89 resultados para antisense RNA

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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木质素是一类酚类次生代谢产物,在植物体内行使重要的生理功能,但它却是形成造纸污染的主要来源。利用基因工程手段,在分子水平调节木质素的生物合成,降低木质素的含量或改变组分以培育适合造纸的植物原料树种具有较大的应用价值和环保效益。本研究利用反义RNA技术,主要围绕木质素合成三种相关酶咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶(COMT)、咖啡酰辅酶A-O-甲基转移酶(CCoAOMT)、4-香豆酸:辅酶A连接酶(4CL)的基因对植物木质素生物合成途径调节的研究,取得如下进展: 1.农杆菌介导法将COMT和CCoAOMT基因的单价和双价的反义表达载体导入烟草,比较了两个甲基化酶的功能。PCR-Southern和Northern点杂交结果表明反义基因已整合到烟草基因组DNA上,并在转录水平表达。两种反义基因对木质素生物合成调节的效果显示,CCoAOMT能更有效地调节木质素生物总量的合成,COMT仅特异调节S木质素的合成。表达反义CCoAOMT基因的转基因毛白杨,内源CCoAOMT基因的表达在转录和蛋白水平均受到抑制,最终引起转基因植株木质素含量普遍降低,最多降低达26.20%,筛选出木质素含量下降10%以上的转基因毛白杨株系8个,为源头治理造纸废水污染奠定了基础。 2. 对克隆的4CL基因进行了表达特性分析, RT-PCR分析表明,分离的毛白杨4CL基因主要在木质部丰富表达,叶中表达量较少,树皮中不表达。在毛白杨的一个生长季,该基因表达显示明显的双锋特征,该表达模式与木材早材和晚材的发育时期相吻合,表明分离的毛白杨4CL基因与木质素的生物合成密切相关。农杆菌介导法将反义4CL基因导入烟草和毛白杨,利用分子生物学检测手段对转化植株进行筛选,获得批量转基因植株。Klason木质素含量测定分析表明,抑制内源4CL基因表达,能有效降低转基因植物中的木质素含量,且不影响植株正常生长和发育以及碳水化合物的合成。转基因毛白杨的茎杆上一些区域呈红棕色,颜色的深度与转基因毛白杨木质素含量的下降幅度呈一定的正相关性,颜色变化可作为转基因植株筛选的一个辅助指标。现已获得木质素含量下降10%以上的转基因株系3个,最多下降达41.73%,可供中试与制浆实验,为培育低木质素环保型毛白杨提供理论与实践依据。 3.为了优化现有的表达框架,使目的基因更有效地调节木质素的生物合成,应用PCR技术从毛白杨基因组中分离得到C4H(肉桂酸4—羟基化酶)基因启动子片段(GenBank注册号:AY351673)。GUS荧光活性分析和组织化学染色显示,该启动子在一些木质化的组织和器官中特异表达,随着组织成熟度和木质化程度的增加,表达活性逐渐增强,并且该启动子受伤诱导。反义CCoAOMT基因在C4H启动子的调控下,会引起转基因烟草木质素均有不同程度的减少,但不影响碳向碳水化合物的转换合成,对植物的生长发育也无明显负效应。这些结果证明了从毛白杨中分离的C4H 启动子可以应用于造纸原料树种材性改良的遗传工程操作。 4.首次从水稻中华10号(Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)分离了CCoAOMT基因家族的三个成员,对其基因结构及表达特性的分析表明,该基因家族的三个成员与水稻的木质化进程关系密切,研究结果有助于了解单子叶植物中的甲基化途径发生机制,为高产水稻抗倒伏和茎杆饲料作物的遗传改良奠定了基础。

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植物激素乙烯作为一种信使分子调节控制果实完熟。ACC合成酶是植物体内乙烯生物合成途径的限速酶,其反义RNA的表达将能有效地抑制乙烯的生物合成而延缓果实完熟,利用反转录PCR技术克隆获得了ACC合成酶多基因家族成员之一LE-ACC2阅读框架约1.7kb的cDNA,经酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,反向连入植物表达载体pBin437中构建成组成型表达ACC合成酶反义RNA的双元载体。经农杆菌途径转化番茄“丽春”品种,获得了60株抗卡那再生杭株,PCR检测证明有6株为转基因植株,Southern杂交和Northern杂交分析进一步确证了外源基因的插入及其转录活性。反义番茄果实的乙烯释放受到明显抑制,表现出更好的耐储保鲜特性,并且与对照相比,在果实品质上没有明显差别。大田培育Fl和F2代转化番茄植株,反义番茄纯合品系的筛选工作正在进行之中。 同时,本研究利用已经获得的ACC合成酶和PG的cDNA克隆,构建了两个嵌合转化基因载体pPGACC1、pPGACC10,它包括1300bp的ACC合成酶cDNA编码序列,并分别含有反向与正向的250bp的5’端PG基因片断。酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,以pBin437为植物表达载体构建了双元载体pBPGACC1和pBPGACC10,分别表达PG正义RNA和反义RNA,并均表达ACC合成酶反义RNA。经农杆菌转化番茄子叶,植株的再生培育有待进行。通过对转基因植物的分析,我们期望阐明用单一嵌合基因表达载体通过反义抑制与抑制作用实现对内源两同源基因——PG和ACC合成酶下降调节的可能性,并可望得到具有更好耐储效果且品质优良的番茄品系。

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直到九十年代,以利用拟南芥菜和金鱼草突变体克隆到花器官发育基因为重要标志的植物发育研究取得了重大突破。但由于开花决定过程分子控制机理研究进展却较为缓慢。以mRNA人手利用差异筛选技术获得春化相关基因克隆(verc203,verc17),Northem blot初步证明这些克隆对春化处理的特异性。根据反义RNA理论和技术对克隆化verc203基因功能进行研究。另外,从纯化蛋白人手,在金针菇中克隆到新的溶血性毒蛋白编码基因,并在细菌中得到表达,这一实验为利用此途径来克隆发育调控蛋白的编码基因进行了有益的技术路线探索。本研究的具体结果如下: 1. 春化相关基因(verc203)对冬小麦花发育调控 根据反义RNA的理论和技术进一步证明verc203在冬小麦开花启动和花发育过程中的可能控制作用。将verc203 DNA序列插入带有CaMV35S启动子和GUS基因的pBI221表达载体, 使之能在植物中高效表达反义RNA,并以转正义基因植株作为对照。通过花粉管途径转基因方法,得到326粒反义质粒冬小麦转化种子和1 98粒正义质粒冬小麦转化种子.所有转化处理种子和正常小麦种子萌发后,经春化处理,与未春化冬小麦植株一起培养直到对照植株达到成熟期。实验观察发现,转反义基因植株的抽穗受到明显的阻抑,开花过程大大推迟。其中表达较强的6株转基因植株甚至晚花五十多天。还发现一些表达较弱的植株尽管晚花20到30天,但花器官发育却受到影响,如,雄蕊缺失,穗发育异常等。Southemblot和PCR实验结果表明外源基因整合到转基因植株基因组。 Northrenblot以及报告基因(GUS)活性等实验证明反义基因在转反义基因植株RNA水平上得到高效表达。同时,GUS基因在蛋白质水平上得到表达。基于上述实验,有理由认为ver203基因可能是控制冬小麦春化诱导的成花启动和花发育过程中的主要基因之一。 2. 金针菇毒蛋白flammutoxin编码基因的克隆及其在细菌中的表达 利用色谱分离技术及SDS.PAGE电泳技术从金针菇(Flammuleina velutips)分离得到一种分子量为31 kDa、对人血红细胞具有溶血活性的蛋白质(flammutoxin),通过蛋白质序列微量分析技术测得其N-端3 1个氨基酸顺序。利用氨基酸序列推测其编码基因序列信息,通过RT - PCR克隆到一个由973个核苷酸组成的编码基因,5’端93个核苷酸编码肽链序列与测得flammutoxin N-端氨基酸序列完全相同。基因序列同源性分析表明在GenBank (USA),EMBL Database (Europe)和DDBJ (Japan)基因序列数据库中未找到与之同源的基因序列。这个基因与载体p-半乳糖苷酶部分基因编码的融合蛋白在E coli细胞中有效地得到表达。表达产物的SDS-PAGE,Western blot和溶血活性实验表明它是flammutoxin蛋白原编码基因。并对融合蛋白的溶血活性降低原因作了讨论。

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一. 小麦相关基因ver203F cDNA全序列克隆与功能分析   根据本实验室通过差异筛选技术克隆到的与春化相关的基因cDNA verc203的序列,设计PCR 5’端PCR引物,利用RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)克隆策略,得到春化相关基因ver203基因的同源基因ver203F cDNA的3’端序列,长度为1,197bp。Northern分析表明ver203F全长约为1.5 kb,且其表达具有春化处理的特异性。根据3’RACE克隆的ver203F 3 ’端核苷酸序列设计了3’端PCR引物,利用5’RACE克隆到该基因的5’端片段,经DNASIS核酸分析软件分析将5’45RACE和3’RACE DNA序列拼接合并,得到ver203F全长cDNA,从TdT加尾5’末端到poly A全长为1,561 bp,5’端起始密码子ATG上游非编码区-1~-192共了192bp,终止密码子TGA到poly A的非编码区有253bp,cDNA编码区全长1,119 bp,推测编码373氨基酸残基。国际基因序列数据库检索表明该基因序列(GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ:AB012013)与大麦茉莉酸诱导基因有部分同源性。因上推测该基因在调控开花过程中可能参与茉莉酸介导的信号传导途径,ver203F作用的发挥可能需要其它蛋白的参与,或ver203F本身就是一个受体蛋白。   为了研究ver203F基因的功能,将通过3’RACE克隆到的ver203F 3’端序到分别构建正义和反义植物表达载体,通过花粉管通道法、农杆菌介导的叶圆片法以及农杆菌介导的真空转化法分别转化小麦、烟草和拟南芥菜。获得转基因植株后,PCR、DNA Dob Blot、Southern Blot分析以及GUS活性检测证明外源基因已整合到转基因植株中,并得到表达。在获得的小麦、烟草和拟南芥菜转基因植株中,它们开花时间都相应地推迟,表明正常植物体内该基因在控制营养生长向生殖生长的转变中起作用。ver203F可以影响小麦和拟南茶菜花序的发育,首先无论正义还是反义都使得花序的发育受到抑制,在小麦中表现为顶部小穗退化,在拟南芥菜中表现为顶花。其次在转化正义基因的转基因拟南芥菜中,观察到产生的顶花为对称的两朵或以对称的两朵顶花基部为生长点长出丛生花,这种对称花的麦型小麦小穗中小花的表型相类似,说明ver203F基因可能在小麦小花的发育过程中也起着重要作用。 二. 春化相关基因ver17在开花过程中功能的分析 以春化处理冬小麦(京冬1号)幼苗cDNA为材料,通过减法杂交与差异筛选得到春化相关cDNA克隆verc17。为了研究该基因的功能,以包含CaMV 35S启动子的pBI221为载体,将ver17cDNA片段分别从两个方向插入pBI221的BamH I-Sma I, Xba I-BamH I间,构建正义和反义表达质粒:p17S和p17X,通过花粉管通道法转化小麦。对T0和T1两代转基因小麦的观察发现,在转化反义基因p17X的转基因小麦首先表现为抽穗推迟,其次穗的顶部和基部小穗严重退化,另外还发现转化反义基因的小麦败育现象严重(主要是花粉败育),因此推测ver17基困能可具有以下几方面的特点:a.春化诱导型表达;b.促进植物开花;c.促进穗顶端和基部花的发育,减少其退化;d.影响雄蕊的发育。

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木质素是植物体中具重要生物功能的次生代谢产物。然而纸浆生产主要是将原料中的木质素与用于造纸的纤维素分离,该工艺过程产生了造纸工业的主要污染废液,并且增加造纸成本。本研究目的在于利用反义RNA技术,在分子水平调节木质素的生物合成,降低中国特有造纸树种毛白杨的木质素含量,培育更适于我国造纸工业的原料树种。以下为本研究已取得的相关研究进展: 1.通过RT-PCR技术,从毛白杨中克隆了木质素生物合成的三个相关酶的cDNAs,它们分别为咖啡酸甲基转移酶(caffeic acid O-methyltransferase,COMT)、咖啡酰CoA甲基转移酶(caffeoyl Co-enzyme A O-methyltransferase,CCoAOMT)及香豆酸:辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate: CoA ligase,4CL)。序列分析显示了毛白杨这三个基因与杨属中其它种的相应基因cDNA核苷酸序列高度同源。Northern点杂交分析表明,COMT、CCoAOMT及4CL基因在毛白杨正在生长的次生木质部中高水平表达,其表达高峰与树木的木质化进程同步;而在叶与叶柄中,这三个基因均不表达。COMT、CCoAOMT及4CL是木质素生物合成的相关酶,该表达特征与其基因功能相一致。本研究克隆的COMT、CCoAOMT及4CL基因的cDNAs已在GenBank注册登记,接受号分别为AF237777、AF240466、AF314180 (publish on Jan l,2002)。 2.通过一系列的DNA重组,构建了携带反义COMT、CCoAOMT或4CLcDNA的反义表达载体以及同时整合反义COMT与CCoAOMT cDNA的双价反义表达载体,PCR扩增与酶切检测确证构建无误。 3.以田间取材的速生三倍体毛白杨B19、B331及B304的茎尖、叶片与嫩茎为外殖体,首次获得了三倍体毛白杨的组培再生试管苗,并建立了速生三倍体毛白杨的组培再生系统,为通过基因工程改良其造纸性能奠定了基础。 4.农杆菌介导转化烟草,PCR与PCR-Southern检测表明我们获得了整合反义COMT、CCoAOMT cDNA及反义COMT及CCoAOMT cDNA共整合的转基因烟草。以Digoxigenin标记的对应于反义链的单链RNA为探针与转基因烟草的总RNA进行NoIthern点杂交,结果表明整合到其中的反义cDNA均已表达。转基因烟草的木质素分析将有助于对COMT及CCoAOMT两个甲基化酶功能的认识。 5.通过农杆菌介导,将反义CCoAOMT cDNA转入欧洲山杨与银白杨的杂交杨(P tremulaXP.alba)。经PCR,PCR-Southern及Southern检测,确认获得了转基因植株。以Digoxigenin标记的对应于CCoAOMT cDNA反义链的单链RNA为探针与转基因杂交杨总RNA进行Northern点杂交,结果表明整合到其中的反义cDNA已在转录水平表达。测定生长5-6个月的转基因杨树下部茎杆的Klason木质素含量,结果显示其中一个株系的Klason木质素含量比野生型对照下降17.9%,表明抑制杨树内源CCoAOMT基因表达可有效降低转基因植株的木质素含量。

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The gonad is an essential organ for generating sperm and ova in vertebrates. This review describes several pilot studies on gonad gene manipulation and development in fish. With antisense RNA techniques, we suppressed the gonad development, and thus the fertility, of an antisense gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) transgenic common carp. Then, using a tissue-specific exogenous gene excision strategy with sexual compensation, we knocked out the gonad-specific transgene. Under the control of the rainbow trout protamine promoter, the transgenic fish expressed the reporter gene eGFP specifically in the spermary. These results indicate that the fish gonad is a new model organ that can improve contemporary biotechnology experiments. Herein we discuss the potential of fish gonad manipulation for resolving important biosafety problems regarding transgenic fish generation and producing the new transgenic animal bioreactor.

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Edwardsiella tarda is a bacterial pathogen that can infect both humans and animals. TX1, an Ed. tarda strain isolated from diseased fish, was found to produce autoinducer 2 (Al-2)-like activity that was growth phase dependent and modulated by growth conditions. The gene coding for the Al-2 synthase was cloned from TX1 and designated luxS(Et). LuxS(Et) was able to complement the Al-2 mutant phenotype of Escherichia coli strain DH5 alpha. Expression Of luxS(Et) correlated with Al-2 activity and was increased by glucose and decreased by elevated temperature. The effect of glucose was shown to be mediated through the cAMP-CRP complex, which repressed luxS(Et) expression. Overexpression of luxS(Et) enhanced Al-2 activity in TX1, whereas disruption of luxS(Et) expression by antisense RNA interference (i) reduced the level of Al-2 activity, (ii) impaired bacterial growth under various conditions, (iii) weakened the expression of genes associated with the type III secretion system and biofilm formation, and (iv) attenuated bacterial virulence. Addition of exogenous Al-2 was able to complement the deficiencies in the expression of TTSS genes and biofilm production but failed to rescue the growth defects. Our results (i) demonstrated that the Al-2 activity in TX1 is controlled at least in part at the level of luxS(Et) expression, which in turn is regulated by growth conditions, and that the temporal expression of luxS(Et) is essential for optimal bacterial infection and survival; and (ii) suggested the existence in Ed. tarda of a LuxS/Al-2-mediated signal transduction pathway that regulates the production of virulence-associated elements.

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Edwardsiella tarda is a bacterial pathogen that can infect both humans and animals. TX1, an Ed. tarda strain isolated from diseased fish, was found to produce autoinducer 2 (Al-2)-like activity that was growth phase dependent and modulated by growth conditions. The gene coding for the Al-2 synthase was cloned from TX1 and designated luxS(Et). LuxS(Et) was able to complement the Al-2 mutant phenotype of Escherichia coli strain DH5 alpha. Expression Of luxS(Et) correlated with Al-2 activity and was increased by glucose and decreased by elevated temperature. The effect of glucose was shown to be mediated through the cAMP-CRP complex, which repressed luxS(Et) expression. Overexpression of luxS(Et) enhanced Al-2 activity in TX1, whereas disruption of luxS(Et) expression by antisense RNA interference (i) reduced the level of Al-2 activity, (ii) impaired bacterial growth under various conditions, (iii) weakened the expression of genes associated with the type III secretion system and biofilm formation, and (iv) attenuated bacterial virulence. Addition of exogenous Al-2 was able to complement the deficiencies in the expression of TTSS genes and biofilm production but failed to rescue the growth defects. Our results (i) demonstrated that the Al-2 activity in TX1 is controlled at least in part at the level of luxS(Et) expression, which in turn is regulated by growth conditions, and that the temporal expression of luxS(Et) is essential for optimal bacterial infection and survival; and (ii) suggested the existence in Ed. tarda of a LuxS/Al-2-mediated signal transduction pathway that regulates the production of virulence-associated elements.

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Generating transgenic fish with desirable traits (e.g., rapid growth, larger size, etc.) for commercial use has been hampered by concerns for biosafety and competition if these fish are released into the environment. These obstacles may be overcome by producing transgenic fish that are sterile, possibly by inhibiting hormones related to reproduction. In vertebrates, synthesis and release of gonadotropin (GtH) and other reproductive hormones is mediated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Recently two cDNA sequences encoding salmon-type GnRH (sGnRH) decapeptides were cloned from common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This study analyzed the expression of these two genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in different tissues carp at varying developmental stages. Transcripts of both genes were detected in ovary and testis in mature and regressed, but not in juvenile carp. To evaluate the effects of sGnRH inhibition, the recombinant gene CAsGnRHpc-antisense, expressing antisense sGnRH RNA driven by a carp beta-actin promoter, was constructed. Blocking sGnRH expression using antisense sGnRH significantly decreased GtH in the blood of male transgenic carp. Furthermore, some antisense transgenic fish had no gonadal development and were completely sterile. These data demonstrate that sGnRH is important for GtH synthesis and development of reproductive organs in carp. Also, the antisense sGnRH strategy may prove effective in generating sterile transgenic fish, eliminating environmental concerns these fish may raise. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.