54 resultados para Water Sediment Characteristics

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Since its completion in 1973 the Danjiangkou Dam has markedly changed downstream flows, water levels, temperatures, sediment loads and other water quality characteristics in downstream reaches of the Hanjiang River. There have been changes in the growth, spawning behaviour and overwintering condition of local fish populations, in the composition and abundance of food organisms and in the composition of the commercial fish catch. Despite the changed environment and the absence of a fish pass, fish populations are still able to grow and spawn under the new regime. Where conditions are like those of the Hanjiang River, dams may not necessarily have calamitous consequences for fishery production.

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When designing deep ocean structures, it is necessary to estimate the effects of internal waves on the platform and auxiliary parts such as tension leg, riser and mooring lines. Up to now, only a few studies are concerned with the internal wave velocity fields. By using the most representative two-layer model, we have analyzed the behavior of velocity field induced by interfacial wave in the present paper. We find that there may exist velocity shear of fluid particles in the upper and lower layers so that any structures in the ocean are subjected to shear force nearby the interface. In the meantime, the magnitude of velocity for long internal wave appears spatially uniform in the respective layer although they still decay exponentially. Finally, the temporal variation for Stokes and solitary waves are shown to be of periodical and pulse type.

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Organic pollutants, especially persistent organic pollutants were examined in the water and surface sediments of Taihu Lake, China. Both 12 water and 12 sediment samples were collected over the lake. C-18 solid-phase extraction technique was applied to extract organic pollutants in collected water samples. Soxhlet extraction procedure was used to extract organic pollutants in sediment samples. The analysis was performed by GC-MS controlled by a Hewlett Packard chemstation. Two hundred and seventy-three kinds of organic chemicals in water were examined, 200 more than that detected in 1985; 188 kinds of chemicals in sediments were detected as well. Among them 21 kinds of chemicals belong to priority pollutants as well as 17 kinds to be the endocrine disruptors. The concentrations of the pollutants were more than 2 times higher than that in 1985. The possible source and relation to anthropogenic activity were discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The distributions of different forms of nitrogen in the surface sediments of the southern Huanghai Sea are different and affected by various factors. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N and TN gradually decrease eastward, and those of SAEF-N northward, while those of WAEF-N westward. Around the seaport of the old Huanghe (Yellow) River, the contents of both SOEF-N and TN are the highest. Among all the factors, the content of fine sediment is the predominant factor to affect the distributions of different forms of nitrogen. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N, and TN have visibly positive correlation with the content of fine sediments, and the correlative coefficient is 0.68, 0.58 and 0.71 respectively, showing that the contents of the three forms of nitrogen increase with those of fine sediments. The content of WAEF-N is related to that of fine sediments to a certain extent, with a correlative coefficient of 0.35; while the content of SAEF-N is not related to that of fine sediments, showing that the content of SAEF-N is not controlled by fine grain-size fractions of sediments. In addition, the distributions of different forms of nitrogen are also interacted one another, and the contents of IEF-N and SOEF-N are obviously affected by TN, while those of inorganic nitrogen (WAEF-N, SAEF-N and IEF-N) are not affected by SOEF-N and TN obviously, although they are interacted each other.

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Mudstone reservoir is a subtle reservoir with extremely inhomogeneous, whose formation is greatly related to the existence of fracture. For this kind of reservoir, mudstone is oil source rock, cover rock and reservoir strata, reservoir type is various, attitude of oil layer changes greatly, and the distribution of oil and gas is different from igneous or clastic rock reservoir as well as from carbonate reservoir of self-producing and self-containing of oil and gas. No mature experience has been obtained in the description, exploration and development of the reservoir by far. Taking Zhanhua depression as an example, we studied in this thesis the tectonic evolution, deposit characteristics, diagenesis, hydrocarbon formation, abnormal formation pressure, forming of fissure in mudstone reservoir, etc. on the basis of core analysis, physical simulation, numerical simulation, integrated study of well logging and geophysical data, and systematically analyzed the developing and distributing of mudstone fissure reservoir and set up a geological model for the formation of mudstone fissure reservoir, and predicted possible fractural zone in studied area. Mudstone reservoir mainly distributed on the thrown side of sedimentary fault along the sloping area of the petroleum generatiion depression in Zhanhua depression. Growing fault controlled subsidence and sedimentation. Both the rate of subsidence and thickness of mudstone are great on the thrown side of growing fault, which result in the formation of surpressure in the area. The unlocking of fault which leads to the pressure discharges and the upward conduct of below stratum, also makes for the surpressure in mudstone. In Zhanhua depression, mudstone reservior mainly developed in sub-compacted stratum in the third segment of Shahejie formation, which is the best oil source rock because of its wide spread in distribution, great in thickness, and rich in organic matter, and rock types of which are oil source mudstone and shale of deep water or semi-deep water sediment in lacustrine facies. It revealed from core analysis that the stratum is rich in limestone, and consists of lamina of dark mudstone and that of light grey limestone alternately, such rock assemblage is in favor of high pressure and fracture in the process of hydrocarbon generation. Fracture of mudstone in the third segment of Shahejie formation was divided into structure fracture, hydrocarbon generation fracture and compound fracture and six secondary types of fracture for the fist time according to the cause of their formation in the thesis. Structural fracture is formed by tectonic movement such as fold or fault, which develops mainly near the faults, especially in the protrude area and the edge of faults, such fracture has obvious directivity, and tend to have more width and extension in length and obvious direction, and was developed periodically, discontinuously in time and successively as the result of multi-tectonic movement in studied area. Hydrocarbon generation fracture was formed in the process of hydrocarbon generation, the fracture is numerous in number and extensively in distribution, but the scale of it is always small and belongs to microfracture. The compound fracture is the result of both tectonic movement and hydrocarbon forming process. The combination of above fractures in time and space forms the three dimension reservoir space network of mudstone, which satellites with abnormal pressure zone in plane distribution and relates to sedimentary faces, rock combination, organic content, structural evolution, and high pressure, etc.. In Zhanhua depression, the mudstone of third segment in shahejie formation corresponds with a set of seismic reflection with better continuous. When mudstone containing oil and gas of abnormal high pressure, the seismic waveform would change as a result of absorb of oil and gas to the high-frequency composition of seismic reflection, and decrease of seismic reflection frequency resulted from the breakage of mudstone structure. The author solved the problem of mudstone reservoir predicting to some degree through the use of coherent data analysis in Zhanhua depression. Numerical modeling of basin has been used to simulate the ancient liquid pressure field in Zhanhua depression, to quantitative analysis the main controlling factor (such as uncompaction, tectonic movement, hydrocarbon generation) to surpressure in mudstone. Combined with factual geologic information and references, we analyzed the characteristic of basin evolution and factors influence the pressure field, and employed numerical modeling of liquid pressure evolution in 1-D and 2-D section, modeled and analyzed the forming and evolution of pressure in plane for main position in different periods, and made a conclusion that the main factors for surpressure in studied area are tectonic movement, uncompaction and hydrocarbon generation process. In Zhanhua depression, the valid fracture zone in mudstone was mainly formed in the last stage of Dongying movement, the mudstone in the third segment of Shahejie formation turn into fastigium for oil generation and migration in Guantao stage, and oil and gas were preserved since the end of the stage. Tectonic movement was weak after oil and gas to be preserved, and such made for the preserve of oil and gas. The forming of fractured mudstone reservoir can be divided into four different stages, i.e. deposition of muddy oil source rock, draining off water by compacting to producing hydrocarbon, forming of valid fracture and collecting of oil, forming of fracture reservoir. Combined with other regional geologic information, we predicted four prior mudstone fracture reservoirs, which measured 18km2 in area and 1200 X 104t in geological reserves.

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The benthic community structure in Baoan Lake was examined in relation to lake water physicochemical characteristics and biological parameters. Seventy macroinvertebrate taxa were identified, and mollusks constituted the dominant group and accounted for more than 80% of the total abundance. Assemblages were composed mainly of scrapers (81.5%) and collector-gatherers (roughly 10%). Three plant variables (richness, total cover, and total biomass) were strongly correlated with the faunal gradient (p<0.05). Other predicator variables were Cl-, SiO2, and chemical oxygen demand. Because of the importance of macrophytes in structuring benthic assemblage in this lentic system, the spatial heterogeneity of macrophytes also influenced the pattern of macroinvertebrates. Seven lake regions were uniquely characterized according to primary macrophyte composition and biomass. There were significant differences for macroinvertebrate taxa richness, abundance, and biodiversity among the seven macrophyte regions.

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Toxic metals introduced into aquatic environments by human activities accumulation in sediments. A common notion is that the association of metals with acid volatile sulfides (AVS) affords a mechanism for partitioning metals from water to solid phase, thereby reducing biological availability. However, variation in environmental conditions can mobilize the sediment-bound metal and result in adverse environmental impacts. The AVS levels and the effect of AVS on the fate of Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni in sediments in the the Changjiang River, a suboxic river with sandy bottom sediment and the Donghu Lake, a anoxic lake with muddy sediment in China, were compared through aeration, static adsorption and release experiments in laboratory. Sips isotherm equation, kinetic equation and grade ion exchange theory were used to describe the heavy metal adsorb and release process. The results showed that AVS level in the lake sediment are higher than that of the river. Heavy metals in the overlying water can transfer to sediments incessantly as long as the sediment remains undisturbed. The metal release process is mainly related to AVS oxidation in lake sediment while also related to Org-C and Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide oxidation in river sediment. The effect of sulfides on Zn and Ni is high, followed by Cd, and Cu is easy bound to Org-C. AVS plays a major role in controlling metals activity in lake sediment and its presence increase the adsorption capacity both of the lake and river sediments.

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Estrogenic activities of samples from two Chinese lakes, Ya-Er Lake and Donghu Lake, were measured by in vitro recombinant yeast assay and found in both lakes polluted with industrial and domestic wastewater. In methanol extracts of lake water samples the estrogen-like activity was higher than in toluene extracts. These results have been inverted for solid samples. Furthermore, the EC50 value of the water samples was close to the original concentration in the lake.

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An investigation was carried out to study the mobility and transfer of HCH-residues in Yanjia lake, Hubei, China, from 1990-1993. By sampling at different locations, the horizontal distribution of HCH-residues was determined; by sampling at different depths in the same location, the vertical mobility of HCH-residues and its penetration were measured. The vertical profiles of HCH-residues in sediment showed a gradient distribution, which was reduced with the increase in depth. This was very similar in shape to the organic carbon and nitrogen content profiles. The penetration of HCH-residues was measured as 60cm approximately. Meanwhile, water, sediment (0-12cm), benthos and benthic fish collected from the lake were analyzed to determine the transfer of HCH-residues along aquatic food chain. The BCF values of HCH-residues indicated that the bioaccumulation of HCH-residues in freshwater food chain still exsisted in spite of the banning of HCH since 1983. The maxium BCF value of HCH-residues in the liver samples of 5-year-old common carp was up to 61966 (calculated by beta-HCH).

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为了揭示施肥对黄土高原旱地冬小麦水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,通过对不同施肥处理条件下水分利用效率相关指标的研究发现:增施氮肥降低了小麦生育前期的叶片WUE,而提高了小麦生育后期的叶片WUE,并显著提高了小麦的叶面积指数(LAI),而增施磷肥效果不明显。增施氮肥显著提高了小麦的生物量和产量,从而提高了相应的生物量WUE和产量WUE;增施磷肥对小麦的生物量和产量的提高有一定的促进作用,但对生物量WUE和产量WUE的提高不明显。生物量、产量、LAI和相应的生物量WUE、产量WUE都呈极显著正相关,说明通过施肥提高了小麦的LAI,进而提高了群体光合效率和干物质积累,从而提高了水分利用效率。

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在森林生态系统中,地被物由林下枯落物、苔藓层以及表层土壤的根系组成(Kosugiet al.,2001;程金花等,2003)。在动物、微生物以及环境温湿度的作用下,地被物不断分解,补充了土壤养分含量(刘洋等,2006)。地被物在地表形成一层结构疏松的毡层,不仅能够减小雨水对地面的冲击,阻滞和分散降水,还增加了地表粗糙度,能够阻滞地表径流,吸收和储存降水,促使水分缓慢入渗,在防止土壤侵蚀和保持水土方面发挥了重要作用(张洪江等,2003)。此外,研究还发现,地被物层能够减少土壤蒸发(Schaapet al.,1997),缓解表层土温变化,影响冬季土壤的冻结过程(Sharratt,1997),同时又是林下种子萌发和幼苗更新的制约因素之一(班勇等,1995)。目前,国内外地被物研究主要集中于枯落物的凋落动态(张冀等,2001;杨玉盛等,2001;郑征等,2005)、苔藓层和枯落物的持水特性(Naethet al.,1991;薛立等,2005;叶吉等,2004;Zhanget al.,2006)、枯落物分解及养分归还(王瑾等,2001;Chandiniet al.,2002;魏晶等,2004;邵玉琴等,2004)、枯落...

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沙地樟子松天然分布于大兴安岭以西的呼伦贝尔草原红花尔基一带,分布范围虽然相对狭窄,但其具有重要的防风、固沙等生态功能,而且,该区沙地樟子松林的分布范围正呈现不断扩大的趋势。然而,在引种区(科尔沁沙地东南缘),20世纪70~80年代曾经引起国际关注的沙地樟子松人工林,自从90年代初以来,逐渐出现了以枯梢、生长下降,甚至死亡等为特征的衰退现象。与此同时,沙地樟子松人工造林仍在北方干旱、半干旱沙区大面积推广。面对如此具有重要防风固沙作用并在大范围推广的沙地樟子松人工林,解释其为何衰退,其机理如何,回答现存沙地樟子松人工林发展方向及培育等理论和实践问题,成为目前面临的巨大挑战。 本论文在对沙地樟子松天然分布区与引种区野外调查、气候差异性对比分析的基础上,结合对引种区沙地樟子松幼苗、幼树及中龄林的水分生理生态过程实验,研究了沙地樟子松在引种区自然条件和干旱胁迫下的光合生理和水分生理生态特征;重点分析了水势、气孔导度等生理因素和土壤含水量、光合有效辐射、气温、空气相对湿度等生态因素对净光合速率、蒸腾速率的影响。结果表明: 1)较低、较长的低温和降雪覆盖有利于沙地樟子松更好的生长;运用De Martonne干燥度指数对气候类型进行划分,沙地樟子松引种区(科尔沁沙地东南缘)生态系统应为草地或疏林草地生态系统。 2)引种区近50 a来年平均温度存在着明显的线性上升,平均每10 a增温0.185 ℃;该区年平均降水量没有显著的变化趋势,但是,在过去的50 a里,该区平均每15 a 左右出现1次大旱。 3)在引种区多年年平均降水量条件下,沙地樟子松幼苗80%以上的时间处于受胁迫的状态,17%的时间处于不受水分胁迫的状态,而仅有1%左右的时间处于不能利用土壤水分的状态;在不同密度、不同年龄的沙地樟子松人工林中,土壤可溶性盐总量都很低,对沙地樟子松林木生长不会造成盐分胁迫;由于地下水位的急速下降,目前,引种区大部分地方地下水不能被沙地樟子松所利用。 4)随着模拟年降水量的减少,沙地樟子松幼苗的生长明显受到抑制,针叶水势、蒸腾速率、光合速率均有下降,各部分生物量积累明显降低;当模拟年降水量低于350 mm时就已经对沙地樟子松的生长产生了较大的限制。 5)在科尔沁沙地东南缘,影响沙地樟子松生理生态特征的主要因素为水分条件,特别是在树高生长旺季以及生长末期,而在生长中期,主要是光照和水分共同影响沙地樟子松的生长;在沙地樟子松天然分布区(红花尔基),影响沙地樟子松生长季节中期生理生态特征的主要因素也是水分和光照条件,这与在科尔沁沙地东南缘樟子松生长中期观测到的结论一致。然而,与天然沙地樟子松相比,引种区沙地樟子松每天干物质的积累增加为天然分布区的3~13倍,每天蒸腾耗水量为天然分布区的7~19倍。 综合以上对引种区的生态气候、水分条件以及沙地樟子松本身生理生态特征的分析结果得出,引种区与天然分布区水、热差异导致引种区沙地樟子松在年内的生长期延长(与天然沙地樟子松相比),以及在生长季节每天蒸腾耗水量的剧增及耗水时间的延长;同时,在引种区由于年内降水分布极不均衡,冬季降雪覆盖少,导致4、5、9三个月份的水分极度亏缺,该季节引种区水分亏缺严重限制了沙地樟子松的生长。大面积营造纯林、地下水位急剧下降(目前,引种区大部分林地的沙地樟子松已不能利用地下水)以及引种区每15 a左右一次的特殊干旱是导致沙地樟子松死亡的最直接原因。从个体水平上来说,近50 a的引种驯化,沙地樟子松并没有完全表现出适应引种区生长环境的迹象。最后,基于以上对沙地樟子松人工林衰退分析的基础上,提出了对现存沙地樟子松人工林总体经营的方向及具体经营对策。