17 resultados para Ward, Jerod
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
运用Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin路径积分量子化方法对超对称电磁相互作用系统进行了量子化.在相空间中化简了超对称电磁相互作用系统Hamiltonian量,进而使该系统的量子化被化简.构造体系的BRST生成元,得到了系统的BRST变换;给出了有效作用量,得到了Green函数生成泛函;构造了体系的规范生产元,并得到了系统的规范对称变换.最后,基于正则系统的Noether定理,给出了规范变换的Ward-Takahashi恒等式,进而讨论了正规顶角和传播子的关系,给出了正规顶角和传播子的两个关系式.
Resumo:
According to the method of path integral quantization for the canonical constrained system in Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin scheme, the supersymmetric electromagnetic interaction system was quantized. Both the Hamiltonian of the supersymmetric electromagnetic interaction system in phase space and the quantization procedure were simplified. The BRST generator was constructed, and the BRST transformations of supersymmetric fields were gotten; the effective action was calculated, and the generating functional for the Green function was achieved; also, the gauge generator was constructed, and the gauge transformation of the system was obtained. Finally, the Ward-Takahashi identities based on the canonical Noether theorem were calculated, and two relations between proper vertices and propagators were obtained.
Resumo:
报道了半导体激光器端面抽运不同结构的声光调Q的双包层光纤激光器的脉冲输出特性.对前向、后向不同抽运方式的掺镱调Q双包层光纤激光器在输出平均功率,调Q脉冲宽度及脉冲稳定性进行了对比及讨论;其中后向抽运的光纤激光器,在10kHz重复频率调制下,获得了斜效率为60%的平均功率输出,其脉冲宽度为52ns,单脉冲能量为0·3mJ.最后利用不同抽运方式下的速率方程,理论分析调Q脉冲的特性,分析结果与实验相符.
Resumo:
为突出局部灌溉不足或灌溉过量对均匀性的影响程度,提出了基于几何平均数分布均匀系数的概念,将其定义为部分测点水深几何平均值与所有测点算术平均值的比值。并根据部分测点水深数据的提取方法不同,分为1/4低值、1/4高值、1/2低值和1/2高值分布均匀系数。用MATLAB和VC~++语言编制了可以实现上述分布均匀系数计算的软件"SIUEW1.0"。结果初步证明:基于几何平均数的乘法模型要比基于算术平均数的加法模型更加突出了部分低(或高)于平均值的测点水深数据对均匀系数的影响程度,因此更适用于时局部灌溉不足或过量灌溉有严格控制要求地块的灌溉均匀性评价;无论高值和低值,取点数越少,均匀性的评价结果越差。
Resumo:
针对聚β一经基丁酸酷(PHB)加工窗口窄、脆性严重等不足,本论文采用在PHB分子链上接枝极性小分子顺丁烯二酸醉(MA)和将PHB与聚8一已内醋(PCL)进行醋交换的方法对其分子链进行化学修饰,试图通过PHB的分子结构变化改变其聚集态结构,从而使PHB在性能上有较大幅度的提高。获得的主要研究结果如下:1.本工作采用自由基引发聚合方法研究了PHB与MA的接枝反应。讨论了各种反应条件,如溶剂种类、单体浓度、引发剂浓度、反应时间和温度等对接枝反应的影响,确定了PHB接枝MA的最佳反应条件。采用对酸配基团进行化学滴定和~(13)C NMR方法对接枝产物的接枝率和结构进行了表征。结果表明,M八接枝到PHB的叔碳原子上,接枝率可以控制在0.2∽0.85%的范围内。2.采用DSC、WARD、POM和TGA等方法对PHB及其接枝顺丁烯二酸配共聚物(PHB-g-MA)的结晶行为、·热稳定性和生物降解特性进行了研究。结果表明:接枝产物的热稳定性明显优于PHB,热分解温度随接枝率不同提高了20-40℃。接枝后,MA基团阻碍了PHB的结晶,降低了PHB的结晶能力,使得PHB的结晶行为发生很大的变化。结晶温度降低,冷结晶温度升高,结晶焙略有下降。与PHB相比,PHB-g-MA的球晶环带结构变得清晰规整,随着接枝率的提高,球晶的环带宽度逐渐增加。在 DSC升温过程中PHB-g-MA发生重结晶,产生熔融双峰现象。但是WAXD的实验结果表明,PHB接枝MA并没有改变它的结晶结构。J . PHB接枝MA后,PHB的力学性能保持不变,并且MA基团能够促进PHB的生物降解和改善PHB的溶解性。4.采用FTIR和‘~1H NMR研究了PHB-g-MA的热分解机理。结果表明,PHB-g-MA的热分解机理与PHB相同:在高温条件下,PHB分子链的醋基部分形成六元环结构,断链时夺取亚甲基氢,生成竣基和双键两种端基。5.采用TGA方法选择不同的升温速率研究了PHB和不同接枝率的PHB-g-MA的热分解行为。PHB-g-MA的热分解温度随着接枝率的增加逐渐增加,然后逐渐下降。接枝率为0.56%时,PHB-g-MA的热分解温度最高,达到256.6℃。由Flynn-Wall-Ozawa方法得到的PHB的热分解活化能随着热失重率的增加而逐渐下降;而PHB-g-MA的热分解活化能随着接枝率和热失重率的不同,表现出不同的规律。接枝率为0.56%时,它的热分解活化能达到最大,为116.51kJ/mol.采用DSC方法对PHB和PHB-g-MA的等温结晶动力学和熔融行为进行了研究。用Avrarnl方程分析的结果表明,MA的引入使得PHB的结晶能力下降,但是并没有改变它的结晶成核机理和生长方式。随着接枝率的增加,结晶活化能增加。等温结晶后的PHB-g-MA表现出双熔融行为,这是在升温过程中发生熔融重结晶的结果。这种熔融行为不仅与样品的接枝率有关,而且也会受到结晶温度的影响7.在不同的冷却速率下用DSC方法研究了PHB和PHB-g-MA的非等温结晶动力学和熔融行为。结果表明,PHB和PHB-g-MA在非等温结晶过程中的结晶行为与冷却速率和接枝率密切相关。用Jeziorny方法改进的Avrami方程分析了PHB和PHB-g-MA的非等温结晶行为。当冷却速率较低时,PHB-9-MA的结晶机理与PHB不同。非等温结晶后的PHB-g-MA的熔融行为表现出熔融双峰,这是在升温过程中发生熔融重结晶的结果。8.用DSC方法研究了甲壳胺(CS)的热行为,测得CS的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为80.4'C。考察了不同组成的PHB/CS和PHB-g-MA/CS共混体系的热行为。在PHB/CS=20/80, 40/60的共混体系中有单一的Tg出现;而 PHB-g-MA/CS=20/80, 40/60, 60/40的共混体系中也有单一的Tgo随着共混体系中PHB含量的减少,T_g逐渐增加,表明这些共混体系具有相容性。在共混体系中,随着CS含量的增加,PHB和PHB-g-MA组分的熔点和熔融烩显著降低。与对PHB相比,CS对PHB-g-MA熔点和熔融焙的抑止作用更大。9.通过FTIR, WAXD和XP S研究了相容共混体系中PHB, PHB-g-MA与CS组.分间的特殊相互作用。FTIR结果表明两组.分间形成较弱的氢键。这种氢键作用比CS自身分子内的氢键作用小,以至于很难“破坏”CS自身的聚集态结构,但是它可以“扰乱”PHB, PHB-g-MA和CS原有的结晶形貌。这一结果被WAXD进一步证实。XPS的结果清楚地表明分子间氢键作用是通过CS中的-NH_2与PHB-g-MA的C=O产生的。在PHB分子链中接枝MA基团,可以增强这种相互作用,使PHB-g-MAICS-共混体系的Nls和C1s结合能和谱型发生明显改变。10.用熔融法和溶液法将PHB和PCL进行醋交换反应,制备PHB和PCL的共聚醋(PHB-co-PCL).讨论了各种反应条件,如组分、反应时间和温度、催化剂种类和用量等对醋交换反应的影响。采用~(13)C NMR和FTIR方法对醋交换产物的结构进行了表征。结果表明,提高反应温度和延长反应时间有利于酷交换反应的发生。调整反应条件,共聚酷中PCL的含量可以控制在0.95-4.81%的范围内。在本实验条件下,制备的PHB-co-PCL均为嵌段共聚物。11.采用DSC、WARD、POM和TGA等方法对PHB-co-PCL的热行为、晶体结构和热稳定性进行了研究。随着酷交换量的增加,PHB-co-PCL的结晶行为发生很大的变化。冷结晶温度、结晶一温度和熔点均降低。并且 PHB-co-PCL在升温过程中表现出熔融双峰,这是共聚酷在结晶过程中结晶不完善导致在升温过程中发生熔融重结晶的结果,。PCL链段的引入并没有改变PHB的晶体结构,却使得共聚酷的结晶规整性下降。而且PHB-co-PCL的热稳定性基本保持不变。
Resumo:
非线性光学材料由于在信息技术中的应用前景而成为人们研究的热点,虽然有机材料有较高的光吸收和光学非线性,但由于其热稳定性和光稳定性差,难以实用化。利用金属纳米颗粒所具有的非线性光学效应制备有机/无机纳米杂化材料为解决这些问题开辟了新的方向。本文以两亲性的嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中形成的胶束为模板制备嵌段共聚物/金纳米杂化材料和嵌段共聚物/聚毗咯/金纳米杂化材料,使用TEM, UV一vi:吸收光谱、FT一工R以及WARD等手段对这些材料进行了表征。研究发现,使用紫外线还原法得到的杂化材料中金纳米颗粒尺寸分布窄、颗粒间排布规整;通过调整无机物前体加入的量得到不同粒径的金纳米颗粒(2一6nm);以不同的嵌段共聚物为模板可以实现对杂化材料中纳米颗粒尺寸和间距佩狗控制。在所制得的嵌段共聚物/聚砒咯/金纳米杂化材料中,极微小的金颗粒被反应中所生成的聚毗咯包裹。聚毗咯层的存在可以改变金纳米颗粒表面和附近的电场性质,这种材料可能具有很好的非线性光学性能。
Resumo:
稀土三氯化物与两倍量的叔丁基取代的环戊二烯基铿反应,得到以氯原子为桥基的二茂稀土化合物,并得到了其中两个化合物的晶体结构,比较了几个稀土化合物的结构差异。通过二茂稀土氯化物与中间体碳硼烷硫族铿盐反应,合成了一系列双核稀土离子型化合物,并解析了其中六个化合物的结构。它们是第一批含硫族碳硼烷双核稀土化合物。合成了二(二叔丁基环戊二烯基)钦、错和铅化合物,并发现它们催化乙烯聚合的活性佩llN序为Zr>Hf>Ti a聚乙烯得到了WARD和SAXS结构分析。接着合成了单茂钦、错和铅含硫族碳硼烷化合物,并测定了其中错的化合物的晶体结构。研究了锗的含溶剂分子的氢化前体与含氮双齿配体的反应。以毗凑为桥基的双核氢化物与三核化合物在不同反应溶剂中被选择性地得到了。通过氢化前体与其它含氮配体的反应,合成了十几个双核与单核化合物,并通过核磁和紫外可见分析手段跟踪了化合物的形成过程。九个化合物的晶体结构得到了解析。
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长白山北坡的暗针叶林带分布海拔为 1 1 0 0~ 1 850 m,在野外调查的基础上 ,对暗针叶林沿海拔梯度物种组成的分布格局进行了研究。文中用α和β多样性指数来度量森林群落的多样性 ,用群落系数 (本质上是一种β多样性指数 )来度量不同群落或样地间的相似性 ,同时用欧氏距离和 Ward法对所有样地进行了聚类分析。研究结果表明主要树种云杉和冷杉在整个暗针叶林带均有分布 ,而伴生树种和多数灌木出现于一定海拔范围内 ;沿海拔梯度物种数变化小而物种组成变化大则表明长白山暗针叶林丰富的生境多样性。聚类分析可将长白山暗针叶林分成 2或 3种类型 ,这与通过对不同海拔公路同侧样方的群落系数的分析所得结果类似。
Resumo:
A bar on the Brazos River near Calvert, Texas, has been analyzed in order to determine the geologic meaning of certain grain size parameters and to study the behavior of the size fractions with transport. The bar consists of a strongly bimodal mixture of pebble gravel and medium to fine sand; there is a lack of material in the range of 0.5 to 2 mm, because the source does not supply particles of this size. The size distributions of the two modes, which were established in the parent deposits, are nearly invariant over the bar because the present environment of deposition only affects the relative proportions of the two modes, not the grain size properties of the modes themselves. Two proportions are most common; the sediment either contains no gravel or else contains about 60% gravel. Three sediment types with characteristic bedding features occur on the bar in constant stratigraphic order, with the coarsest at the base. Statistical analysis of the data is based on a series of grain size parameters modified from those of Inman (1952) to provide a more detailed coverage of non-normal size curves. Unimodal sediments have nearly normal curves as defined by their skewness and kurtosis. Non-normal kurtosis and skewness values are held to be the identifying characteristics of bimodal sediments even where such modes are not evident in frequency curves. The relative proportions of each mode define a systematic series of changes in numerical properties; mean size, standard deviation and skewness are shown to be linked in a helical trend, which is believed to be applicable to many other sedimentary suites. The equations of the helix may be characteristic of certain environments. Kurtosis values show rhythmic pulsations along the helix and are diagnostic of two-generation sediments.
Resumo:
Based on the X-ray scattering intensity theory and using the approximate expression for the atomic scattering factor, the correction factors for three crystalline peaks and an amorphous peak of Nylon 1212 were calculated and the formula of degree of crystallinity of Nylon 1212 was derived by a graphic multipeak resolution method. The degree of crystallinity calculated from the WARD method is compatible with those obtained by density and calorimetry methods.
Resumo:
A series of branched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) derived polymers with different lengths of n-alkyl side chains, denoted as PEI(n)Cs (n = 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, number of carbon atoms in alkyl side group), have been prepared by a N-alkylation method, and systematically characterized by differential scanning calorimertry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WARD) as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The side chains grafted on these comblike polymers are long enough to form crystalline phase composed of paraffin-like crystallites. The crystallization of the side chains forces the branched poly(ethyleneimine) molecules to pack into layered structure, between which the crystallites are located. The melting temperatures of the side chain crystallites increase from -12.36 to +51.49 degreesC with increasing the length of the side chains from n. = 12 to n = 20, which are a little bit lower than the corresponding pristine n-alkanes. PEI18C was taken as an example in this work for the investigation of phase transition and conformational variation of the side chains with temperature changing.
Resumo:
The phase transition and transition kinetics of a liquid crystalline copoly(amide-imide) (PAI37), which was synthesized from 70 mol% pyromellitic dianhydride, 30 mol% terephthaloyl chloride, and 1,3-bis[4-(4'-aminophenoxy)cumyl]benzene, was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and rheology. PAI37 exhibits a glass transition temperature at 182 degreesC followed by multiple phase transitions. The crystalline phase starts to melt at similar to 220 degreesC and forms smectic C (S-C) phase. The Sc phase transforms into smectic A (S-A) phase when the temperature is above 237 degreesC. The S-C to S-A transition spans a broad temperature range in which the S-A phase vanishes and forms isotropic melt. The WARD fiber pattern of PAI37 pulled from the anisotropic melt revealed an anomalous chain orientation, which was characterized by its layer normal perpendicular to the fiber direction. The transition kinetics for the mesophase and crystalline phase formation was also studied.
Resumo:
介绍了Zernike矩及基于Zernike矩的图像亚像素边缘检测原理,针对Ghosal提出的基于Zernike矩的亚像素图像边缘检测算法检测出的图像存在边缘较粗及边缘亚像素定位精度低等不足,提出了一种改进算法.推导了7×7 Zernike矩模板系数,提出一种新的边缘判断依据.改进的算法能较好检测图像边缘并实现了较高的边缘定位.最后,设计了3组不同的实验.实验结果同Canny算子及Ghosal算法相比,证明了改进算法的优越性.
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回报函数设计的好与坏对学习系统性能有着重要作用,按回报值在状态-动作空间中的分布情况,将回报函数的构建分为两种形式:密集函数和稀疏函数,分析了密集函数和稀疏函数的特点.提出启发式回报函数的基本设计思路,利用基于保守势函数差分形式的附加回报函数,给学习系统提供更多的启发式信息,并对算法的最优策略不变性和迭代收敛性进行了证明.启发式回报函数能够引导学习,加快学习进程,从而可以实现强化学习在实际大型复杂系统应用中的实时控制和调度.