广布小蝶兰及两种根茎兰属植物的传粉生物学研究

植物与传粉者的关系并非一门独立的学科，它包含很多进化生物学的内容。传粉生物学研究为我们理解植物进化的一些关键问题，如生殖隔离、物种形成、适应进化等提供重要证据。兰科植物由于其精巧的花部结构及其独特的传粉机制，备受传粉生物学家的关注。从达尔文时代以来，有大量的文献记载了欧洲兰族植物的传粉生物学的各个方面，其中，共涉及4种欺骗性传粉方式，它们几乎代表了兰科植物中近1/3没有报偿兰花所有的欺骗类型。然而，到目前为止，尽管在中国有丰富的兰族植物资源，中国兰科植物的传粉生物学研究仍然很缺乏。 在本研究中，作者以黄龙自然保护区内兰族的2种根茎兰属植物和1种小蝶兰属植物为材料，研究它们的传粉生物学，并探讨他们之间的生殖隔离机制。 1． 根茎兰属Galearis 及小蝶兰属Ponerorchis植物的交配系统 所研究的2种根茎兰属植物和1种小蝶兰属植物人工自交授粉均可以成功结实。在自然条件下，广布小蝶兰和二叶根茎兰都必须依赖于昆虫才能结实成功，而黄龙根茎兰则是以自花授粉为主。 2． 广布小蝶兰Ponerorchis chusua的传粉系统 在黄龙自然保护区进行了连续2 年的野外观测和实验，结果表明，广布小蝶兰是一种自交亲和，但需要昆虫传粉的欺骗性植物。广布小蝶兰的主要传粉者为雌性Bombus rufofasciatus，雌性B. consobrinus wittenburg，B. cucorun的蜂王和雄性B. pyrosona。熊蜂对广布小蝶兰具有典型的欺骗性兰花传粉的特征，即访问十分迅速，并且一般一个植株只访问一朵花，避免了同株异花授粉。 3． 二叶根茎兰Galearis diantha的传粉系统 野外观察表明，二叶根茎兰只有一种有效的传粉者，其访问频率不高，访 问时间短，并且会一次访问一个植株的两朵花，不可避免的产生同株异花授粉。自然结实率为23.0－26.8％，人工授粉实验证明传粉者限制是结实率较低的主要原因。 4. 黄龙根茎兰Galearis huanglongensis的传粉系统 研究结果表明，黄龙根茎兰为自动自花授粉的植物，黄龙根茎兰的花粉约在花开放4天后，花粉块从花粉囊中掉出，由于重力作用，花粉块柄弯曲使花粉接触到柱头，完成传粉。 5. 根茎兰属Galearis及小蝶兰属Ponerorchis植物的生殖隔离机制 本文的研究表明，根茎兰属内的杂交及与小蝶兰属间植物之间人工杂交授粉均可以成功结实，它们物种之间的生殖隔离主要是通过受精前隔离机制。具有相同传粉者（B. rufofasciatus）的广布小蝶兰与二叶根茎兰通过机械隔离机制保持物种界限。

毛乌素沙地两种蜜源植物羊柴和角蒿的传粉生物学研究

本论文从传粉生物学的角度出发，运用野外观察、室内测定和生物统计学方法，对毛乌素沙地的两种蜜源植物羊柴（Hedysarum leave）和角蒿（Incarvillea sinensis var. sinensis）的开花物候、花生物学特性、传粉昆虫行为以及繁育系统进行了研究，得出如下结论： 1．在自然居群中，存在着开白色花和紫红色花的两种羊柴植株，其中白色花植株仅占5.5±1.56%左右。白色花和紫红色花植株的花期存在明显的重叠，白色花植株的花期集中在8月中旬到9月上旬，而紫红色花植株的花期从7月中旬持续到9月中旬。在整个花期内，单个白色花植株的生产的总花数为125±11.33朵，明显少于紫红色花植株的372±30.38朵，两者存在极显著差异。 2． 羊柴白色花和紫红色花的单花花粉量、胚珠数和P/O值都存在显著差异。在单花开放的整个过程中，白色花的花蜜分泌量显著地高于紫红色花，但白色花和紫红色花的花蜜糖分浓度变化趋势相似，即都具有两个花蜜浓度高峰值。 3. 羊柴白色花植株稳定且访花频率较高的传粉者是散熊蜂、白脸条蜂和意大利蜂，而紫红色花植株稳定且访花频率较高的传粉者有散熊蜂、白脸条蜂、意大利蜂和海切叶蜂。传粉昆虫在白色花上的单花停留时间比紫红色花的稍长，两者存在显著差异。 4. 羊柴白色花植株和紫红色花植株自花授粉的结实率（白色花：4.31±0.34%;紫红色花：4.58±0.53%），相对于人工异花授粉的结实率（白色花：19.77±2.31%;紫红色花：21.03±3.02%）较低。自然结实率（白色花：25.93±2.30%;紫红色花：25.24±1.61%）没有显著性差异（F=0.25;P=0.80）。此外，羊柴不存在无融合生殖现象。 5. 角蒿花期从7月中旬持续到9月初，单花开放时间为5-9h;单花花粉量为18816.27±326.70、在花开放后3-4h时，花粉活力达到最大值71.98±1.23%，胚珠数为180.80±5.30，P/O值为104.7。在花开放后3-4h时，花蜜量达到最大值1.41±0.35ul。角蒿的传粉昆虫仅有散熊蜂和四条无垫蜂。在花开放过程中，花粉活力动态和花蜜分泌动态都与传粉昆虫的行为不吻合。 6. 角蒿自花授粉和人工异花授粉的结实率和结籽率均无显著差异。自然结实率为85.93±1.63%，显著地低于自花授粉和人工异花授粉，但是，自花授粉、人工异花授粉及自然对照的结籽率无显著差异。在开放传粉的情况下，被去雄的花结实率仅为48.90±5.37%，说明昆虫传粉仅贡献一部分结实率。角蒿不存在无融合生殖。

Pollinator shift and reproductive performance of the qinghai-tibetan plateau endemic and endangered Swertia przewalskii (Gentianaceae)

Reproductive failure results in many plant species becoming endangered. However, little is known of how and to what extent pollinator shifts affect reproductive performance of endangered species as a result of the artificial introduction of alien insects. In this study we examined breeding systems, visitor species, visiting frequency and seed set coefficients of Swertia przewalskii in two years that had different dominant pollinator species (native vs. alien). Flowers of this species were protandrous and herkogamous and insects were needed for the production of seeds. The stigmatic receptivity of this species was shorter than for other gentians. No significant difference in seed set coefficient was found for hand-pollinated plants between the two years, indicating that pollinator shift only had a minor effect on this plant's breeding system. The commonest pollinators in 2002 were native bumblebees, alien honeybees and occasional solitary bees, however, only alien honeybees were observed in 2004. The flower visitation rate in both years was relatively high, although the total visit frequency decreased significantly in 2004. The control flowers without any treatment produced significantly fewer seed sets in 2004 than in 2002. In the past decade the seed production of this species may have partly decreased due to pollination by alien honeybees, however, we suggest that they might have acted as alternative pollinators ensuring seed production of S. przewalskii when native pollinators were unavailable. The main reason that this plant is endangered is probably the result of habitat destruction, but changes in land use, namely intensified agricultural practice and unfavorable animal husbandry have also contributed to its decline. We recommend that in-situ conservation, including the establishment of a protected area, is the best way to preserve this species effectively.

Reproductive ecology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau endemic Gentiana straminea (Gentianaceae), a hermaphrodite perennial characterized by herkogamy and dichogamy

The combined occurrence of both herkogamy and dichogamy in a hermaphrodite species has been considered to strongly favour outcrossing. In this study, we investigated in detail the reproductive ecology of Gentiana straminea Maxim. (Gentianaceae), a hermaphrodite perennial endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In a series of observations and experiments over four consecutive years, we examined whether the combination of dichogamy and herkogamy in individual flowers completely prevents geitonogamous pollen transfer in this species. The mode of floral development clearly indicates that autonomous self-pollination is completely avoided through herkogamy and dichogamy in individual flowers. This implication was confirmed by the breeding experiments, since no seed was produced when flowers were isolated. However, this gentian proved to be highly self-compatible when geitonogamous selfing was artificially induced. Many flowers opened simultaneously on individual plants, the ratio of male to female phase flowers was close to 2:1 in each inflorescence, at the full anthesis phase, and they were randomly distributed amongst the upper, middle and lower parts of each stem's inflorescence. On average, Bombus sushikini Skorikov, the most frequent visitor and only legitimate pollinator of G. straminea, visited nearly two flowers per inflorescence, and four flowers per plant. Among the pollinators' foraging bouts, the proportions of geitonogamous visits to inflorescences or flowers within an individual plant were 29% and 37%, respectively. Therefore, despite the strict dichogamous and herkogamous characteristics of the individual flowers, geitonogamous selfing might still prevail in G. straininea because of the size of its floral displays and the continuous visiting behavior of B. sushkini. (C) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.