First Identification of the Hepatotoxic Microcystins in the Serum of a Chronically Exposed Human Population Together with Indication of Hepatocellular Damage

Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most commonly reported cyanotoxins in eutrophic freshwaters. In 1996, human intoxications by MCs caused deaths of 76 patients at Caruaru dialysis centers in Brazil. So far, there have been no direct evidences of MC occurrence in human tissue in consequence of exposure to MC. In this study, we improved cleanup procedures for detecting MCs in serum sample using liquid chromatographymass spectrometry, and confirmed for the first time the presence of MCs in serum samples (average 0.39 ng/ml, which amounts to ca. 1/87 of the concentrations found in tissue samples of the Caruaru victims) of fishermen at Lake Chaohu. Daily intake by the fishermen was estimated to be in the range of 2.2-3.9 mu g MC-LReq, whereas the provisional World Health Organization tolerable daily intake (TDI) for daily lifetime exposure is 0.04 mu g/kg or 2-3 mu g per person. Moreover, statistical analysis showed closer positive relationships between MC serum concentrations and concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase than between the MC concentrations and other biochemical indicators. Thus, the data raise the question whether extended exposure in the range of the TDI or up to a factor of 10 above it may already lead to indication of liver damage. The results also demonstrate a risk of health effects from chronic exposure to MCs at least for populations with high levels of exposure, like these fishermen.

Hydroacoustic study of spatial and temporal distribution of Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876) in Qinghai Lake, China

Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler 1876) is an endangered and state-protected rare fish species in Qinghai Lake, China. To further understand the life history and distribution of this fish, five surveys were carried out in Qinghai Lake between 2002-2006. Results of these surveys indicate that fishes were predominantly distributed about 2 m under the surface. In July, significant differences in fish density were found between surface and bottom layers (P = 0.001), and/or between middle and bottom layers (P = 0.025). Fish density was the greatest in the surface layer. In August and October, no significant differences were found between the different layers, but the bottom layer had a greater fish density. Furthermore, there were very large differences among different zones in fish distribution density. Differences in horizontal distribution were not significantly correlated to factors such as water depth and inshore distance, possibly because of very low and uniform fish density. Feeding, changes in water temperature, over-wintering and spawning appeared to influence fish distribution. Hydroacoustic estimates of G. przewalskii biomass in Qinghai Lake increased significantly between 2002 and 2006. We attribute this increase to the management measures put in place to protect this species.

Shrinkage of Gobiocypris rarus, Procypris rabaudi, and Sinilabeo rendahli preserved in formalin

Length measurements of preserved fishes are necessary in many types of fish surveys because logistics often do not allow for fish measurement immediately after catch. If the fixative causes significant shrinkage, then the preserved lengths cannot be directly used to indicate accurate live lengths. The objective of this study was to determine how preservation in formalin affects standard length of Gobiocypris rarus larvae (24-day-old and newly hatched), larval Procypris rabaudi (4-day-old), and larval Sinilabeo rendahli (12-day-old). Fishes were measured (to nearest 0.01 mm) and individually fixed in the appropriate formalin solution (2.5% or 5.0% formalin), then re-measured at 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 45 and 75 days after preservation to follow the time course of shrinkage. Most of the shrinkage occurred within the first half day after preservation. The 5.0% formalin caused a higher relative shrinkage rate than did the 2.5% solution; however, the difference was not statistically significant. In G. rarus, initial shrinkage of newly hatched larvae was higher than that of 24-day-old larvae.

Distribution of the macroinvertebrate communities in the Xiangxi River system and relationships with environmental factors

Surveys of macroinvertebrates were carried out in the Xiangxi River system during July of 2001. Among the 121 taxa collected, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera dominated (41.7, 26.0, and 24.5% of the total relative abundance, respectively). Two-way indictor species analysis and detrended correspondence analysis divided the 49 sites into four groups based on species composition and relative abundance. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that elevation, SiO2, pH, conductivity, hardness, and NO2-N were significant environmental factors affecting the distribution of macroinvertebrates.

萤火虫生物学特性及其应用研究

介绍了萤火虫生活史和生活习性、发光机制和发光的作用以及萤火虫荧光素酶的性质、结构和特点,并阐述了萤火虫的应用领域,指出萤火虫是一种非常有利用价值的资源昆虫,人们应该珍惜并保护这种昆虫。

青藏高原东缘高山林线乔木种群生态特征研究

青藏高原东部分布着世界最高的林线，该区域也是由欧亚北温带物种形成的林线的南界。在大面积野外踏勘的基础上，选择青藏高原东部具有典型高山林线分布的三个地点（滇西北白马雪山、川西北鹧鸪山及岷江源地区）作为研究区，从种群的结构、生存特征、分布格局及分形特征等方面对青藏高原东缘高山林线乔木种群生态学特征进行了研究，并在此基础上探讨了人类活动对林线种群生态特征及林线格局的影响。结果表明，林线区乔木树种多以单种群形式存在，林线区群落结构简单，乔木层多为单一树种组成，其生长型较之郁闭林发生了急剧的变化：树木高度急剧下降，而发展多茎多分枝的生长型。生长型的转变是高山林线乔木对恶劣自然条件的形态适应。 研究发现，在青藏高原东缘，阴坡林线乔木主要是冷杉（Abies spp.），阳坡主要由圆柏（Sabina spp.）组成，少数地方还有云杉（Picea spp.）。阴坡乔木种群结构多表现为增长型，幼苗和幼树在种群中占较大比重，种群潜在自然更新能力较强，但幼龄个体死亡率非常高，存活曲线多接近Deevey-Ⅲ型；阳坡乔木种群幼苗个体数极少，幼树相对增加。野外调查表明，人为活动较频繁的阳坡林线区幼苗数量极少甚至缺失，而受人为活动干扰较小的样地中幼苗和幼树数量明显增多，从一个侧面说明放牧等人类活动可能对林线种群的更新带来较大影响，而对卡卡沟围栏内外的样地分析也进一步证明了这一结果。 所研究林线乔木种群各龄级的空间格局在不同尺度上表现为聚集、随机和均匀分布，以聚集分布为主；各龄级在不同尺度上表现出显著的相关性，幼苗通常与另外两个龄级的关联性较密切。各龄级间显著的相关性表明不同龄级个体在空间交错分布，有利于对各种资源的充分利用，对种群的生存和发展非常有利，反映了高山生态系统恶劣生境中种群的一种适应对策。 林线乔木种群各龄级分布格局的计盒维数有差别，林线种群的计盒维数总是小于郁闭林种群的计盒维数。另外，郁闭林各龄级计盒维数通常也高于林线各龄级，表明不同海拔或者不同群落类型中的乔木树种具有不同的水平空间占据能力。林线区种群分布格局的计盒维数都很低，占据现实水平空间的程度较低，具有相对较高的生态间隙维，其潜在占据空间的能力较高，群落还可提供给种群的最大空间限度较大，但实际上由于受群落中种内、种间的竞争及林线区恶劣的生态环境条件的限制，其潜在空间占据能力可能难以表现出来。 青藏高原东缘高海拔地带以季节性游牧为主要的资源利用和生产方式，阳坡森林郁闭度低于阴坡，灌丛数量和种类较阴坡少，融雪早且积雪时间短，所以阳坡包括高山林线区成为当地牧民游牧路线的必经之地。牲畜的践踏、啃食使得幼龄乔木树种个体数量大大减少，严重阻碍了林线乔木种群的自然更新，同时种群占据空间的能力也明显降低。因此可以认为，在青藏高原东部地区，山地游牧等人为干扰叠加于恶劣的自然条件，阳坡林线的自然更新潜力受到抑制，其生存状态较之阴坡林线显著恶化，并可使阳坡林线高度逐渐降低。高山林线区森林一旦破坏在短时间内很难有效更新和恢复，因此，对于处于恶劣高山生境中的乔木种群应加强保护，同时适度控制人为干扰强度和幅度以减少其直接和间接破坏，防止阳坡林线退化并促进高山生态系统的自然恢复。 Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has the highest timberline of the world. On the basis of field surveys and literature reviews, three typical alpine timberlines were chosen for in-depth studies, i.e., Baima Snow Mountain in northwest Yunnan, Zhegu Mountain and the waterhead area of Minjiang River in west Sichuan. Using the methodologis of population ecology, we analyzed the population structure, survival characteristics, spatial point patterns and fractal dimensions of the timberline tree populations and discussed the impacts of grazing on the structure and spatial pattern of alpine timberline. Compared with closed forests, the community structure of timberline is simpler, usually with one or two species constituting the tree layer. Differences also exist in the growth forms: the trees were significantly shorter with more stems and branches, reflecting morphological adaptation of trees to the severe conditions at timberline. In the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Abies spp. often formed alpine timberline in the north-facing slope while Sabina spp. and sometimes Picea spp. in the south- facing slope. The population structures of north-facing slope showed an increasing trend, with numerous seedlings and saplings. However, the survival curves tend to follow Deevy-III because of high dead ratio of young individuals. There are only few seedlings in the south-facing slope with heavy grazing, demonstrating that human disturbance may prevent regeneration at alpine timberline, which was confirmed by comparisons between fenced enclosures and control plots in the Kaka Valley. Depending on the spatial scales on consideration, the individuals of different age-classes showed clumping, random or even distribution, but mostly with clumping distribution. At all scales, individuals in different age-classes were all significantly correlated with each other while the seedlings were usually more correlated to two other age classes. This high degree of correlation among different age classes indicates that individuals of different age classes are spatially interlocked with each other, which helps sufficient utilization of various resources and is conducive to the survival and development of population. It is another adaptation strategy for trees at the severe environment. The spatial patterns of different age classes had different box dimension. In general, the box dimensions of total individuals and each age class at timberline are always smaller than that of closed forests, suggesting that space occupation capacity is not the same for populations at different altitude or in different communities. Populations on both the south- and the north-facing slopes had a very low box dimensions (far away from the max., 2), however, the lower the box dimension, the bigger the potential space provided by community. In fact, because of inner- and inter- competition as well as the severe conditions at timberline, this kind of potential ability can hardly be realized. Mountain pastoralism is the major type of as well as the only most effective way of resource uses in the high elevation regions of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Due to lower canopy cover, less bushes and short snow-cover time, south-facing slopes became the favorite pastures. Damages from livestock through tramping, browsing and others have greatly reduced the number of young individuals. As a result, the potential of timberline trees to regenerate and their ability to occupy more space are greatly inhitibted. We conclude that human disturbances (mountain pastoralism) as well as harsh environmental conditions co-worked to inhibit the regeneration of tree populations in the south-facing slope and made south slopes more difficult than the north-facing slopes for trees to survive and develop, resulting a gradual retreat of timberline in the north-facing slopes. Forests at alpine timberline are susceptible to disturbance and difficult to regenerate and restore once damaged and controlling human disturbances is important for protecting the forest ecosystems at the timberline area.

小麦—偏凸山羊草6Mv/6B代换系的研究

小麦条锈病（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici）是世界性小麦病害，可导致受害小麦减产30%以上，甚至绝收。小麦条锈病在我国西南、华北麦区危害严重，四川麦区是小麦条锈病发病最重的地区之一，每年因条锈病流行造成小麦产量损失巨大。利用抗条锈病品种是控制该病害最安全、经济的有效途径，因此挖掘利用抗病新基因，开展抗病遗传基础研究是当前育种工作中面临的重要任务。 偏凸山羊草（Aegilops ventricosa，DDMvMv，2n=28）是一年生草本植物，起源于地中海西部沿岸地区，具有对小麦白粉病、锈病等高抗或免疫、耐盐、抗寒、蛋白质含量高等优良性状，是小麦遗传育种很好的种质资源。本研究以高抗条锈病的小麦—偏凸山羊草6Mv/6B代换系（Moisson 6Mv/6B）为材料，对其含有的带条锈病抗性基因的偏凸山羊草6Mv染色体在四川小麦背景中的传递情况、与小麦—簇毛麦双端体附加系所具有的白粉病抗性的聚合以及对Moisson 6Mv/6B进行电离辐射诱变筛选抗条锈病的小麦—偏凸山羊草易位系三个方面进行了研究。取得的主要研究结果如下： 1. Moisson 6Mv/6B与高感条锈病的四川地区普通小麦品种绵阳26、绵阳93-124和SW3243的杂种F1与其普通小麦亲本分别作为父、母本回交，通过对其BC1和F2的结实率、根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体的观察以及对条锈病抗性的鉴定，发现含6Mv染色体的F1植株作母本时的回交结实率（83.10%）普遍高于含6Mv染色体的F1植株作父本（48.61%），结实率与普通小麦基因型密切相关（χ2=34.15>>χ20.05=5.99（df=2））；6Mv染色体在三种四川小麦中通过雌、雄配子传递的传递方式与其传递率间没有显著相关性，其传递率与普通小麦基因型呈显著相关性（χ2=6.42>χ20.05=5.99（df=2））。 2. Moisson 6Mv/6B与高抗白粉病的小麦—簇毛麦双端体附加系Pana（2n=42+2t）正反杂交，希望在聚合两者抗性的同时观察不同受体背景下的抗性反应。对Moisson 6Mv/6B和Pana正反杂交的结实率、杂交后代的农艺性状进行观察，并对杂交后代进行基因组荧光原位杂交（GISH）分析及条锈病和白粉病的抗性鉴定。结果表明Moisson 6Mv/6B作母本时杂交结实率（80.56%）高于Pana作母本时（58.33%），结实率与杂交方式间紧密相关（χ2=4.96>χ20.05=3.84（df=1））；Moisson 6Mv/6B和Pana杂交后代株高比最高亲本高约10cm，成熟期也较两亲本提前两个星期左右；正反杂交后代中具有偏凸山羊草6Mv染色体的植株具有条锈病抗性，具有簇毛麦端体的植株具有白粉病抗性，同时筛选到4株含有偏凸山羊草和簇毛麦遗传物质并对条锈病和白粉病兼抗的材料，证明来自偏凸山羊草6Mv染色体的条锈病抗性与来自簇毛麦端体的白粉病抗性已经聚合在一起，且没有产生相互抑制的作用，暗示通过这两个抗性基因的聚合是完全能获得兼抗条锈病和白粉病的小麦新种质。 3. 对Moisson 6Mv/6B在减数分裂时期的成株进行总剂量为6Gy、辐射频率为120rad/min的60Co-γ射线辐射，对辐射植株自交后代进行农艺性状及根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体形态观察和条锈病抗性鉴定。结果为辐射植株自交结实率为2.22%，根尖细胞有丝分裂中期的染色体存在明显碎片，辐射自交后代植株对条锈病具有成株期抗性。 小麦—偏凸山羊草6Mv/6B代换系对条锈病抗性稳定，是培育条锈病抗性品种的良好供体。本研究证明在四川小麦背景中要利用该品种抗性，在结实数满足需要时，可将其作父本，亦可作母本，但关键是要选择好一个优良的受体基因型；同时其条锈病抗性与来自簇毛麦的白粉病抗性没有相互抑制作用，可将两者抗性有效聚合用于小麦育种中。 Wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici) is a worldwide disease of wheat, and could lead to victims of 30 percent or even total destruction of wheat production. Wheat stripe rust harms badly in China's southwest and North China. Sichuan province is one of the regions damaged by wheat stripe rust heavily. The use of resistant varieties is the most secure and economical way to control the wheat stripe rust. Therefore, it is essential to identify new disease-resistant genes and genetically research of disease resistance. Aegilops ventricosa (DDMvMv, 2n = 28) is an annual herbaceous plant, originating in the coastal areas of the western Mediterranean, with good characters such as resistance of wheat powdery, rust, salt, cold and high protein content. It is a good germplasm resource. In this study, the wheat- Aegilops ventricosa 6Mv/6B substitution line Moisson 6Mv/6B (highly resistant to the wheat stripe rust) was used to study on the transmission of chromosome 6Mv of Aegilops ventricosa in different genetic background of Sichuan wheat varieties, hybridization with wheat- Haynaldia villosa ditelosomic addition line Pana (highly resistant to the powdery mildew) and screening of wheat- Aegilops ventricosa translocation line by exposuring Moisson 6Mv/6B under ionizing radiation. The main results are as following: 1. Moisson 6Mv/6B was crossed with Sichuan wheat varieties mianyang26, mianyang93-124 and SW3243 (highly susceptible to stripe rust), respectively. Their F1 hybrids were further backcrossed as male and female to corresponding wheat varieties. The seed-setting rate, chromosomes confirmation in the mitotic metaphase of root tip cells, and resistance to stripe rust of the subsequent BC1 and F2 plants were investigated. The average seed-setting rate of backcross via 6Mv as female donor (83.10%) was higher than that of backcross via 6Mv as male donor (48.61%), suggesting that the seed-setting rate was associated with the wheat genotypes（χ2=34.15>>χ20.05=5.99（df=2））. In all analyzed populations, transmission frequencies of chromosome 6Mv were not correlated with the ways of 6Mv through male or through female. However, transmission frequencies of chromosome 6Mv were significantly correlated with Sichuan wheat genotypes（χ2=6.42>χ20.05=5.99（df=2））. 2. To aggregating the resistances to stripe rust and powdery mildew, as well as research on the resistance reactions in different genetic background, Moisson 6Mv/6B was reciprocally hybrided with the wheat- Haynaldia villosa ditelosomic addition line Pana (highly resistant to the powdery mildew). The seed-setting rate, agronomic characters, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) of hybrid progenies，and resistances to stripe rust and powdery mildew were investigated. The results showed that the seed-setting rate of hybridization via Moisson 6Mv/6B as female donor (80.56%) was significant higher than that via Pana as female donor (58.33%). The seed-setting rate was associated with the hybrid methods (χ2 = 4.96> χ20.05 = 3.84 (df = 1)). The plant height of hybrid progenies was about 10 cm higher than Pana, the parent with maximum height. And the maturity of hybrid progenies was about two weeks earlier than that of the parents. In the hybrid progenies, the plants with the 6Mv chromosome have the resistance to stripe rust and the plants with the telosome from Haynaldia villosa have the resistance to powdery mildew. It was found that four plants with both the 6Mv chromosome and the telosome from Haynaldia villosa were resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew. It indicated that the resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew aggregated, and no mutual inhibition was found. It implied that the aggregation of the two resistance genes was able to provide the new wheat germplasm with the resistances to stripe rust and powdery mildew. 3. Moisson 6Mv/6B was irradiated with 60Co-γ rays of 6Gy (120rad/min) during meiosis. The agronomic characters and chromosomes confirmation in the mitotic metaphase of root tip cells，as well as resistance to stripe rust were investigated. The seed-setting rate of irradiated plants was only 2.22%. The chromosomes in mitotic metaphase had clear fragments. The resistance to stripe rust of progeny of irradiated plants was the adult-plant resistance. The wheat- Aegilops ventricosa 6Mv/6B substitution line is a good stripe rust resistance donor for its stabile resistance. Our study demonstrated that the key for use the resistance is to choose a good receptor. There is no difference between Moisson 6Mv/6B be the female and be the male if the seed number meets the requirement. At the same time, the stripe rust resistance of Moisson 6Mv/6B did not have the mutual inhibition with the powdery mildew resistance from Haynaldia villosa. It is able to aggregate the two resistances for wheat breeding.

Biodosimetry estimate for high-LET irradiation

The purpose of this paper is to prepare for an easy and reliable biodosimeter protocol for radiation accidents involving high-linear energy transfer (LET) exposure. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were irradiated using carbon ions (LET: 34.6 keV mu m(-1)), and the chromosome aberrations induced were analyzed using both a conventional colcemid block method and a calyculin A induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC) method. At a lower dose range (0-4 Gy), the measured dicentric (dics) and centric ring chromosomes (cRings) provided reasonable dose information. At higher doses (8 Gy), however, the frequency of dics and cRings was not suitable for dose estimation. Instead, we found that the number of Giemsa-stained drug-induced G2 prematurely condensed chromosomes (G2-PCC) can be used for dose estimation, since the total chromosome number (including fragments) was linearly correlated with radiation dose (r = 0.99). The ratio of the longest and the shortest chromosome length of the drug-induced G2-PCCs increased with radiation dose in a linear-quadratic manner (r = 0.96), which indicates that this ratio can also be used to estimate radiation doses. Obviously, it is easier to establish the dose response curve using the PCC technique than using the conventional metaphase chromosome method. It is assumed that combining the ratio of the longest and the shortest chromosome length with analysis of the total chromosome number might be a valuable tool for rapid and precise dose estimation for victims of radiation accidents.

胜利勘探数据中心及勘探辅助决策系统研究

In the paper through extensive study and design, the technical plan for establishing the exploration database center is made to combine imported and self developed techniques. By research and repeated experiment a modern database center has been set up with its hardware and network having advanced performance, its system well configured, its data store and management complete, and its data support being fast and direct. Through study on the theory, method and model of decision an exploration decision assistant schema is designed with one decision plan of well location decision support system being evaluated and put into action. 1. Study on the establishment of Shengli exploration database center Research is made on the hardware configuration of the database center including its workstations and all connected hardware and system. The hardware of the database center is formed by connecting workstations, microcomputer workstations, disk arrays, and those equipments used for seismic processing and interpretation. Research on the data store and management includes the analysis of the contents to be managed, data flow, data standard, data QC, data backup and restore policy, optimization of database system. A reasonable data management regulation and workflow is made and the scientific exploration data management system is created. Data load is done by working out a schedule firstly and at last 200 more projects of seismic surveys has been loaded amount to 25TB. 2. Exploration work support system and its application Seismic data processing system support has the following features, automatic extraction of seismic attributes, GIS navigation, data order, extraction of any sized data cube, pseudo huge capacity disk array, standard output exchange format etc. The prestack data can be accessed by the processing system or data can be transferred to other processing system through standard exchange format. For supporting seismic interpretation system the following features exist such as auto scan and store of interpretation result, internal data quality control etc. the interpretation system is connected directly with database center to get real time support of seismic data, formation data and well data. Comprehensive geological study support is done through intranet with the ability to query or display data graphically on the navigation system under some geological constraints. Production management support system is mainly used to collect, analyze and display production data with its core technology on the controlled data collection and creation of multiple standard forms. 3. exploration decision support system design By classification of workflow and data flow of all the exploration stages and study on decision theory and method, target of each decision step, decision model and requirement, three concept models has been formed for the Shengli exploration decision support system including the exploration distribution support system, the well location support system and production management support system. the well location decision support system has passed evaluation and been put into action. 4. Technical advance Hardware and software match with high performance for the database center. By combining parallel computer system, database server, huge capacity ATL, disk array, network and firewall together to create the first exploration database center in China with reasonable configuration, high performance and able to manage the whole data sets of exploration. Huge exploration data management technology is formed where exploration data standards and management regulations are made to guarantee data quality, safety and security. Multifunction query and support system for comprehensive exploration information support. It includes support system for geological study, seismic processing and interpretation and production management. In the system a lot of new database and computer technology have been used to provide real time information support for exploration work. Finally is the design of Shengli exploration decision support system. 5. Application and benefit Data storage has reached the amount of 25TB with thousand of users in Shengli oil field to access data to improve work efficiency multiple times. The technology has also been applied by many other units of SINOPEC. Its application of providing data to a project named Exploration achievements and Evaluation of Favorable Targets in Hekou Area shortened the data preparation period from 30 days to 2 days, enriching data abundance 15 percent and getting information support from the database center perfectly. Its application to provide former processed result for a project named Pre-stack depth migration in Guxi fracture zone reduced the amount of repeated process and shortened work period of one month and improved processing precision and quality, saving capital investment of data processing of 30 million yuan. It application by providing project database automatically in project named Geological and seismic study of southern slope zone of Dongying Sag shortened data preparation time so that researchers have more time to do research, thus to improve interpretation precision and quality.