物理短裂纹疲劳扩展的Markov链模拟

使用Markov链理论，基于16Mn钢小试样疲劳裂纹扩展试验，构造了一个物理短裂纹扩展的概率演化模型。该模型对裂纹扩展的循环数分布以及分布的演化过程的模拟，表明了与实验结果良好的吻合程度，从而为物理短裂纹扩展的概率分析及可靠性评价提供了手段。

A markov chain Monte Carlo method for estimating population mixing using Y-chromosome markers: Mixing of the Han people in China

We present a new approach for estimating mixing between populations based on non-recombining markers, specifically Y-chromosome microsatellites. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Bayesian statistical approach is used to calculate the posterior probability

Enzymatic activities in constructed wetlands and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) biodegradation

The bioaccumulation of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) from industrial products and their mutagenic action has been suggested to be a potential threat to human health. The effects of the most frequently identified PAE, Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and its biodegradation, were examined by comparison of two small scale plots (SSP) of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands. The influent DBP concentration was 9.84 mg l(-1) in the treatment plot and the control plot received no DBP. Soil enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase, urease, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, were measured in the two SSP after DBP application for 1 month and 2 months, and 1 month after the final application. Both treatment and control had significantly higher enzyme activity in the surface soil than in the subsurface soil (P < 0.001) and greater enzyme activity in the down-flow chamber than in the up-flow chamber (P < 0.05). In the constructed wetlands, DBP enhanced the activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase and inhibited the activities of urease, cellulase and beta-glucosidase. However, urease, cellulase, beta-glucosidase activities were restored 1 month following the final DBP addition. Degradation of DBP was greater in the surface soil and was reduced in sterile soil, indicating that this process may be mediated by aerobic microorgansims. DBP degradation fitted a first-order model, and the kinetic equation showed that the rate constant was 0.50 and 0.17 d(-1), the half-life was 1.39 and 4.02 d, and the r(2) was 0.99 and 0.98, in surface and subsurface soil, respectively. These results indicate that constructed wetlands are able to biodegrade organic PA-Es such as DBP. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Homogeneous Epitaxial Growth of N,N '-di(n-butyl)quinacridone Thin Films on Ag(110)

The structural evolution of the ordered N-N' dibutyl-substituted quinacridone (QA4C) multilayers (3 MLs) has been monitored in situ and in real time at various substrate temperatures using low energy electron diffraction (LEED) during organic molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Experimental results of LEED patterns clearly reveal that the structure of the multilayer strongly depends on the substrate temperature. Multilayer growth can be achieved at the substrate temperatures below 300 K, while at the higher temperatures we can only get one ordered monolayer of QA4C. Two kinds of structures, the commensurate and incommensurate one, often coexist in the QA4C multilayer. With a method of the two-step substrate temperatures, the incommensurate one can be suppressed, and the commensurate, on the other hand, more similar to the (001) plane of the QA4C bulk crystal, prevails with the layer of QA4C increasing to 3 MLs. The two structures in the multilayers are compressed slightly in comparison to the original ones in the first monolayer.

Di-nuclear systems studied with the velocity filter SHIP

Various nuclear reactions like quasi-fission, fusion-fission or particle and cluster evaporation from excited compound nuclei were studied in heavy-ion reactions at the velocity filter SHIP of GSI. The velocity filter offers the possibility to detect all reaction products under zero degree relative to the beam direction. Together with the measurement of the product velocity distribution this allows for an identification of the underlying reaction mechanism. This article is focussed on reactions of Mg-25 and Ni-64 beams on Pb-206,Pb-207 targets at energies of 5.9 x A MeV and 8.7 x A MeV. Besides evaporation residues from Mg-25 + Pb-206 collisions we found evidence for rotation and quasi-fission of nuclear molecules formed in the entrance channel after the capture stage. The break-up of the systems showed a preferred clustering leading to isotopes in the region 84 <= Z <= 88 and 122 <= N <= 127 of the chart of nuclei.

Nuclear potential and fusion cross sections for synthesizing super-heavy elements in di-nuclear systems

A double folding method with simplified Skyreme-type nucleon-nucleon interaction is used to calculate the nuclear interaction potential between two nuclei. The calculation is performed in tip-to-tip orientation of the two nuclei if they are deformed. Based on this methods, the potential energy surfaces, the fusion probabilities and the evaporation residue cross sections for some cold fusion reactions leading to super-heavy elements within di-nuclear system model are evaluated. It is indicated that after the improvement, the exponential decreasing systematics of the fusion probability with increasing charge number of projectile on the Pb based target become better and the evaporation residue cross sections are in better agreement with the experimental data.

Azimuthal di-hadron correlations in d plus Au and Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV measured at the STAR detector

Yields, correlation shapes, and mean transverse momenta p(T) of charged particles associated with intermediate-to high-p(T) trigger particles (2.5 < p(T) < 10 GeV/c) in d + Au and Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV are presented. For associated particles at higher p(T) greater than or similar to 2.5 GeV/c, narrow correlation peaks are seen in d + Au and Au + Au, indicating that the main production mechanism is jet fragmentation. At lower associated particle pT < 2 GeV/c, a large enhancement of the near- (Delta phi similar to 0) and away-side (Delta phi similar to pi) associated yields is found, together with a strong broadening of the away-side azimuthal distributions in Au + Au collisions compared to d + Au measurements, suggesting that other particle production mechanisms play a role. This is further supported by the observed significant softening of the away-side associated particle yield distribution at Delta phi similar to pi in central Au + Au collisions.

Markov过程在森林资源结构动态预测中的应用──以福建省南平地区的树种结构为例

根据马尔可夫决策过程理论和森林资源连续清查的固定样地调查资料，对南平地区的树种结构进行了预测与调整，结果表明，按现状发展，针阔比例将日趋严重，并且毛竹、经济林的占有率呈下降趋势，最终达到以杉木２８．０５％、马尾松１６．６３％、阔叶树１９．０１％、毛竹５．４３％、经济林２．２６％、其它类２８．７１％的树种结构．经调整后稳定状态的树种结构基本趋于合理，即各树种的占有率分别为杉木１８．７２％、马尾松１３．２４％、阔叶树２６．９８％、毛竹１０．８４％、经济林５．４５％、其它类２４．７７％．

Markov和灰色模型在土地利用预测中的应用

马尔柯夫和灰色模型都适用于土地利用变化预测,根据同一套土地利用数据分别用两种模型预测,将所得结果相互验证、对比分析,提高预测可信度。以江西省新建县为例,两种预测方法的预测结果都表明,若继续保持1996-2000年的变化速度,耕地和未利用地将持续减少,林地和建设用地呈增长趋势,而草地和水域相对较稳定,草地有下降趋势,水域呈缓慢上升趋向。预测结果可为土地利用规划管理及政策的制定提供科学依据,研究方法为土地利用变化预测研究提供一种思路。

景观动态的Markov模型研究——以长白山自然保护区为例

在 Markov模型假设的基础上 ,利用长白山自然保护区 1975年 MSS、1985年和 1997年 TM卫星遥感数据 ,在遥感图象处理软件和 GIS软件协助下 ,对遥感影像的计算机监督分类结果 (共分为 13类 )进行处理 ,对 Markov模型的可利用性进行分析与检验 ,得出长白山自然保护区景观变化无后效性 ,符合 Markov模型条件。根据 1985～ 1997年转移概率计算步长 10 a(1985～ 1995年 )的转移概率矩阵 ,从 1975年计算 1985年各景观类型的面积与 1985年各景观类型的实际面积值对比 ,计算得 χ2 >χ20 .0 5(12 ) ;再分别用 1975～ 1985年和 1985～ 1997年的转移矩阵计算 1995年和 2 0 4 7年各景观类型的面积 ,分析得χ2 >χ20 .0 5(12 ) ;对两阶段的转移概率矩阵分析得到 χ2 >χ20 .0 5(14 4 ) ;说明两阶段的 Markov转移过程不具同一性 ,属于两个不同的 Markov过程。不同景观类型转移方式对χ2 值的贡献率可以说明其对景观动态的重要性 ,分析结果表明有重要贡献的类型分别为 :阔叶红松林 5 2 .0 0 % >山杨白桦林 2 4 .6 6 % >云冷杉林 11.4 2 % >落叶松林 2 .4 3% ,说明这 4种景观类型的转移方式对长白山自然保护区的景观动态起重要作用 ,尤其以阔叶松林的作用最大 ;同时对 Markov模型在长白山自然保护区长期景观变化预测的可