类生物元素的分布、变化情况以及保护状况等，因此长 期以来对于该地区保护网络的规划和管理效果一直缺乏系统地评价，保护工作的 进一步开展依然面临很多难题。近年来地理信息系统（Geographic Information System, GIS）和遥感技术（Remote Sensing, RS）已经广泛应用于野生动物及其 生境保护的各个方面，为横断山区的保护工作拓展了新的研究思路和方法借鉴。 本研究以位于云南西北部横断山区的四个县（德钦、维西、丽江、香格里拉） 作为核心研究地区，以野生动物的主要栖息地——林地为对象，借助RS 和GIS 手段研究该地区内林地的分布、变化以及受威胁程度；并针对鸡形目鸟类的保护 状况进行了分析，为该地区林地和鸡形目鸟类的保护及评价提供科学的方法指导 和建议。具体如下： （1）林地分布以及针叶林的进一步细分。在地面真实数据的辅助下，通过 对Landsat TM/TM+影像的预处理、分类、分类后处理等过程，将研究地区中的 林地与非林地进行划分；针对暖温性针叶林和寒温性针叶林这两种较难区分的类 别，采用导引聚类（guided clustering）的分类方法，进一步对针叶林进行细分。 精度评估的结果显示，林地与非林地的划分总体精度为94.3%，而针叶林细分为 暖温性针叶林和寒温性针叶林的总体精度为74.8%。该方法可以较为准确地划分 该地区不同的生境类型，为野生动物及其生境的保护奠定基础。（2）林地的受威胁程度评价。通过分析研究地区中的林地在40 多年时间跨 度里（1958-2001 年）的变化情况和保护现状，从而评价其受威胁程度，结果反 映出每个县的林地面积都有不同程度的减少，丽江和香格里拉这两个县的林地受 威胁程度相对较高。进一步对丽江和香格里拉两县在不同海拔带的林地分布和变 化情况进行分析，结果表明，丽江的林地主要分布于2000-3500 米的海拔范围内 （占该县全部林地面积的89.7%），而在香格里拉则主要分布于2500 米以上（占 该县全部林地面积的95.2%）；在这两个林地分布较为集中的区域内，都是低海 拔地区林地面积减少程度较高，意味着在开展保护工作时应重点关注这两个县的 低海拔林地。本研究方法可供整个横断山区乃至其他高山峡谷地区借鉴，为保护 网络的完善提供快速的量化参考。 （3）鸡形目鸟类的保护状况分析。借助RS 和GIS 手段描绘研究地区中当 前林地（2001 年左右）以及早期林地（1958 年前后）的分布，针对那些主要以 林地为生境的鸡形目鸟类，在相应限制因子（例如海拔数据）的辅助下对它们当 前和过去的潜在生境进行预测，从而分析它们的保护现状和生境的变化情况。结 果表明研究地区中现有的保护区对这些鸟类的保护尚不完善，并且在过去40 多 年的时间跨度里它们的潜在生境都有不同程度的退化。建议将来的保护工作优先 考虑那些在当前未被充分保护的物种以及潜在生境退化程度相对较高的物种。针 对这些物种，提出在将来的进一步保护工作中的一些建议，为整个横断山区鸡形 目鸟类乃至其他野生动物类群的保护提供参考。

贪心遗传算法求解组合优化问题

许多问题最终可以归结为求解一个组合优化问题,GA是求解组合优化问题的一个强有力的工具,但遗传算法在应用中常出现收敛过慢和封闭竞争问题,本文提出贪心遗传算法。该算法的初始种群建立、交叉和变异等过程,都引入贪心选择策略指导搜索;移民操作向种群引进新的遗传物质,克服了封闭竞争缺点。贪心遗传算法可以避免早熟收敛并改进算法的性能,算法搜索起步阶段的效率是非常高的,本文通过TSP问题仿真试验证明了算法的有效性,在较少的计算量下,得到令人满意的结果。

亲子依恋对大学生人际关系影响的性别效应

Parent-child attachment refers to the emotional bond that forms between parent and child, which has great influences on the child’s interpersonal development. Present study applied both correlation method and secure attachment memory activation method to investigate the “gender relation effects” of parent-child attachment’s influences on college students’ close relationships, general attachment representation, and emotion and social loneliness. The basic hypotheses on “gender relation” were set as: “same-sex” parent-child attachment has more influences on college students’ “same-sex” interpersonal relationships, while “opposite-sex” parent-child attachment has more influences on college students’ “opposite-sex” interpersonal relationships. Major findings includes: 1. There was weak correlation of attachment security between father-child and mother-child relationships. The findings indicated that, among college students, the security of “opposite-sex” parent-child attachment representation is higher to some extent than that of “same-sex” parent-child attachment representation. 2. There were significant correlations between parent-child attachment and college students’ attachment anxiety in close relationships. Major findings indicated that “opposite-sex” parent-child attachment security negatively predicts college students’ attachment anxiety in both “same-sex” and “opposite-sex” close relationships. 3. Gender relation effects were significant in the correlations between parent-child attachment and college students’ level of avoidant attachment representation. “Same-sex” parent-child attachment security positively predicted avoidant attachment level in college students’ “same-sex” close relationships, while “opposite-sex” parent-child attachment security positively predicted avoidant attachment level in “opposite-sex” close relationships. 4. Parent-child attachment security memory activation had significant influences on college students’ general attachment representation, in which gender relation effects indicated that: the memory activation of father-child attachment security significantly increases participants’ security of self-model in general attachment representation to “male others”; while the memory activation of mother-child attachment security significantly increase participants’ security of others-model in general attachment representation to “female others”. 5. For male college students, father-son attachment security negatively predicted their emotion and social loneliness. For female college students, father-daughter attachment security negatively predicted their emotion loneliness, while mother-daughter attachment security negatively predicted their social loneliness. Attachment security memory activation had significant influences on college students’ social loneliness, in which gender relation effects was confirmed in that only father-child attachment security memory activation significantly decreased male participants’ level of social loneliness. The results indicated that gender relation effects are significant in the influences of parent-child attachment on college students’ interpersonal relationship representations, especially when the level of avoidant of attachment in college students’ close relationships was predicted by parent-child attachment representation, and when the memory activation of parent-child attachment influenced college students’ general attachment representation. The present study confirmed to some extent that gender relation consistency exists in attachment representations among different interpersonal relations, and serves as a new model for analysis of gender differences in the research fields. In the present study, however, gender relation effects were not confirmed in all the interpersonal relationship representations, which indicated the complexity in the problems of gender differences in the research fields of close relationships.