46 resultados para Vega, Lope de, 1562-1635.

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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介绍了一套多水下机器人三维视景仿真系统。该系统采用虚拟现实技术,利用虚拟仿真软件VegaPrime 与Visual C++.NET 2003 混合编程实现三维视景仿真。它主要用于海洋环境的模拟和多水下机器人运行时的位姿更新、碰撞检测、环境效果及各种特效的实时显示。此外,它还具有响应各种输入/输出设备的功能和通过人性化图形界面接口与用户进行交互的功能。

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对纤维增强复合材料的裂纹起裂及开裂方向准则进行了研究,提出了复合型断裂的正应力强度因子比准则(Normal Stress Intensity Factor Raito Criterion).此准则是一种综合考虑了正应力强度因子和剪应力强度因子对裂纹起裂的推动的准则,并且不需要预先确定材料的特征尺度,使用较方便,且预测结果是很好的。

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求解跨音速翼型的反设计问题时,传统的梯度型方法一般均为局部收敛.为增大求解的收敛范围,依据同伦方法的思想,通过构造不动点同伦,将原问题的求解转化为其同伦函数的求解,并依据拟Sigmoid函数调整同伦参数以提高计算效率,进而构造出一种具有较高计算效率的大范围收敛反设计方法.数值算例以RAE2822翼型的表面压力分布为拟合目标,分别采用B样条方法,PARSEC方法及正交形函数方法等3种不同的参数化方法,并分别以NACA0012,OAF139及VR15翼型为初始翼型进行迭代计算.计算结果证明,该方法适用于多种参数化方法,且具有较好的计算效率,从多个不同的初始翼型出发,经较少次数迭代后,均能与目标翼型很好地拟合,是一种高效的大范围收敛方法.

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The fractional Fourier transform of an object can be observed in the free-space Fresnel diffraction pattern of the object. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America

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We report near infrared broadband emission of bismuth-doped barium-aluminum-borate glasses. The broadband emission covers 1.3 mum window in optical telecommunication systems. And it possesses wide full width at half maximum (FWHM) of similar to 200nm and long lifetime as long as 350 mus. The luminescent properties are quite sensitive to glass compositions and excitation wavelengths. Based on energy matching conditions, we suggest that the infrared emission may be ascribed to P-3(1) --> P-3(0) transition of Bi+. The broad infrared emission characteristics of this material indicate that it might be a promising candidate for broadband optical fiber amplifiers and tunable lasers. (C) 2005 Optical Society of America.

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A study on the layer structure of W/C multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering is reported. In the study, soft x-ray resonant reflectivity and hard x-ray grazing incidence reflectivity of the W/C multilayers were measured. The imperfections at the interface such as interdiffusion and formation of compounds were dealt with by two methods. On analyzing the experimental results, we found that the incorporation of an interlayer was a more suitable method than the traditional statistical method to describe the layer structure of a W/C system we fabricated. The optical constants of each layer at a wavelength of 4.48 nm were also obtained from the analysis. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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本文对桦木科植物的研究历史作了详细的总结;在钻研文献的基础上,补充了部分系统学资料,使得花序、花、花粉、叶表皮等各类性状能够在属间进行比较,根据外类群比较、和谐性分析等原则确定了性状的演化极性,利用最大同步法和最小平行演化法对桦木科植物进行了分支分析;对各属的现代分布和地史分布作了描述,在此基础上,讨论了桦木科植物的分布中心、起源地、起源的时间和散布的途径;在第四章,作者试图回到遥远的晚白垩纪和早第三纪,从描绘桦木科植物起源和早期分化的古地理和古气候背景入手,分析了在这种背景下桦木科植物所发生的空间辐射以及植物体本身所产生的形态进化,以求得对桦木科植物起源、散布和分化作出比较合理的解释;最后对桦木科组以上的等级作了分类处理。全文包括五个部分,主要的结论如下: 1、分支分析:广泛阅读桦木科、壳斗科和南青冈科的文献,详细研究中国科学院植物研究所标本馆所藏的桦木科植物的标本。首先以壳斗科和南青冈科作为外类群对各类性状进行了分析,得到一个由22个性状组成的数值矩阵;接着又对上述的22个性状作了和谐性分析,结果有7个性状的CN>O,2,其中3个性状在调整性状状态后被保留,有4个性状在颠倒极性和调整性状状态后仍不和谐被去除.最后得到由18个性状组成的矩阵,该矩阵和谐性检验的结果是:所有性状的KN值和CN值均为O,将此矩阵用最大同步法和最小平行演化法进行分支分析,得到一个相同的分支图。分支图用了19个演化步数,与矩阵的最小步数相同,较好地反映了桦木科植物的属间关系。分支图说明:桤木属是从桦木科植物的祖先中最早分出的一个分支,几乎保留了祖先所有的原始性状;桦木属和桤木属近缘,但并非姊妹群;榛届在桦木科中占有特殊的地位,是桦木科植物的原始类群向进化类群演化的中间纽带;虎棒子属是榛属向鹅耳枥属和铁木属进化过程中分化出的一支;铁木属和鹅耳枥属为姊妹群,在桦木科植物中演化水平最高。 2、地理分布:地理分布分析是以经典分类、系统发育和古植物学三方面的资料为基础,根据生物进化的时、序、空相互统一的观点来讨论的。 根据Takhtajan (1978)对世界植物系的分区,认为:东亚区分布6属、13组、77种,占桦木科植物全部种类的59%,为第一分布中心;大西洋一一北美区分布5属。8组、20种,为第二分布中心;环北方区分布5属、8组,35种,是桦木科植物分化的重要地区。在中国,根据吴征镒(1979)对中国植物区系的分区,认为:中国一一日本森林亚区和中国一一喜马拉雅亚区在种数,组数和属数的分布上分别位居第一和第二。四川及其毗邻省区分布6属、52种,占全部中国种类的70, 3%,是中国桦木科植物的分布中心。 桦木科最早的化石记录是具多个角萌发孔并有带状加厚的桤木粉,发现于日本桑托期.随之这类花粉和另外一种花粉类型:副桤木粉(有微弱带状加厚的三孔粉)在欧亚大陆和北美的地层中便开始普遍起来;可能的桤木属植物的叶子发现于白垩纪最晚期,而可辨认的果序的记录则开始于古新世. 8孔的具带状加厚的桦粉最早见于日本的坎佩尼期,而缺少带状加厚的拟桦粉最早发现于中国内蒙古的梅斯特利克蒂期,以上两类花粉均和现代桦木属植物的花粉相似;可归于同一个化石植物Betula leopoldae的叶子、雄花序,果序和果实的化石发现于加拿大大不列颠哥伦比亚的中始新世地层中。基于果实化石的榛属植物的最早记录发生在欧洲和北美古新世;被认为和榛属有亲缘关系的绝灭属——古鹅耳枥属的叶子,果序和雄花序的化石发现于古新世和始新世;开始见于中国梅斯特利克蒂期的拟榇粉和最早发现于苏格兰古新世的米勒三孔粉也均和榛属植物有关。基于可辨认的花粉和果苞的化石,鹅耳枥属和铁木属分别在晚始新世和早渐新世有了最早的化石记录. 最后根据化石证据和现代地理分布特征提出:以四川为中心的中国中部地区是桦木科植物起源和早期分化的中心;最早的桦木科植物生活在晚白垩纪桑托期,桤木属、榇属、桦木属可能在白垩纪最晚期或古新世时就已经出现了,而最迟不晚于中始新世;鹅耳枥属和铁木属的形成均不晚于晚始新世,到渐新世时,除虎榛子属外,桦木科其它各属均广泛分布在北半球。 3、进化分析:桦木科植物起源和早期演化的晚白垩纪和早第三纪在古地理和古环境方面主要有四个特点:(1)地球板块相对稳定;(2)气候相对一致,区带环流是大气环流的基本成份; (3)恐龙绝灭,哺乳动物作为传播媒介变得重要起来; (4)风媒和虫媒植物共荣。桦木科植物就是在上述背景下起源的。桤木属蒙自桤木组和桤木组最早从祖先类群中分化出来,接着一方面较缓慢地向欧洲散布,并在古新世到达欧洲;另一方面,向中国东北地区散布,然后迅速地扩散到了北极地区,通过白令陆桥在白垩纪最晚期到达了北美。从北美西北部和从欧洲通过大西洋北极陆桥散布到北美东部的桦木科植物在始新世时汇合,形成第二个分化中心。虎榛子属、鹅耳枥属和铁木属植物的大量分化很可能是从全球气候恶化的渐新世开始的,并在分化的同时伴随着其它的桦木科植物向南迁移。桤木属在渐新世时就散布到了当时位于中国东南部的加里曼丹岛;桤木属、鹅耳枥属和铁木属中新世时散布到了墨西哥和中美洲;第四纪冰期加速了桦木科植物的南移,桤木属到达非洲北部和南美洲,桤木属和鹅耳枥属到达台湾岛均发生在更新世。 在环境的选择压力下,桦木科植物经历了一系列的形态演化,作者将这些演化归纳成34个进化趋势。为了对桦木科植物可能祖先的大概轮廓有一个认识,我们又从34个进化趋势中总结出桦木科植物的11个原始特征,并且认为这些特征中的大多数应该是它的祖先拥有的。 (1)裸芽有柄。 (2)气孔器为轮列型或无规则型。 (3)木材具管胞,导管有螺旋加厚,为梯状穿孔。 (4)雌、雄花序共生成总状花序,雄花序位于上部。 (5)花序两性。 (6)雄花序有梗、裸露过冬。 (7)小聚伞花序由多个花组成,苞片多数。 (8)花两性,有花被,子房3室。 (9)花药药室木分离,花丝也不分叉。 (10)花粉粒4-5孔;孔具孔室;孔间有带状加厚;外壁较厚,在孔处翘起并加厚。 (11)具翅坚果小型。 本文提出桦术科植物不可能起源于现存的壳斗科植物,而两者有可能共祖,它们共同的祖先和正型粉类复合群有关,可能来源于正型粉类复合群的某些成员,那么‘正型粉类复合群是否就是金缕梅目和壳斗目进行的中间链环呢?’本文仅作为一个问题提出,而未作回答。 4、系统分类:根据分支分析和表征分类的结果,桦木科是非常自然的一个类群,科内表现出从原始到高级的演化次序并具有三条主要的演化路线。因此,将桦木科划分为三个族与科内的三条演化线相一致,比较符合其属间的系统发育关系。按照各属的变异程度,进一步在桦木族和鹅耳枥族之下分别设立两个亚族。此外在桦木科植物属之下共确立了13个组。桦木科组以上的系统排列为: Betulaceae S. F. Gray Trib. 1. Betuleae Subtrib. 1. Alninae Z. D. Chen subtrib. nov. Alnus Mill. Sect. 1. Clethropsis ( Spach ) Endl. Sect. 2. Alnus Sect. 3. Cremastogyne H. Winkl, Sect. 4. Alnobetula W. D. Koch Subtrib. 2. Betulinae Betula L. Sect. 1. Betulaster ( Spach ) Regel Sect. 2. Betula Sect. 3. Costatae Regel Sect. 4. Chinenses ( Nakai ) Z. D. Chen comb. et stat.nov. Sect. 5. Humiles W.D.Koch Trib. 2. Coryleae Aacheraon Corylus L. Sect. 1, Acanthochlamys Spach Sect. 2. Corylus Trib. 3. Carpineae A. DC. Subtrib. 1. Ostryopsinae Z. D. Chen subtrib. nov.Ostryopsis Dence. Subtrib. 2. Carpininae Ostrya Scop. Carpinus L. Sect. 1. Distegocarpus ( Sieb. et Zucc. ) Sarg. Sect. 2. Carpinus

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本文采用蛋白电泳技术研究大河猪血液蛋白多态性。共分析了大河猪36个遗传位点,其中AKP、CAT、DIA、ES、PA、6PGD、TF等7个位点检测到多态性,多态位点百分比P=0.1944,平均杂合度H=0.0864。结果表明大河猪的血液蛋白多态程度较高,反映在蛋白质水平上的遗传多样性较为丰富

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Manu National Park of southern Peru is one of the most renowned protected areas in the world, yet large-bodied vertebrate surveys conducted to date have been restricted to Cocha Cashu Biological Station, a research station covering <0.06 percent of the 1.7Mha park. Manu Park is occupied by >460 settled Matsigenka Amerindians, 300-400 isolated Matsigenka, and several, little-known groups of isolated hunter-gatherers, yet the impact of these native Amazonians on game vertebrate populations within the park remains poorly understood. On the basis of 1495 km of standardized line-transect censuses, we present density and biomass estimates for 23 mammal, bird, and reptile species for seven lowland and upland forest sites in Manu Park, including Cocha Cashu. We compare these estimates between hunted and nonhunted sites within Manu Park, and with other Neotropical forest sites. Manu Park safeguards some of the most species-rich and highest biomass assemblages of arboreal and terrestrial mammals ever recorded in Neotropical forests, most likely because of its direct Andean influence and high levels of soil fertility. Relative to Barro Colorado Island, seed predators and arboreal folivores in Manu are rare, and generalist frugivores specializing on mature fruit pulp are abundant. The impact of such a qualitative shift in the vertebrate community on the dynamics of plant regeneration, and therefore, on our understanding of tropical plant ecology, must be profound. Despite a number of external threats, Manu Park continues to serve as a baseline against which other Neotropical forests can be gauged.

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Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is being analyzed by an increasing number of laboratories in order to investigate its potential role as an active marker of tumorigenesis in various types of cancer. Here we question the conclusions drawn in most of these investigations, especially those published in high-rank cancer research journals, under the evidence that a significant number of these medical mtDNA studies are based on obviously flawed sequencing results. Methods and Findings In our analyses, we take a phylogenetic approach and employ thorough database searches, which together have proven successful for detecting erroneous sequences in the fields of human population genetics and forensics. Apart from conceptual problems concerning the interpretation of mtDNA variation in tumorigenesis, in most cases, blocks of seemingly somatic mutations clearly point to contamination or sample mix-up and, therefore, have nothing to do with tumorigenesis. Conclusion The role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis remains unclarified. Our findings of laboratory errors in many contributions would represent only the tip of the iceberg since most published studies do not provide the raw sequence data for inspection, thus hindering a posteriori evaluation of the results. There is no precedent for such a concatenation of errors and misconceptions affecting a whole subfield of medical research.

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为了比较不同地域萤火虫荧光素酶基因的进化关系,通过GenBank中已知的荧光素酶基因保守区段设计引物,利用5'-RACE(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends)和3'-RACE技术克隆了来自云南省文山州和西双版纳州的同种卵黄萤荧光素酶基因cDNA和全基因序列.来自不同地域的2种卵黄萤荧光素酶在基因序列上存在3个不同碱基位点,但是它们编码的荧光素酶只存在1个不同的氨基酸.卵黄萤荧光素酶基因全长(从起始密码子到终止密码子)1998 bp,包含7个外显子,6个内含子,其cDNA序列共1976 bp,包含102 bp 5'UTR(untranslated region)、1635 bp的荧光素酶基因开放阅读框和239 bp的3'UTR序列.卵黄萤荧光素酶基因的开放阅读框编码1个544个氨基酸的蛋白质,比同属的其它几种荧光素酶少4个氨基酸.来自2个不同地域的卵黄萤荧光素酶在进化上是比较保守的,它们与北美萤火虫Photinus pyralis荧光素酶在碱基序列上分别有62.9%和63%相似性.

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用Balb/c雄小鼠的脾细胞和皮肤组织对同系雌小鼠脾脏作一次直接免疫和5次腹腔加强免疫,雌小鼠产生良好的免疫应答。其抗血清用未经免疫的雌小鼠脾细胞吸收后,经细胞毒性法检测,H-Y抗血清的效价可达1:1024;选择免疫应答最好的2只雌小鼠,取其脾细胞与NS-1骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,融合率100%,经3次有限稀释克隆后,取4只阳性最强的杂交瘤细胞制备腹水。取其中一株的腹水采用胚胎细胞毒法进行特异性鉴定,结果其对20个正常胚胎中的7个有杀伤溶解现象。4株细胞系分泌的抗体(腹水)以精子细胞毒法测定其效价分别为1:512、1:512、1:256和1:128。

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用不同浓度的微囊藻毒素(MC-RR)处理自滇池分离的水华束丝藻,研究了MC-RR对水华束丝藻的生理特性和超微结构的影响.结果显示:10μg/L的MC-RR可轻微促进水华束丝藻的生长,而100μg/L和1 000μg/L的MC-RR对水华束丝藻表现为急性致死效应.藻的生理机能完全破坏,可溶性碳水化合物和蛋白质含量上升,光合系统PSⅡ活性迅速降为零.藻丝在48 h后开始断裂、解体,并逐渐溶解.其超微结构显示细胞膜受损,藻细胞内含物几乎完全渗漏.以上结果说明,微囊藻毒素对水华束丝藻有显著的溶藻效应,微囊藻毒素在

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Khawia saurogobii n. sp. is described from the intestine of the cyprinid fishes Saurogobio dabryi and Saurogobio dumerili in China. The new species belongs to the Lytocestidae and is placed in Khawia because of its afossate scolex, vitelline follicles in the cortical parenchyma, uterus not looping anterior to the cirrus sac, gonopores separate but close together in distinct genital atrium, external seminal vesicle absent, and postovarian follicles present. The new species differs from other congeneric species by the shape of the body markedly tapering posteriorly from the end of the anterior third, the shape of the scolex that is very short and markedly wider than the neck, spatulate without incisions, but shallow superficial grooves, vitelline follicles and testes starting immediately posterior to the scolex, and an ovary with long, posterior arms bent medially, thus giving the shape of an inverted A.