Determination of peptides and amino acids from wool and beer with sensitive fluorescent reagent 2-(9-carbazole)-ethyl chloroformate by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromotography and liquid chromotography mass spectrometry

A new method for the sensitive determination of amino acids and peptides using the tagging reagent 2-(9-carbazole)-ethyl chloroformate (CEOC) with fluorescence (FL) detection has been developed. Identification of derivatives was carried out by liquid chromotography mass spectrometry. The chromophore in the 2-(9-fluorenyl)-ethyl chloroformate (FMOC) reagent was replaced by carbazole, which resulted in a sensitive fluorescence lerivatizing agent CEOC. CEOC can easily and quickly label peptides and amino acids. Derivatives are stable enough to be efficiently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Studies on derivatization demonstrate excellent derivative yields over the pH range 8.8-10.0. Maximal yields close to 100% are observed with three- to fourfold molar reagent excess. Derivatives exhibit strong fluorescence and allow direct injection of the reaction mixture with no significant disturbance from the major fluorescent reagent degradation by-products, such as 2(9-carbazole)-ethanol and bis-(2-(9-carbazole)-ethyl) carbonate. In addition, the detection responses for CEOC derivatives are compared to those obtained with FMOC. The ratios AC(CEOC)/AC(FMOC) = 1.00-1.82 for fluorescence (FL) response and AC'(CEOC)/AC'(FMOC) = 1.00-1.21 for ultraviolet (UV) response are observed (here, AC and AC' are, respectively, FL and UV F response). Separation of the derivatized peptides and amino acids has been optimized on a Hypersil BDS C18 column. Excellent linear responses are observed. This method was used successfully to analyze protein hydrolysates from wool and from direct-derivatized beer. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

光通过纳米颗粒随机散射体透射光强的计算及分析

光通过随机散射体后透射光强的估算,对于提取散射体内部无法直接测量或者无法直接观察的信息至关重要。在分析平行光束通过纳米圆形颗粒随机散射体出射面上光强组成的基础上推导了透射光强的计算公式,并指出多重散射理论、一阶多重散射理论和朗伯比尔定律在一定近似程度上可以相对精确地估算透射光强。这三种方法的估算结果之间会出现四种相对关系。根据这些相对关系,分析了光在散射体内部传输时散射过程的特征以及各种散射过程对出射面光强的贡献大小。

Characteristics of large-sized ruby crystal grown by temperature gradient technique

Large ruby with the size of circle divide75 x 45 mm was grown by temperature gradient technique for the first time. Absorption spectrum was carried out in the range of 190-800 nm by spectrophotometer, and the concentration spatial distribution of Cr3+ in ruby was calculated from the absorption coefficient that based on the Beer-Lambert's Law. Cr3+ ions gradually increase alone both the growth axis and the radial direction. The shape and ingredient of the inclusions were measured by means of Leitz ride field microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Lane photos and X-ray omega scan show the good quality of as grown ruby. The optimized growth conditions were pointed out based on the observation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

processline: visualizing time-series data in process industry

In modern process industry, it is often difficult to analyze a manufacture process due to its umerous time-series data. Analysts wish to not only interpret the evolution of data over time in a working procedure, but also examine the changes in the whole production process through time. To meet such analytic requirements, we have developed ProcessLine, an interactive visualization tool for a large amount of time-series data in process industry. The data are displayed in a fisheye timeline. ProcessLine provides good overviews for the whole production process and details for the focused working procedure. A preliminary user study using beer industry production data has shown that the tool is effective.

用光化学方法氧化Tb~(3+)、Pr~(3+)、Ce~(3+)离子

本文内容包括Tb~(3+)、Pr~(3+)、Ce~(3+)的光氧化。研究了各种因素对氧化率或四价离子生成量的影响。在Tb~(3+)光氧化的基础上，建立了混合钇族稀土中Tb的光化学分析法及混合稀土中Tb的化学氧化分析方法。Tb~(3+)、Pr~(3+)的光氧化是开创性的工作，Tb的分析方法具有一定的应用价值。1 Ce~(3+)d HZO_3－HClO_4体系中的光氧化 用低压汞灯（254nm)、高压汞灯(366nm)和氩离子激光器(351/364nm, 458 nm, 477nm, 502 nm, 514, nm)光辐照Ce~(3+)-HZO_3-HClO_4溶液，Ce~(3+)发生光氧化反应，生成Ce(ZO_3)_4沉淀 。在低压汞灯254 nm波段可获得较高的氧化率，具它波段下的氧化率低，以低压汞灯为光源辐照。研究了温度、光强、酸度、Ce~(3+)初始浓度及辐照时间对氧化率的影响。降低酸度，选择较高的温度和较大的光强，有利于Ce~(3+)的光氧化。2 Tb~(3+)在KIO_4-KOH体系中的光氧化 用高压汞灯（366nm)光辐照Tb~(3+)-KIO_4-KOH溶液，首次实现了Tb~(3+)的光氧化。研究了碱度、络合剂浓度，Tb~(3+)初始浓度、辐照面积，光强和辐照时间等因素对Tb~(4+)生成的影响。测定了Tb(IV)/Rb(III)的氧化还原电势。适宜的KOH浓度应大于0.3M，KIO_4的浓度要比Tb~(3+)初始浓度大几个数量级。当KOH=0.6M, KIO_4=0.22M, 温度为13 ℃时。E_(Tb(IV)/Tb(III))=0.68优，生成的Tb~(4+)可溶性络离子为红棕色，最大吸收峰在420nm附近，比较稳定。3 用光氧化法分析钇族混合稀土中的Tb 根据Tb~(3+)在KIO_4-KOH体系中的光氧化反应，建立了钇族混合稀土中Tb的分光光度分析方法。在高压汞灯366nm的光辐照不无色的Tb~(3+)转变为红棕色的Tb~(4+)，其谱带的吸收峰值在420nm，其它三价钇族稀土无此反应，故无千扰，在Tb的分析浓度范围为1*10~(-5)M - 1*10~(-3)M时，符合Beer定律，Tb在钇族混合稀土中含量的分析最低限为0.2%。此方法可用于萃取钇族稀土过程中Tb的分析，方法简便快速。4 用化学氧化法分析混合稀土中的Tb 根据Tb~(3+)在KIO_4-KOH-K_2S_2O_8体系中的氧化反应，建立了混和稀土中Tb的分光光度分析方法。Tb~(3+)-KzO_4-KOH-K_2S_2O_8溶液加热，Tb~(3+)被氧化的Tb~(4+)，其颜色由无色转变为红棕色，最大吸收峰在420nm。Ce~(3+)加入KIO＿4－KOH溶液后，立即被完全氧化为Ce~(4+), Ce~(4+)在420nm也有吸收，其干扰可以在本底中排除，其它三价稀土离子在此体系中不能发生氧化反应，故无干扰。在Tb的分析浓度范围为5*10~(-5)-5*10~(-4)M时，符合Beer定律，Tb在混合稀土中含量分析的最低限为1％。此方法可用于萃取稀土过程中Tb的分析和监控，方法简便快速。5 Pr~(3+)在KZO_4－KOH体系中的光氧化用高压汞灯光辐照Pr~(3+)-KZO_4-KOH溶液，首次实现了Pr~(3+)的光氧化。生成的Pr~(4+)为棕褐色，最大吸收峰在400nm附近，稳定性较差，在水溶液中发生自还原反应。按Pr~(4+)在400nm的吸收峰值，研究了辐照时间，Pr~(3+)初始浓度，KOH浓度、KZO＿4浓度及Ce~(4+)共存时对Pr~9(4+)生成的影响。相应增加KOH及KZO＿4用量，有利于Pr~(4+)的生成，Ce~(4+)对Pr~(3+)的光氧化无所谓的“带同氧化作用”。

碱性染料杂多酸多元配合物显色反应及其应用的研究

本论文由六部分组成第一部分文献综述，对近年来碱性染料-元素杂多酸显色反应的研究及其应用的进展情况作了介绍。第二部分研究了乙基罗丹明B与硅钼杂多酸 PVA存在下的显色条件，缔合物的最大吸收波长为584nm，在测量波长586nm处，ε_(586) = 3.4 * 10~5lmol·cm~(-1), 缔合物至少可稳定1小时，0～1.3μg Si(IV)/25ml Beer定律，只有P(V)、A(s)、Ge(IV)等离子干扰严重，可采用酒石酸掩蔽之。从而提出了测定硅的高灵敏光度法。本法可不经分离直接用于水样及NaOH、NH_4G、NH_4NO_3等试剂分析，检测下限分别为10ppb(水样,5ml) 1 * 10~(-5)%（试剂，1g）。第三部分研究了乙基罗丹明B-磷钼杂多酸-PVA新的显色体系的光度测定条件，缔合物的最大吸收波长为584nm，在工作波长586nm下，ε_(586) = 3.2 * 10~5l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)，配合物至少可稳定1小时，0～1.5μgP(V)/25ml服从Beer定律。藉提高酸度和还原剂以消除Si(IV)、As(V)等离子的干扰。本法可不经分离直接用于钢样及硫酸钠、硫酸镁试剂中痕量磷的测定，检测下限达1 * 10~(-5)%(试剂1g)。第四部分研究了乙基罗丹明B-锗钼杂多酸在PVA存在下的显色条件，缔合物最大吸收波长为584nm，在测量波长588nm下，缔合物的表观摩尔吸光系数ε_(588) = 3.8 * 10~5l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)，0～1.5μg Ge(IV)/25ml服从Beer定律，缔合物至少可稳定2小时，仅P(V)、As(V)、 Si(IV)等离子严重干扰。第五部分研究了缔合物的形成机理。我们用摩尔比法，等摩尔连续变化法及摩尔吸光系数对比法分别研究呈溶液或结晶状的缔合物组成比，所得结果一致，即Si(或 P、Ge):ERB=1:4。由红外光谱的研究证明，染料ERB~+的结构未受缔合物形成的影响。ERB~+阳离子与杂多酸阴离子是藉离子链力结合成离子对缔合物，并讨论了本类显色反应的历程。第六部分是罗丹明类碱性染料中取代基对缔合的稳定性及萃取率的影响的研究。对用苯萃取罗丹明类碱性染料-高氯酸缔合物体系，进行了吸收光谱、酸度影响、表现摩尔吸光系数、萃取率和萃取平衡常数的测定实验，各种缔合物的最大吸收波长分别为：BRB, 567nm; ERB, 567nm; R6G, 536nm; RB, 563nm。表观摩尔吸光系数分别为(l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1):BRB, 9.86 * 10~4; ERB, 8.82*10~4;R6G, 4·0.3 * 10~4。萃取率分别为：BRB, 91.9%, ERB, 79.2%; R6G, 45.7%。萃取平衡常数分别为：BRB, 1.32 * 10~4; ERB, 1.14 * 10~3; R6G, 6.06 * 10~2。并用平衡移动法测定缔合物组成均为1：1。根据上述实验结果，从离子体积、憎水和亲水基、取代基的酸碱性及染料阳离子的正电性等四个方面对染料分子上不同取代基对缔合物稳定性、可萃性和溶解度影响进行了讨论，得到了一些规律性的认识：随着取代基体积增大、憎水基的引入和加重、碱性减弱、染料阳离子正电性的增加，均能使形成缔合物的稳定性和可萃性增加，其增加顺序为BRB > ERB > R6G > RB。

Studied on the interactions of antibody-porphyrin by circular dichroism and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

Circular dichoism and UV-vis measurements were used to study the interaction between porphyrin and monoclonal antibodies ( McAbs). McAbs-porphyrin complex formation is usually accompanied by significant bathochromic shift and hyperchromicity changes of the absorption maxima in the porphyrin soret band region. Induced CD spectra in the same region (350 similar to 450 nm) were detected upon complex formation. They follow Lamb-Beer's law and exhibit isosbestic behavior. Both the UV-Vis and induced CD spectra of the antibody: porphyrin complex remain unchanged over a broad pH range ( pH 6 similar to 11), indicating remarkable stability of the complex and reflecting the dominant role of hydrophobic interaction between the hapten benzophenone and the antibody combining site.

FACTOR-ANALYSIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF VALENCE STATES OF METALS

Two M(n+)-2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol systems for the simultaneous determination of the valence states of Cr and Fe using factor analysis were studied. (1) At pH 4.0, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) react with the reagent to form stable complexes and a slight difference in the wavelengths of maximum absorption (lambda(max.)) between the two complexes is observed when the sodium lauryl sulfate, which also acts as a solubilizing and sensitizing agent, is added, viz., 590 nm for Cr(III) and 593 nm for Cr(VI) complexes. (2) In the presence of ethanol, both Fe(II) and Fe(III) form 1:2 complexes with the reagent at pH 2.5-3.5 and the lambda(max.) of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes is at 557 and 592 nm, respectively. In the target transformation factor analysis, the K coefficients calculated from the standard mixtures by classical least-squares analysis and a non-zero intercept added to each wavelength are used as the target vector instead of the pure component standards; this can decrease the analysis errors introduced by the interaction between the two species and by deviations from Beer's law.

4,5-二溴苯基荧光酮-钛(Ⅳ)-Tween-80分光光度法测定尿蛋白

本文提出了一个借钛-4,5-二溴苯基荧光酮(DBPF)-Tween-80与蛋白质显色反应光度测定微量尿蛋白的高灵敏方法。在pH2.9,血清蛋白能与Ti-DBPF-Tween-80形成蓝色络合物,最大吸收波长为605nm。加入小量乙醇能提高方法的灵敏度和稳定性,牛血清蛋白含量在0～150μg/25ml范围内服从Beer定律。尿液中其它成分不干扰测定。用拟定的方法测定人尿蛋白,获得满意结果。

用化学氧化法分析混合稀土中的Tb

根据 Tb在 K IQ_4—KOH—K_2S_2O_8体系中的氧化反应,建立了混和稀土中 Tb 的分光光度分析方法.Tb被氧化为 Tb~(4+),其颜色由无色转变为红棕色,最大吸收峰在420nm.Ce~(3+)加入 KIO_4—KOH 溶液后,立即被完全氧化为 Ce~(4+),Ce~(4+)在420nm 也有吸收,其干扰可以在本底中排除,其它三价稀土离子在此体系中不能发生氧化反应,故无干扰.在 Tb 的分析浓度范围为5×10~(-5)～5×10~(-4)M 时,符合 Beer 定律,Tb 在混合稀土中含量分析的最低限为1%。此方法可用于萃取稀土过程中 Tb 的分析和监控,方法简便快速。

STUDIED ON THE SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS .3. DETERMINATION OF MICROAMOUNTS OF TUNGSTEN, MOLYBDENUM AND TITANIUM

The absorption spectra of W, Mo and Ti-phenylfluorone cetyltrimethylammonium bromide complexes and the optimum conditions for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of microamounts of W, Mo and Ti were studied. In order to examine the effect of the errors of calibration matrix on the analytical resulte, the approach of selecting the analytical wavelengths was investigated and the comparison of computation results between AKC method (the matrix representation of Beer-Lambert's Law) and ...