21 resultados para Wirtschaftsachstum, Demokratie, Olson, defekte Demokratie
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
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l、有机质和全N在草甸土壤的不同层次之间呈现明显的差异,表现力随着土壤深度的增加,含量逐渐降低。无机N包括NH4+-N和No3--N在土层之闻的差异并没有象全N和有机质那么显著。NH4+-在表面30Cm的土壤中明显高于NO3--N的。全P在各层土壤中的含量差异并不显著,但有效p在三层土壤中表现出明显的差异,表现为随土壤深度的增加而降低。 K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe和AI等6种金属元素的可交换成分在革甸土壤中的含量除K表现出明显的土层间的差异外,在表层30cm的土壤中并没有明显的随土壤深度变化的趋势。 有机质和全N在东灵山地区主要森林土壤中的含量以0~lOcm土层中的显著高于10~20cm的土层中的。20cm的土层中无机N中也以NH4+-为主,这与草甸土壤中的一致。全p和有效P在两个土层之间的差异并不十分显著,而以0^lOcm土层略高于10~20Cm土层的。 K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe和AI等6种金属元素的可交换成分在不同土层间的差异以K和Ca较为明显,K和Ca在O—1Ocm的土层中要高于lO-20cm的。 森林土壤中的有机质、全N(包括NH4+-N)、全p(包括有效P)都表现为低于亚高山草甸土壤中的,主要原因是亚高山革甸分布于海拔1800cm至2300m,而主要森林类型则基本分布在海拔120m至1500m,亚高山草甸较为恶劣的气候条件明显不利于有机质的矿化,因而分解速率较低,积聚了较多的有机质.而森林土壤中较低的NH4+-N和有效P则可能是由于森林中旺盛的生命活动,尤其是微生物的活动,而大量被植物和微生物固持,因而,即使在森林土壤中有较高的矿化速率,但仍具有较低的NH4+-N和有效p的含量. 不同类型的森林土壤之间各化学成分并没有发现有明显的变化趋势,即使森林类型差异较大的落叶阔叶林和针叶林之间也并没有发现十分显著的差异,这说明各森林类型土壤之间养分特征的一致性。两种针叶林均为人工林,林龄不超过30,而在这之前推测也是以落叶阔叶林为主,森林土壤在这30年间并没有发生十分明显的变化。 在l100m至I500m之间的各种森林类型的土壤也没有表现出十分明显的与海拔高度的相关性。同一森林土壤在不同时间的采样之间,各化学成分也没有表现出明显的差异。 2、降水引起的树干茎流水分中全N的含量在降水季节的初期的含量略高于大量降水期间的。而在降水季节后期,随着每次降雨量的减少,降水间隔时间的增加,树干茎流中N的含量明显地有很大幅度的升高。NO3-N在树干茎流中的含量也同样受到了降水量的影响,表现在后期也发生显著的升高,但升高的幅度没有全N的大。受到降水量影响的元素还有S。 全p在树干茎流水分中含量随降水时间的变化,在各个树种之间有很大的差异。 其它几种元素的可交换态在茎流水分中的含量以K的含量为最高;其次是S、ca、Mg,AI在所有分析的元素中含量最低。不过,AI在降水初期(6月22日)的取样中,含量在几个树种的茎流水分样品中普遍较高,Ca和Mg也被发现有类似的情形。 穿透雨中全N的含量在降水初期略高于降水中期的,而至降水末期时又略有升高,这种格局与树干茎流水分中的具有一致性。全P、K、Ca、Mg、S.AI等包括全N及其无视成分与树干茎流中的含量的差异并不显著. 地表径流中的全N含量在去除枯枝落叶层的径流场的变化格局与树干茎流和穿透雨中的较为一致.表明这三者之间存在一定的相关性.但与未去除枯枝落叶层的径流场的径流水分中全N和NO3-N的含量并不十分一致,全N和NO3-N的含量有时较高. 取自马牙石沟流水堰口的集水区水样中全N和NO3-N的含量均变化在l~3mg/L之间;而取自南沟流水堰口的集水区水样中的全N和N03-N的含量均在l~2mg/L之间,但在这两者之间并没有十分显著的差异,说明取自两个集水区溪流水分中的全N和N03-N的含量基本一致。 3、通过对三个森林立地乔木层生物量的两次调查(相隔6年),发现尽管以辽东栎为主要优势树种的暖温带落叶阔叶混交林(91- 03)第一次调查的生物量低于辽东栋林(91 - 02)和桦木林(91 - 04)的,但在生长6年后,该立地的乔木层生物量已明显超过桦木林的,其增长速率在三个样地中为最高。 根据两次调查的结果,三个样地中出现的11种乔木树种胸径的增加可以分成两组,第一组包括北京花楸、糠椴、白桦和辽东栎,另一组则由山杨、五角枫、棘皮桦、大叶白蜡、蒙椴、黄花柳和沙涞组成。6年中,第一组树种的胸径增加量在1.O~l.4em之间,而第二组的增量在0.2~O.9cm之间,两者之间具有显著的差异。 常用的生物量预测模型包括两个因子,即胸径(D)和树高(H)。D通常可以实测得到,但H大部分只能估计得到。本研究通过比较6年前后两次树高的实际估测结果,证明用D和H共同建立的模型预测结果可能会产生较大的人为误差,建议改用D的单因子预测模型。 无论是实测结果还是树木年轮分析结果,都表明处于目前径级水平的暖温带地区分布的这几个树种还处在不断生长的过程中,随着年龄的增加,表现为胸径还有很大程度的增加,因为这些树种目前的大径级个体的年平均增加速率大于小径级的. 树木年龄与胸径的相互关系的分析结果表明,树木年龄和胸径可以很好地用饱和模型Y=a-be-cx来拟合. 4、通过近5年对辽东栎枝条( D<0.5cm)和叶片凋落物分解的观察和分析,发现辽东栎枝条的总失重率达到了43%,分解速率常数k为2.713x10-3/周,而叶的总失重率则可以达到70%,分解速率常数k为6.234xl0-3/周. 枝条分解过程中的有机质含量变化可以分为三种类型,一种是单调上升型的,如蛋白质,其含量从3.5%增加到约6%;-种是单调下降型的,如半纤维素,约从15%降低至7%;另一种则是相对变化不大,如粗纤维(包括纤维素和木质素),粗纤维的含量变化在58%±3%,木质素变化在56%±2.5%,纤维素则变化在1%~3%之间。 用Olson指数方程拟合,结果表明粗纤维、木质素和半纤维素三者的分解以半纤维素为最快,分解速率常数为5.693xl0-3/周,其次是木质素和粗纤维,分别为2.461x10-3/周和2.352xl0-3/周.而蛋白质和纤维素的拟合结果较差或根本无法拟合. 用Olson指数方程拟合的结果表明,有些元素在凋落物分解过程中可以很好地用该方程拟合,如K,Na、Mn和C,p和N,Mg,Zn,而一些元素如Ca和Cu没有取得很好的拟合效果。 几种元素在叶片凋落物分解过程过程的丢失速率也以K为最快,其它元素的顺序为,e,N,p,Na,Mn,Mg和Ca(Ca的拟合效果较差),而Cu、Zn也不能很好地用Olson指数方程拟合。 5、根据对东灵山地区6年(199l~1997)的气象观测结果,可得到该地区的年平均降水量和总降水量,用1994年分析的降水中养分含量的数据可以近似计算得东灵山地区每年通过降水进入该暖温带落叶阔叶林生态系统的几种养分输入量。同理可以计算降水输入养分在树干茎流和穿透雨中的分配,还可以计算养分从地表径流中的输出。通过对这几个水分循环的主要环节中养分输入或输出量的计算,发现每年通过降水而进入系统的养分,大部分将积累在系统中,而输出份额只占很小的一部分。 K和Mg两种养分元素在降水通过林冠和树干表面时,将产生大量的淋溶,而Ca的淋溶较小.N、P和AI则产生少量的吸附或吸收。对于S来说,淋溶和吸收或吸附作用相当,或两者都很小。 通过生物量的年平均增量和生物量中的养分含量可以计算得到每年积累在生物量中的养分量即存留量,同理可以计算年凋落物中的养分量、归还量及生物系统从土壤中吸收的养分量,每年养分的存留率.通过以上计算,发现该落叶阔叶林对养分的存留率较低,这可能是由于该落叶阔叶林森林生态系统每年具有较高的养分归还量,对于一些元素来说,还具有较高的淋溶量,尤其是K和Mg.
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全球变化与陆地生态系统(GCTE)的研究一直是国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP).全球变化研究的焦点之一,其中植被与环境,尤其是气候的关系研究,虽然古老却又包含许多新的涵义,而陆地样带(Terrestrial Transect)则是近年来发起于GCTE,并拓展到IGBP其它核心项目的研究热点.博士后研究的主要工作有:将全球变化作为主线,以单个树种青冈(Cyclobalanopsisgtauco)为对象,研究其过去、现在和将来的地理分布与气候的关系;分别利用气温和降水指标,拓展Kira指标形成生物热量指数和干湿度指数,以及建立水热积指数,在宏观尺度上研究了中国植被与气候的关系;结合生物群区和植物功能型概念的发展以及生物多样性的研究,进行了以生物多样性保育为目的的我国生态地理区划;在熟悉IGBP陆地样带的科学计划并总结其最新发展动态的基础上,分析了中国东北样带的基本生态地理特征;最后,粗略分析r生物性多样保育与自然保护区建设和管理的关系问题。 1.植被一环境(气候)分类:指标、系统和模型 植被一气候关系是一个古老的命题,但在当今的全球变化研究中成为最基础和最具活力的工作。从单一因子的或多因子简单组合的分类指标,如Koppen,Box指标等,到以可能蒸散为基础的综合分类指标,如Penman,Thornthwaite, Holdridge,Budyko,Kira指标等,科学家们发展了众多的植被一气候分类系统和模型,如Koppen.Thornthwaite,Holdridge. Kira. Box. Neilson.Woodward, Budyko, Prentice系统,以及Holdridge,Uvardy,Matthews. Olson. Bailey.Woodward.Prentice. Box模型,为现今植被一气候关系的研究以及全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响,和大气C02增加对潜在植被变化的响应预测奠定了良好的基础。 2.基于物种的植被一气候关系研究:中国青冈的地理分布与气候的关系 在广泛收集青冈[Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst.]地理分布资料的基础上,利用目前国际上比较流行的研究植被与气候相互关系的指标和方法,包括Kira的水热指标、Penman的公式、Thomthwaite的指标和气候分类、Holdridge的生命地带分类系统指标, 以及年平均气温(TEMP). 1月均温(Tl)、’7月均温(T7)、极端最高气温(TMAX)、极端最低气温(TMIN).≥10℃积温(AT)和年降水量(PREC),研究了青冈在中国的地理分布与气候的关系,讨论了青冈垂直分布的上限、下限以及北界的Kira热量指标状况。根据孢粉资料和历史文献,探讨r历史时期青冈在中国大陆的分布与变迁及其与气候的关系,并利用Holdridge生命地带分类系统指标预测了C02浓度倍增条件下中国青冈分布区的可能变化。 3.宏观尺度上的中国植被一气候关系 1)用气温、降水指标研究中国植被一气候关系 能够在气象台站直接、方便地测试到的年平均气温、降水量指标,与其它水热气候因子有显著的相关性,用它们来研究中国植被与气候的关系是可行且有用的。利用全国689个气象站点的气象记录,计算得出了中国各植被地带、亚地带的年平均气温,年降水量指标和温雨系数,利用生态信息系统EIS作出了各气候指标在中国的分布,并将年平均气温和降水量作散点图,均较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局。总结可得中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限。综合孢粉,古生物等资料信息,前人确定在全新世中期中国存在一个大暖期,其中稳定暖湿的鼎盛阶段在7.2—6,0 Ka.B.P.,其时中国境内大部分地区的年平均气温比现在高2℃左右,年降水平均高于现在100 mm,通过数学处理,利用生态信息系统恢复重建了全新世大暖期中国大陆的气温和降水分布状况.参考孢粉、古植物和他人研究资料及现代植被气候关系,恢复编制了大暖期鼎盛阶段中国大陆的植被区划图,与现代植被区划相比较,东部各个植被带在大暖期盛时表现出明显的北迁,温带植被的迁移幅度大于亚热带和热带植被;西部的植被带出现了经向西迁,西北部的草原范围扩张,荒漠缩小;青藏高原地区高寒半荒漠和荒漠植被的范围大大缩小,而且植被带仍有不同程度向北迁移的表现。这可为预测与阐明未来的气候变化和植被变迁提供有力的证据. 2)KIRA指标的拓展及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用 根据Kira以月平均气温5℃为界的热量指数和干湿度指数概念,提出了以月平均气温10℃为界的生物热量指数,包括生物温暖指数BWI和生物寒冷指数BCI,并修正其干湿度指数为生物干湿度指数BK。利用中国689个标准气象台站的资料,分析我国主要植被类型分布与热量因子和干湿度因子的关系,得出两者之间有较好的相关性,生物温暖指数、寒冷指数和干湿度指数的散点图,较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局。并得出中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限,以1 0℃为界的生物温暖指数不仅对我国森林植被的地理分布和温度气候带的划分具有较好的指示作用,而且对西南部高山、亚高山地区的植被与气候关系指示性较强;生物寒冷指数则对亚热带和热带的指示性很好,能够较好区分亚热带南部及热带地区;由热量指数和降水量综合得出的生物干湿度指数,对中国西北部干旱、半干旱区以至全国的植被分布与水分、热量因子的关系分析有较好的应用价值。 3)水热积指数的估算及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用 试图利用大气年平均气温、年降水量、可能蒸散和土壤水分平衡之间的关系建立一个水热积指数,并应用年平均气温.水分盈亏值和水热积指数三个气候变量来限定植物群落组合,构成一个圆形的生命-气候图式.根据全国689个标准气象台站的气候资料,计算了中国8个植被地带和26个亚地带的年平均气温、年水分盈亏和水热积指数,绘制了各气候指标在中国的分布图及散点图,较好表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局,包括寒温带针叶林、冷温带针阔叶混交林、暖温带落叶阔叶林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、热带雨林和季雨林、温带草原、温带荒漠、青藏高原高寒植被,并得到了中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限。通过分析可以看出,年平均气温的等值线较好地反映了中国大陆的热量梯度,经度和纬度方向的区分均较明显;土壤水分盈亏曲线的等值线则比较零乱;综合了热量和水分差异的水热积指数,其等值线与热量梯度和水分梯度均有一定的对应性,与植被类型的对应也较好。这是在宏观尺度上进行的植被与气候关系研究的一种尝试,有待于增加机理性的内容,使其得到进一步的改进。 4.生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中的陆地生物群区类型 Biome(生物群区)是当今生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中的一个重要概念,根据此概念及植物功能型概念的发展,评述了9个重要的世界陆地生物群区分类系统,并根据中国的植被分类和区划,尝试划分了在中国的生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中所需要的陆地生物群区类型。 5.中国生物多样性的生态地理区划 利用各种生态地理因子,包括气候指标如与植物耐寒性有关的绝对最低温度(TMrN),最冷月平均气温(TJAN),最冷月日平均温度的最大值(MXT)和最小值(MIT);与需热性有关的植物生长季积温(AT);年降水量的季节分配,包括最冷月降水(PJAN),最热月降水(PJUL),年降水量,年降水的统计标准差(PSD)和变异系数(年变率PCV);植被指标如植被类型(VEGET)、,植被区划类型(VEGED)、植被的净第一性生产力(NPP)、植物区系类型(FLORA)、动物区系类型(FA UNA).植物特有属的丰富度(EDGENUS)以及度量植物多样性的植物种丰富度(属数GENUS、种数SPECIES);土壤指标如土壤类型(SOILT),土壤理化性质如土壤酸碱度(SOILPH)、土壤表层阳离子交换量(SOILEXC)等;地形和地貌特征如经度(LONG)、纬度(LAT)和海拔高度(ALT),利用模糊聚类的手段,综合进行了中国生物多样性的生态地理区划。采用四级区划,即:生物大区(biodomain) -生物亚区(subbiodomain) -生物群区(biome) -生物区(bioregion).全国划分为5个生物大区,7个生物亚区和1 8个生物群区。 I北方森林大区 I A欧亚北方森林亚区 I Al南泰加山地寒温针叶林 IA2北亚针阔叶混交林 II北方草原荒漠大区 II B欧亚草原亚区 II Bl内亚温带高草草原 II B2黄土高原森林草原(灌木草原) il C亚非荒漠亚区 II Cl中亚温带荒漠 ⅡC2蒙古/内亚温带荒漠 III东亚大区 III D东亚落叶阔叶林亚区 m DI东亚落叶阔叶林 III E东亚常绿阔叶林亚区 III El东亚落叶•常绿阔叶混交林 III E2东亚常绿阔叶林 ⅡI E3东亚季风常绿阔叶林 III E4西部山地常绿阔叶林 IV旧热带大区 IV F印度一马来热带森林亚区 IV Fl北热带雨林、季雨林 IV F2热带海岛植被 V亚洲高原大区 vG青藏高原亚区V Gl青藏高寒灌丛草甸V G2青藏高寒草原V G3青藏高寒荒漠V G4青藏温性草原V Gs青藏温性荒漠IGBP陆地样带:科学计划与最新进展 作为国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)的交叉项目(Interproject)的陆地样带(Terrestrial Transect),已成为IGBP的全球变化研究中最引人重视的发展和新研究方法之一。它以一系列综合性的全球变化研究计划为基础,是由沿着一个主要全球变化驱动因素(如温度、降水、土地利用强度等)的梯度上的一系列研究站点所构成研究区域,并配合以模型模拟和综合分析,其地理范围为1000 km或更大的长度,数百公里的宽度,以涵盖大气环流模型(GCM)运作的最小单元。本节论述了IGBP陆地样带的概念和研究的意义,样带的类型、一般设计和选择标准,国际上IGBP样带的初步设置,包括①经受土地利用变化的潮湿热带系统;②从北方森林到冻原的高纬度地区;③从干旱森林到灌丛的半干旱热带地区;④从森林或灌丛过渡到草地的中纬度半干旱地区,以及其它的一些样带和PAGES核心计划中的PEP样带,主要内容有样带设置的原因、研究内容和主要样带特点等,并总结了样带的最新研究进展和动态. 6.中国东北样带(N ECT)的生态地理特征分析 陆地样带研究已成为国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP):全球变化研究的重要手段与热点。中国东北森林-草原样带(NECT)已被列为IGBP国际全球变化陆地样带之一。该样带在东经1120与130030’之间沿北纬43030’设置,长约l 600 km,是一条中纬度温带以降水为驱动因素的梯度,具有由温带针阔叶混交林向温带草原的3个亚地带:草甸草原、典型草原与荒漠草原过渡的空间系列。本文给出了样带的基本生态地理特征及其梯度分析,包括其地理位置、设置意义、地形地貌、气候梯度、土壤类型、土地利用格局、植被类型、主要优势种和群落类型的生态地理特征以及全新世适宜期(大暖期)的植被分布格局。NECT将成为我国全球变化与陆地生态系统(GCTE)与其它IGBP核心项目研究的前沿阵地。 7.自然保护区的作用、建设和管理及其与生物多样性的关系 一般而言,“就地保护”是保护生物多样性的主要措施和最根本的途径,生境的“就地保护”是生物多样性保护最为有力和最为高效的保护方法,而就地保护的措施就是建立自然保护区,通过对自然保护区的建设和有效管理,使生物多样性得到切实有效的人为保护。从自然保护区定义和类型划分及生物多样性的定义本身可以看出,自然保护区的主要保护对象是世界上丰富多彩的生物多样性,自然保护区是生物多样性就地保护的重要基地,是物种多样性的基因库,是留给野生动植物的宝贵栖息地,应把保护区的建设和生物多样性的保护与持续利用密切结合起来,合理开发利用自然资源,促进生物多样性的可持续发展。
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Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25 gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05 Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7 million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid de novo assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.
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We present results on the system size dependence of high transverse momentum di-hadron correlations at root s(NN) = 200 GeV as measured by STAR at RHIC. Measurements in d + Au, Cu + Cu and Au + Au collisions reveal similar jet-like near-side correlation yields (correlations at small angular separation Delta phi similar to 0, Delta eta similar to 0) for all systems and centralities. Previous measurements have shown Chat the away-side (Delta phi similar to pi) yield is suppressed in heavy-ion collisions. We present measurements of the away-side Suppression as a function of transverse momentum and centrality in Cu + Cu and Au + Au collisions. The suppression is found to be similar in Cu + Cu and An + An collisions at a similar number of participants. The results are compared to theoretical calculations based on the patron quenching model and the modified fragmentation model. The observed differences between data and theory indicate that the correlated yields presented here will further constrain dynamic energy loss models and provide information about the dynamic density profile in heavy-ion collisions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The contribution of B meson decays to nonphotonic electrons, which are mainly produced by the semileptonic decays of heavy-flavor mesons, in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV has been measured using azimuthal correlations between nonphotonic electrons and hadrons. The extracted B decay contribution is approximately 50% at a transverse momentum of p(T) >= 5 GeV/c. These measurements constrain the nuclear modification factor for electrons from B and D meson decays. The result indicates that B meson production in heavy ion collisions is also suppressed at high p(T).
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200 GeV corresponding to baryon chemical potentials (mu(B)) between 200 and 20 MeV. Our measurements of the products kappa sigma(2) and S sigma, which can be related to theoretical calculations sensitive to baryon number susceptibilities and long-range correlations, are constant as functions of collision centrality. We compare these products with results from lattice QCD and various models without a critical point and study the root s(NN) dependence of kappa sigma(2). From the measurements at the three beam energies, we find no evidence for a critical point in the QCD phase diagram for mu(B) below 200 MeV.
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We report the first three-particle coincidence measurement in pseudorapidity (Delta eta) between a high transverse momentum (p(perpendicular to)) trigger particle and two lower p(perpendicular to) associated particles within azimuth |Delta phi| < 0.7 in root s(NN) = 200 GeV d + Au and Au + Au collisions. Charge ordering properties are exploited to separate the jetlike component and the ridge (long range Delta eta correlation). The results indicate that the correlation of ridge particles are uniform not only with respect to the trigger particle but also between themselves event by event in our measured Delta eta. In addition, the production of the ridge appears to be uncorrelated to the presence of the narrow jetlike component.
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We report on a measurement of the gamma(1S + 2S + 3S) -> e(+)e(-) cross section at midrapidity in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV. We find the cross section to be 114 +/- 38(stat + fit)(-24)(+23)(syst) pb. Perturbative QCD calculations at next-to-leading order in the color evaporation model are in agreement with our measurement, while calculations in the color singlet model underestimate it by 2 sigma. Our result is consistent with the trend seen in world data as a function of the center-of-mass energy of the collision and extends the availability of gamma data to RHIC energies. The dielectron continuum in the invariant-mass range near the gamma is also studied to obtain a combined yield of e(+)e(-) pairs from the sum of the Drell-Yan process and b-(b) over bar production.
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Charged-particle spectra associated with direct photon (gamma(dir)) and pi(0) are measured in p + p and Au + Au collisions at center-of-mass energy root(S)(NN) = 200 GeV with the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. A shower-shape analysis is used to partially discriminate between gamma(dir) and pi(0). Assuming no associated charged particles in the gamma(dir) direction ( near side) and small contribution from fragmentation photons (gamma(frag)), the associated charged-particle yields opposite to gamma(dir) (away side) are extracted. In central Au + Au collisions, the charged-particle yields at midrapidity (vertical bar eta vertical bar < 1) and high transverse momentum (3 < (assoc)(PT) < 16 GeV/c) associated with gamma(dir) and pi(0) (vertical bar eta vertical bar < 0.9, 8 < (trig)(PT) < 16 GeV/c) are suppressed by a factor of 3-5 compared with p + p collisions. The observed suppression of the associated charged particles is similar for gamma(dir) and pi(0) and independent of the gamma(dir) energy within uncertainties. These measurements indicate that, in the kinematic range covered and within our current experimental uncertainties, the parton energy loss shows no sensitivity to the parton initial energy, path length, or color charge.
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Yields, correlation shapes, and mean transverse momenta p(T) of charged particles associated with intermediate-to high-p(T) trigger particles (2.5 < p(T) < 10 GeV/c) in d + Au and Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV are presented. For associated particles at higher p(T) greater than or similar to 2.5 GeV/c, narrow correlation peaks are seen in d + Au and Au + Au, indicating that the main production mechanism is jet fragmentation. At lower associated particle pT < 2 GeV/c, a large enhancement of the near- (Delta phi similar to 0) and away-side (Delta phi similar to pi) associated yields is found, together with a strong broadening of the away-side azimuthal distributions in Au + Au collisions compared to d + Au measurements, suggesting that other particle production mechanisms play a role. This is further supported by the observed significant softening of the away-side associated particle yield distribution at Delta phi similar to pi in central Au + Au collisions.
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Balance functions have been measured for charged-particle pairs, identified charged-pion pairs, and identified charged-kaon pairs in Au + Au, d + Au, and p + p collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider using the STAR detector. These balance functions are presented in terms of relative pseudorapidity, Delta eta, relative rapidity, Delta y, relative azimuthal angle, Delta phi, and invariant relative momentum, q(inv). For charged-particle pairs, the width of the balance function in terms of Delta eta scales smoothly with the number of participating nucleons, while HIJING and UrQMD model calculations show no dependence on centrality or system size. For charged-particle and charged-pion pairs, the balance functions widths in terms of Delta eta and Delta y are narrower in central Au + Au collisions than in peripheral collisions. The width for central collisions is consistent with thermal blast-wave models where the balancing charges are highly correlated in coordinate space at breakup. This strong correlation might be explained by either delayed hadronization or limited diffusion during the reaction. Furthermore, the narrowing trend is consistent with the lower kinetic temperatures inherent to more central collisions. In contrast, the width of the balance function for charged-kaon pairs in terms of Delta y shows little centrality dependence, which may signal a different production mechanism for kaons. The widths of the balance functions for charged pions and kaons in terms of q(inv) narrow in central collisions compared to peripheral collisions, which may be driven by the change in the kinetic temperature.
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We report a measurement of high-p(T) inclusive pi(0), eta, and direct photon production in p + p and d + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV at midrapidity (0 < eta < 1). Photons from the decay pi(0) -> gamma gamma were detected in the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The eta -> gamma gamma decay was also observed and constituted the first eta measurement by STAR. The first direct photon cross-section measurement by STAR is also presented; the signal was extracted statistically by subtracting the pi(0), eta, and omega(782) decay background from the inclusive photon distribution observed in the calorimeter. The analysis is described in detail, and the results are found to be in good agreement with earlier measurements and with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations.
Resumo:
Parity (P)-odd domains, corresponding to nontrivial topological solutions of the QCD vacuum, might be created during relativistic heavy-ion collisions. These domains are predicted to lead to charge separation of quarks along the orbital momentum of the system created in noncentral collisions. To study this effect, we investigate a three-particle mixed-harmonics azimuthal correlator which is a P-even observable, but directly sensitive to the charge-separation effect. We report measurements of this observable using the STAR detector in Au + Au and Cu + Cu collisions at root s(NN) = 200 and 62 GeV. The results are presented as a function of collision centrality, particle separation in rapidity, and particle transverse momentum. A signal consistent with several of the theoretical expectations is detected in all four data sets. We compare our results to the predictions of existing event generators and discuss in detail possible contributions from other effects that are not related to P violation.
Resumo:
We report new results on identified (anti) proton and charged pion spectra at large transverse momenta (3 < p(T) < 10 GeV/c) from Cu + Cu collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV using the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). This study explores the system size dependence of two novel features observed at RHIC with heavy ions: the hadron suppression at high-p(T) and the anomalous baryon to meson enhancement at intermediate transverse momenta. Both phenomena could be attributed to the creation of a new form of QCD matter. The results presented here bridge the system size gap between the available pp and Au + Au data, and allow for a detailed exploration of the onset of the novel features. Comparative analysis of all available 200 GeV data indicates that the system size is a major factor determining both the magnitude of the hadron spectra suppression at large transverse momenta and the relative baryon to meson enhancement.
Resumo:
We present the results of an elliptic flow, v(2), analysis of Cu + Cu collisions recorded with the solenoidal tracker detector (STAR) at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at root s(NN) = 62.4 and 200 GeV. Elliptic flow as a function of transverse momentum, v(2)(p(T)), is reported for different collision centralities for charged hadrons h(+/-) and strangeness-ontaining hadrons K-S(0), Lambda, Xi, and phi in the midrapidity region vertical bar eta vertical bar < 1.0. Significant reduction in systematic uncertainty of the measurement due to nonflow effects has been achieved by correlating particles at midrapidity, vertical bar eta vertical bar < 1.0, with those at forward rapidity, 2.5 < vertical bar eta vertical bar < 4.0. We also present azimuthal correlations in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV to help in estimating nonflow effects. To study the system-size dependence of elliptic flow, we present a detailed comparison with previously published results from Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. We observe that v(2)(p(T)) of strange hadrons has similar scaling properties as were first observed in Au + Au collisions, that is, (i) at low transverse momenta, p(T) < 2 GeV/c, v(2) scales with transverse kinetic energy, m(T) - m, and (ii) at intermediate p(T), 2 < p(T) < 4 GeV/c, it scales with the number of constituent quarks, n(q.) We have found that ideal hydrodynamic calculations fail to reproduce the centrality dependence of v(2)(p(T)) for K-S(0) and Lambda. Eccentricity scaled v(2) values, v(2)/epsilon, are larger in more central collisions, suggesting stronger collective flow develops in more central collisions. The comparison with Au + Au collisions, which go further in density, shows that v(2)/epsilon depends on the system size, that is, the number of participants N-part. This indicates that the ideal hydrodynamic limit is not reached in Cu + Cu collisions, presumably because the assumption of thermalization is not attained.