133 resultados para base respiration

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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  土壤呼吸是全球碳循环中的一个重要环节,其对全球碳平衡的影响是近年来人们关注的焦点之一。探讨碳素的失汇(missing sink)问题,对陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的研究是必不可少的。环境因子与土壤呼吸之间的关系可以用于将土壤呼吸从“chamber”水平的测量放大到整个生态系统或更大尺度。而温度、水分和植被状况都是对土壤呼吸有重要影响的因子,随着全球气候的变化,这些因子也会发生相应的改变,在这种情况下,它们极有可能与土壤CO2排放之间形成正反馈。温带草原是主要的陆地生态系统类型之一,目前非常缺乏有关土壤呼吸的研究资料。因此,在2001年生长季,我们在内蒙古锡林河流域南部集水区设定了一条东西长约160km、南北宽约30km的样带,从中选择了11个不同的植物群落,采用碱液吸收法周期性地对这些群落的土壤呼吸速率进行同步测定,并对土壤呼吸的时空动态及其与温度、土壤水分和植被状况之间的关系进行了研究。现将主要研究结果概述如下:   ①锡林河流域南部集水区的土壤呼吸表现出明显的季节变化和空间变异。温度是影响土壤呼吸季节变化的主要因子之一,指数模型能够较好地揭示各群落土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应,但低温时模型的拟合效果更好。各群落土壤呼吸的季节动态与温度变化不完全同步,表明温度并不是影响土壤呼吸的唯一因子 。   ②土壤呼吸的温度敏感性在各群落之间存在着一定的差异。春小麦群落的Q10值高于草原群落,说明不同的土地利用方式会影响到土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感程度。水分对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性有重要影响,秩相关分析的结果表明,土壤水分与Q10值之间存在着显著的正相关关系。此外,依据不同土壤层次的温度得出的Q10值各不相同,基于变化幅度大的浅层土壤温度和气温得出的Q10值较小,而根据变化幅度小的深层土壤温度得出的Q10值较大。   ③水分对各群落的土壤呼吸也有较大影响,但其影响程度有一定的季节差异,生长旺季水分对土壤呼吸的影响显著高于其它季节。从各群落的具体情况来看,水分对土壤呼吸的影响明显受制于群落的水分供应状况。水分供应状况比较好的和水分变化幅度小的群落中,土壤呼吸与水分之间没有显著的函数关系,而水分相对欠缺的群落则存有显著的线性关系。消除温度的影响后,这种线性关系显著增强。土壤水分含量较低的芨芨草群落中,土壤呼吸与表层水分之间的关系也不明显,这与芨芨草根系分布较深,能够利用土壤中较深层次的水分有关。   ④土壤呼吸季节变化与植被之间的关系与各群落内水分状况以及植被对水分的利用机制有关。所有群落土壤呼吸速率随着绿色活体生物量的增长有上升趋势,且在水分供应充足的群落和植被较为耐旱或能够利用深层土壤水的群落中,这二者之间呈显著或极显著的指数关系,其它群落中相关关系不够显著。由于植被立枯量大小反映了水热的综合状况,所以群落的土壤呼吸速率随立枯量的增长呈下降趋势,二者之间的关系也可以用指数方程来表示。   ⑤土壤呼吸在锡林河流域南部的空间变异主要受水分和植被状况的影响。总体来看,土壤水分含量高、地上生物量(包括绿色活体生物量)大或地上净第一性生产力高的草地群落,其土壤呼吸速率也较高。基础呼吸速率对于改进土壤呼吸模型在时间和空间上的预测精度有重要意义。我们的研究结果表明,在平均温度低、水分状况好、地上和地下生物量大、地上净第一性生产力高的地方,基础土壤呼吸速率也相应较高。

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This article derives and provides a theoretical analysis for the mechanical erosion of carbon-base materials in ablation. The theory of mechanical erosion based on a nondimensional critical roughness parameter is proposed, The important parameters in this analytical method are independent of the test, The analysis accounts for the heating, pressure, and shear forces acting on material particles exposed to the boundary-layer flow. For the validity of a theoretical analytical method a computational example is given. The theoretical results agree fairly with the experimental data.

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In this paper particular investigation is directed towards the combined effects of horizontal and vertical motions of real earthquakes to structures resting on sliding base. A simplified method is presented to treat the nonlinear effects of time dependent frictional force of the sliding base as a function of the vertical reaction produced by the foundation. As an example, the El Centro 1940 earthquake record is used on a structural model to show the structural responses due to a sliding base with different frictional and stiffness characteristics. The study shows that vertical ground motion does affect both the superstructure response and the base sliding displacement. Nevertheless, the sliding base isolator is shown to be effective for the reduction of seismic response of a superstructure.

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Topography of a granite surface has an effect on the vertical positioning of a wafer stage in a lithographic tool, when the wafer stage moves on the granite. The inaccurate measurement of the topography results in a bad leveling and focusing performance. In this paper, an in situ method to measure the topography of a granite surface with high accuracy is present. In this method, a high-order polynomial is set up to express the topography of the granite surface. Two double-frequency laser interferometers are used to measure the tilts of the wafer stage in the X- and Y-directions. From the sampling tilts information, the coefficients of the high-order polynomial can be obtained by a special algorithm. Experiment results shows that the measurement reproducibility of the method is better than 10 nm. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.