意大利威尼托（Veneto）的刺叶栎林-植物社会学生物多样性研究

刺叶栎( Quercus ilex L．)是地中海的常绿树种，属于古老的第三纪植物区系成份。本文根据苏黎世——蒙特利尔学派的植被学基本原理，全面地研究了分布在整个威尼托(Veneto)大区的剌叶栎林，详细研究刺叶栎林的群落组成、结构及类型划分。同时，对威尼托的刺叶栎林同北京山区的栎林进行了比较研究。最后，着重研究了威尼托刺叶栎林的生物多样性。 威尼托的刺叶栎林主要分布在亚得里亚海沿岸（包括Foci del Tagtiamento和Bosco Nordio e Rosolina Mare两地）、Lago di Garda和Colli Euganei。 在气候上，亚得里亚海沿岸属于半地中海气候。加尔达湖区域(Laqo di Garda)则是接近欧洲中部的大陆性气候，且维持半地中海的气候特点。Co t l i Euganei是这两地气候的过渡类型，且更接近亚得里亚海沿岸的类型。 在亚得里亚海沿岸的刺叶栎林可以分为三类，第一类(I)是一些矮树丛，这是Fraxinus ornus和Quercus ilex混交林的前身，较干旱。第二类群落(II)缺少乔木层，灌木层是由一些盖度不大的刺叶栎代替，更干旱。第三类群落(Ⅲ)是一群在外貌上相同的成熟群落．Fraxinus ornus和Quercus ilex得到充分发展，较中生。 在加尔达湖区的刺叶栎林可划分为三类。第一类群落(I)代表一组耐旱、开敞的矮树丛，含有Sesterio Variae-Ostryelum群丛的特征种，这一类可划分为SesLerio Variae-Ostryetum群 丛，土壤贫脊和干旱。第二类群落(Ⅱ)代表一类较郁闭的矮树丛，含有较多的Prunetalia群落目的成份，土壤较贫脊。第三类群(Ⅲ)代表一类郁闭的群落，乔木具有很大的密度因而林下灌木不能充分发展。SesLerio Variae-Ostryetum群丛和Prunetalia群落目的成份均不多。 在Colli Euganei的刺叶栎林可划分为二类。第一类群落(I)是一些不郁闲的矮树林组成。大体上分为地中海旱生栎林和地中海假灌丛。第二类群落(II)代表了较中生状态的植被，刺叶标种群绝对郁闭。 北京地处华北大平原的西北部。北京山地的气候为温带陆地性季风气候，其地带性的落叶阔叶林是以栎林为典型。虽然这些栎林同意大利威尼托刺叶栎林是两种不同的森林类型，但两者之间是存在着一定的联系。其共有的科有20个，共有属有11个。他们在植物组成中，以禾本科，蔷薇科和豆科的植物种类为最多。在乔木层中，他们都是以壳斗科的栎属(Quercus)为优势，其中木犀科的白蜡属(Fraxinus)和槭树属(Acer)较多。 本文对威尼托大区刺叶栎林的物种多度分布格局进行了全面探讨，计算出刺叶栎林的几何分布模型、Broken-stick分布模型、Log分布模型、Log-normat分布模型等四种物种多度分布的理论模型，并将这些理论分布模型用“序列／多度”图解和“多度／频度”图解表示出来。其中，几何分布模型．Broken-stick1分布模型用“序列／多度”图解表示。Broken-stick2分布模型、Log分布模型、Log-normal分布模型用“多度／频度”图解表示。 对上述四个物种多度的理论分布同实际现察的物种多度分布进行X2分析，在5％的显著性水平上，对整个威托大区的刺叶 栎林，几何分布模型最能代表其物种多度分布，显著性最大;Log-normal分布模型也可以用来代表威尼托刺叶标妹的物种多度分布，其显著性次于几何分布模型的显著性。这表明威尼托的刺叶栎林尚处于演替的早期阶段，这些刺叶栎林曾受到严重破坏，现正在恢复。 通过比较Foci del Tagtiamento和Bosco Nordio加尔达湖区、Colli Euganei四个地方刺叶栎林的物种多度的几何分布模型和Log-normal分布模型，显示出Lago di Garda（加尔达湖区）的刺叶栎林生物多样性最好、Foci del Tagtiamento刺叶栎林生物多样性较好．Bosco Nordio的剌叶栎林生物多样性较差．Colli Euganei的刺叶栎林生物多样性最差。 再利用多样性指数计算全部威尼托大区剌叶栎林的生物多样性。计算的多样性指数有丰富度指数（包括Margalef指数、Men-hinick指数、Monk指数）、多样性指数(Shannon信息指数、Bri llouin个息指数、Gini指数、PIE指数、Mcintosh指数)、优势度指数(Berger-Parker指数、Simpson指数)、均一度指数(Pielou均一度指数、Brillouin均一度指数，PIE的V’均一度指数．PIE的V均一度指数，N2的V’均一度指数，N2的V均一度指数，Mclntosh均一度指数，Hill的F10均一度指数，Hill的E21均一度指数，Hill的F21的一度指数）。通过比较丰富度指数，多样性指数、均一度指数与优势度之间的关系，结果，Simpson优势度指数同Men-hinick物种丰富度指数、Shannon信息指数、Bril-louin信息指数、Pielou均一度指数，Brillouin均一度指数，Mcintosh均一度指数、PIE的V’均一度指数呈负相关关系，因此，上述生物多样性指数可以较好地反映威尼托大区刺叶栎林的生物多样性。反映出的结果是：加尔达湖区刺叶栎林生物多样性最好，Foci del Tagtiamento刺叶栎林生物多样性较好，Bosco Nordio的剌叶栎林生物多样性较差．Colli Euganei的刺叶栎林生物多样性最差。 生物多样性的研究显示出生物多样性同生境状况的密切联系。往往受人为干扰严重的群落生物多样性低、如Coli Euganei和亚得里亚海岸刺叶栋林;而受人为破坏较轻的群落其生物多样性高，如加尔达湖区刺叶栎。 生物多样性的研究还显示出生物多样性同群落演替的发展阶段密切相关，在群落演替初期，由于缺乏优势种，而又有大量物种侵入，物多样性相对较高。在群落演替中期，由于形成了一个或几个优势种，优势度的增加导致了生物多样性相对减低。如Foci del Tagtiamento刺叶栎林生物多样性高于Bosco Nordio刺叶栎林的生物多样性。到演替后期，随着更多物种的侵入，群落结构的复杂化、生物多样性又将逐步提高。

杉木天然次生林金龟子多样性及季节动态变化

According to two times investigation on Scarabaeoidea of Huitong secondary Cunninghamia lanceolata forest in early spring,summer, the number of species Scarabaeoidea in early spring,and summer is 23 and 24,respectively; the Shannon diversity index is 2.067 and 2.417, respectivety; the Shannon evenness is 0.659 and 0.761.In early spring, the dominant species are Malatera horosericea,Melolontha frater and Granida albosparsa.In summer, The dominant species are Anomala vividana, Anomala alabopilosa and Anomala lucens.The species abundance distribution of Scarabaeoidea in two different seasons is fitted in to logarithmic series distribution. A small number of species often become dominant in different seasons.

C-118 from fullerenols: Formation, structure and intermolecular nC(2) transfer reactions in mass spectrometry

In fast atom bombardment, two fullerenols C-60(OH)(x) (x=13-15) and C-60(OH)(x) (x-24-26) gave rise to a group of ions centered at C-118 with intervals of 24 mass units in the high mass region. In contrast, no such ions appeared in the mass spectra of pure C-60, C-70 and other fullerene derivatives such as C-60(C6H5)(10), under the same conditions. It is proposed that the pinacol rearrangement of C-60(OH)(2), resulting from partial rupture of the polyhydroxy molecules, produces C-59 with two carbon atoms bearing an unpaired electron, and that dimerization of this reactive intermediate is responsible for the formation of the predominant product C-118. An intermolecular nC(2) transfer process is used to explain the symmetrical abundance distribution of these product ions in the spectra of fullerenols.

Characteristics of the microzooplankton community in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China

The species composition and abundance of microzooplankton at 10 marine and five coastal stations (Hongdao, Daguhe, Haibohe, Huangdao and Hangxiao) in the Jiaozhou Bay (Qingdao, China) were studied in 2001. The microzooplankton community was found to be dominated by Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnopsis urnula, Tintinnopsis brevicollis and Cvdonellopsis sp. The average abundance of microzooplankton was highly variable among stations. Specifically, the abundance of microzooplankton was higher at inshore stations and lower in the center of the bay (St. 5), bay mouth (St. 9) and outside the bay (St. 10). The highest average annual densities (346 ind./L) was observed at St. 3, while the lowest (55 ind./L) was at St. 10. Two abundance peaks were recorded in May (324 ind./L) and February (300 ind./L). The distribution of microzooplankton in three sampling layers at the 10 stations was relatively homogenous and the abundance decreased slightly as the water depth increased. At coastal stations, the highest average annual density was recorded at Hongdao Station (677 ind./L), followed by Daguhe Station (616 ind./L), Haibohe Station (400 ind./L), Huangdao Station (275 ind./L) and Hangxiao Station (73 ind./L). Furthermore, a 24-h sampling analysis conducted at Hangxiao Station revealed that the microzooplankton assemblages were characterized by a bimodal diel vertical migration pattern, with the highest densities occurring at dusk (154 ind./L), followed by dawn (146 ind./L), noon (93 ind./L) and midnight (77 ind./L). The density of microzooplankton in the Jiaozhou Bay was in the middle range of the densities of temperate coastal waters worldwide.

Temporal and spatial variations in the species composition, distribution, and abundance of protozoa in East Dongting lake, China

Investigations of protozoa were carried out during four surveys of East Dongting Lake, China. A total of 160 protozoan species belonging to 71 genera was identified, of which 53 were flagellates, 37 sarcodines, and 70 ciliates. Among them, Peritrichida (32.6% of frequency), Arcellinida (16.2%), Volvocales (13.61/6), Peridiniales (13.1%), and Chrysomonadales (9.1%) were the main groups and contributed to 84.5% of the overall species. Ciliates were mainly composed of sessile species and small species. The total protozoan abundance varied from 2,400 cells L-1 to 20,250 cells L-1. The highest protozoan abundance occurred in spring; the lowest number was in autumn. The highest abundance of ciliates occurred in spring and winter, whereas flagellates developed the highest abundance in,summer and autumn. Pearson correlation analysis and linear regressions indicated that chlorophyll a and water velocity were the main factors affecting ternporal and spatial variations of the protozoan abundance.

The temporal and spatial distribution, composition and abundance of Protozoa in Chaohu Lake, China: Relationship with eutrophication

Systematic investigations into the temporal and spatial distribution, composition and abundance of protozoa in two regions with different trophic levels in Chaohu Lake, a large, shallow and highly eutrophic freshwater lake in China, were conducted during 2002-2003. A total of 114 species of protozoa, including phytomastigophorans, zoomastigophorans, amoebae and ciliates, were identified from 120 polyurethane foam unit (PFU) samples exposed at four stations and from various types of natural substrates. Of the 114 taxa, 36 core species were found on PFU substrates and 23 of these were found on natural ones. Protozoan abundance and chemical physical parameters at nine sampling stations, four in the western lake and five in the eastern part, indicate trophic gradient changes along the lake. Seasonal variations in the species composition of major groups at littoral PFU sampling stations illustrate the effect of a severe algal bloom on the protozoan community structure. Temporal and spatial distributions of individual abundance as functions of water temperature and trophic status were revealed. This study demonstrates again that the PFU artificial substrate method samples protozoan communities more effectively than routine natural substrate methods. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Diversity, abundance and distribution of amoA-encoding archaea in deep-sea methane seep sediments of the Okhotsk Sea

The authors would like to thank Jin Sun, Jian Sun, Liangliang Kong, Nianshuang Wang, Chunhui Wang, Linbao Zhang and Ying Zhang for their assistance in the project. This work was supported by China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association grants DYXM-115-02-2-20 and DYXM-115-02-2-6, Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China grant 2007AA091903, China National Natural Science Foundation grant 40576069, National Basic Research Program of China grant 2009CB219506 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China grant 09CX05005A. M. G. K. was funded by incentive funds provided by the UofL-EVPR office and the US National Science Foundation (EF-0412129).

Spatial distribution of benthic algae in the Gangqu River, Shangrila, China

This study consisted of sampling benthic algae at 32 sites in the Gangqu River, an important upstream tributary of the Yangtze River. Our aims were to characterize the benthic algae communities and relationships with environmental variables. Among the 162 taxa observed, Achnanthes linearis and Achnanthes lanceolata var. elliptica were the dominant species (17.10% and 14.30% of the total relative abundance, respectively). Major gradients and principal patterns of variation within the environmental variables were detected by principal component analysis (PCA). Then non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) divided all the sites into three groups, which were validated by multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that three environmental variables (TN, TDS, and TP) significantly affected the distribution of benthic algae. Weighted averaging regression and cross-calibration produced strong models for predicting TN and TDS concentration, which enabled selection of algae taxa as potentially sensitive indicators of certain TN and TDS levels: for TN, Achnanthes lanceolata, Achnanthes lanceolata var. elliptica, and Cymbella ventricosa var. semicircularis; for TDS, Cocconeis placentula, Cymbella alpina var. minuta, and Fragilaria virescens. The present study represents an early step in establishing baseline conditions. Further monitoring is suggested to gain a better understanding of this region.

Abundance and conservation status of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze River, China

middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. It is the only freshwater population of porpoises in the world and is currently listed as Endangered by IUCN. In November and December 2006 we used two boats and line transect methods to survey the entire current range of the population, except for two lakes (Poyang and Dongting). Sighting results were similar for both boats, so we pooled all data and analyzed them using two line transect models and a strip transect model. All models produced similar estimates of abundance (1111, 1225 and 1000). We then added independent estimates of the number of porpoises from the two lakes for a total estimate of approximately 1800 porpoises. Our findings indicate that the population continues to decline and that its distribution is becoming more fragmented. Our current estimate in the main river is slightly less than half the estimate from surveys between 1984 and 1991 (which was probably an underestimate). We also found an apparent gap in the distribution of porpoises between Yueyang and Shishou (similar to 150 km), where sightings had previously been common. Continued threats to Yangtze finless porpoises include bycatch in unregulated and unselective fishing, habitat degradation through dredging, pollution and noise, vessel strikes and water development. Immediate protective measures are urgently needed to ensure the persistence of finless porpoises in the Yangtze River. The survey design and analytical methods developed in this study might be appropriate for surveys of cetaceans in other river systems. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Crustacean zooplankton distribution patterns and their biomass as related to trophic indicators of 29 shallow subtropical lakes

A comparative limnological study was carried out to present a snapshot of crustacean zooplankton communities and their relations to environmental factors to test whether there is a consistent relationship between crustacean biomass and trophic indicators among lake groups with similar trophic conditions. The study lakes showed a wide range of trophic status, with total phosphorus (TP) ranging from 0.008 to 1.448mgL(-1), and chlorophyll a from 0.7 to 146.1 mu g L-1, respectively. About 38 species of Crustacea were found, of which Cladocera were represented by 25 taxa (20 genera), and Copepoda by 13 taxa (I I genera). The most common and dominant species were Bosmina coregoni, Moina micrura, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Cyclops vicinus, Thermocyclops taihokuensis, Mesocyclops notius and Sinocalanus dorrii. Daphnia was rare in abundance. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that except for four species (D. hyalina, S. dorrii, C. vicinus and M. micrura), almost all the dominant species had the same preference for environmental factors. Temperature, predatory cyclopoids and planktivorous fishes seem to be the key factors determining species distribution. TP was a relatively better trophic indicator than chlorophyll a to predict crustacean biomass. Within the three groups of lakes, however, there was no consistent relationship between crustacean biomass and trophic indicators. The possible reason might be that top-down and bottom-up control on crustaceans vary with lake trophic state. The lack of significant negative correlation between crustacean biomass and chlorophyll a suggests that there was little control of phytoplankton biomass by macrozooplankton in these shallow subtropical lakes. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Vertical distribution and migration of planktonic rotifers in Xiangxi Bay of the three Gorges Reservoir, China

We investigated diel vertical migrations (DVM) and distributions of rotifers in summer, 2004 and spring, 2005, in Xiangxi Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Water temperature, pH, conductivity, and phytoplankton were closely related to rotifer vertical distribution, while dissolved oxygen had no relationship with the vertical distribution of rotifers. The species composition and population density of rotifers changed significantly between seasons. However, rotifer vertical distributions in both seasons were similar. They aggregated at specific depths in the water column. All the rotifer species inhabited the surface layers (0.5-5 m). Generally, the rotifers did not display DVM except for Polyarthra vulgaris (in summer), which performed reverse migration. The reason that rotifers did not perform DVM may be explained by the low abundance of competitors and predators and the high density of food resources at the surface strata.

Distribution of phytoplankton in the Three-Gorge Reservoir during rainy and dry seasons

After damming of the Yangtze River, in order to explore the impacts of the Three-Gorge Dam (TGD) on the aquatic ecosystem, phytoplankton composition, abundance and biomass spatial distribution were studied in the Three-Gorge Reservoir (TGR), and the closest upstream anabranch Xiangxi River, which is 38 kin away from the Three-Gorge Dam (TGD) during August (rainy season) 2004 and April (dry season) 2005. In surveys, 6 transects (2 downstream and 4 cross-stream) and 25 stations have been investigated and 314 samples were collected from the surface to the river bed with water samplers. In TGR, 63 taxa and 60 taxa were identified in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. In the Xiangxi River, 39 taxa were observed in the rainy and dry seasons. Algal blooms occurred in the Xiangxi River and at the influx region of the Yangtze and Xiangxi in both seasons, but had not occurred prior to damming. In the rainy season, the dominant species was Chroomonas acuta with 1.84 x 10(7) cells l(-1), and in the dry season the dominant species were Asterionella formosa and Cryptomonas ovata with 1.34 x 10(7) cells l(-1) and 1.79 x 10(6) cells(.)l(-1), respectively. In the main channel of TGR, there were no significant correlations between phytoplankton abundance and the concentrations of the main soluble nutrients. In the Xiangxi River, significant negative correlations were observed between phytoplankton abundance and nitrate (Spearman, p < 0.01, n=21), phosphate (Spearman, p < 0.05, n=21) and silicate (Spearman, p < 0.01, n=21) in the rainy season, and similar correlations were also observed with nitrate (Spearman, p < 0.05, n=28) and silicate (Speannan, p < 0.01, n=28), but not with phosphate in the dry season. Since the damming of the Yangtze River, eutrophication in the anabranch within the backwater has occurred and become severe, and the frequency of algal bloom within TGR and anabranches is expected to increase. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spatial distribution and morphologic diversity of virioplankton in Lake Donghu, China

The spatial distribution and morphological diversity of virioplankton were determined in Lake Donghu which contains three trophic regions: hypertrophic, eutrophic and mesotrophic region. Virioplankton abundance measured by transmission electron microscope (TEM) ranged from 7.7 x 10(8) to 3.0 x 109 ml(-1), being among the highest observed in any natural aquatic system examined so far. The spatial distribution of virioplankton was correlated significantly with chlorophyll a concentration (r = 0.847; P < 0.01) at the sampling sites in Lake Donghu. 76 morphotypes were observed. Most morphotypes have tails, belonging to Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae. The majority of tailed phages in the lake were Myoviridae. Morphotypes which were rarely reported, such as prolate-headed virus-like particles, lemon-shaped virus-like particle, and viruses resembling Tectiviridae and Corticoviridae were all observed in the lake. It is concluded that the high viral abundance might be associated with high density of phytoplankton including algae and cyanobacteria. There was high viral diversity in this eutrophic shallow lake. In addition, cyanophage represented an important fraction of the virioplankton community in Lake Donghu. (c) 2006 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.