68 resultados para Ubiquitin promoter

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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In this study, the background activity of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) was analyzed histochemically and fluorometrically in the negative control of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta) thalli, showing low level of activity. GUS gene transformation without selectable gene in L. japonica was performed using four different promoters, i.e., Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S) from cauliflower mosaic virus, ubiquitin promoter (UBI) from maize, adenine-methyl transfer enzyme gene promoter (AMT) from virus in green alga Chlorella, and fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding protein gene promoter (FCP) from diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The GUS transient activity was determined fluorometrically after bombarding sliced parthenogenetic sporophytes explants, and it was found that the activity resulting from CaMV35S and FCP promoters (in 114.3 and 80.6 pmol MU min(-1) (mg protein)(-1), respectively) was higher than for the other two promoters. The female gametophytes were bombarded and regenerated parthenogenetic sporophytes. FCP was the only promoter that resulted in detectable GUS chimeric expression activity during histochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction. Results of Southern blot showed that GUS gene was integrated with the L. japonica genome.

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CCCH型锌指蛋白是进化上比较保守的一类锌指蛋白家族,其典型的氨基酸的基序为C-X7-8-C-X5-C-X3-H,其中X为任意氨基酸,这类锌指基序一般以重复的双拷贝形式存在。本论文克隆并鉴定了一个全新的、只含有一个CCCH型锌指基序的基因,利用反义RNA策略研究该基因功能,结果发现该基因的反义转基因植株表现出叶夹角增大的表型,因此我们将该基因命名为OsLIC1(Oryza sativa Lamina Increased Leaf Angle Control 1)。生物信息学分析发现该基因定位于水稻6号染色体近端粒的一端,位于BAC克隆AP004324中。OsLIC1与通常的CCCH型锌指蛋白含有多个重复的CCCH锌指基序不同,它只含有一个CCCH型锌指基序。除了CCCH锌指结构域以外,该蛋白在靠近C-端的位置还有一段丝氨酸(Ser)富集的区域,在此区域之前,还有一个在真核生物中相对保守的,以EELR为核心基序的结构域。采用基因枪将含OsLIC1-GFP融合构建的瞬时表达载体轰击入洋葱内表皮细胞,激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现OsLIC1-GFP可以定位到细胞核中。利用酵母转录激活系统发现以EELR为核心基序的结构域具有转录激活的功能。体外核酸结合活性分析显示OsLIC1蛋白可以结合双链DNA,这些结果证明OsLIC1是一个转录因子,这也是在植物中首次发现CCCH型锌指蛋白可以作为转录因子的方式调节基因的表达。 用玉米泛素启动子(Maize Ubiquitin promoter)驱动OsLIC1基因的反义表达载体转化水稻,获得的内源OsLIC1基因表达量下降的转基因植株表现出三个明显的表型:转基因植株的叶夹角增大;转基因的株高低于对照以及转基因植株的穗粒数减少。扫描电镜观察发现转基因植株叶夹角增大是由于近轴面细胞排列发生了改变以及维管束发育受阻引起的。转基因植株的Southern Blot和RT-PCR分析,结合Western Blot分析证明了转基因植株的表型与转基因事件之间的直接联系,并证明了转基因植株中内源OsLIC1在蛋白水平的确受到了抑制。采用RT-PCR技术、Promoter::GUS和RNA in situ杂交三种方法相结合研究OsLIC1基因的表达模式,结果表明OsLIC1基因主要在叶颈、节以及分蘖原基中表达,这与转基因植株的表型相吻合,进一步证明了转基因植株的表型与基因功能之间的关系。Affymetrix 水稻全基因组芯片分析结果显示许多受油菜素内酯诱导表达的基因在转基因植株的叶颈材料中表达量上调,RT-PCR进一步验证了这一结果。由于在转基因植株中出现的叶夹角增大的表型和水稻油菜素内酯的作用相似,而基因芯片的结果又从分子水平提供了证据和线索。进一步采用RT-PCR和Promoter::GUS相结合的方法研究OsLIC1基因对油菜素内酯的响应,结果发现OsLIC1基因可以被油菜素内酯诱导表达。而且,OsLIC1基因的反义转基因植株与野生型相比,表现出对油菜素内酯信号更敏感的响应。根据以上结果,推测OsLIC1可能是水稻油菜素内酯信号转导途径的负调控因子。水稻油菜素内酯合成和信号转导的突变体d2-1和d61-1具有直立的叶片的特征。用反义OsLIC1转基因植株以及野生型水稻与d2-1和d61-1突变体分别进行遗传杂交,结果发现在反义OsLIC1转基因植株与d2-1和d61-1突变体的杂交F1代中,都表现出叶夹角增大的表型。但是,在F2代中,在d2-1和d61-1纯合背景下,分别表现出叶夹角增大和叶片直立的表型,说明OsLIC1上位于d2-1,而d61-1则上位于OsLIC1。这一结果进一步证明了OsLIC1是通过参与水稻油菜素内酯信号调节而发挥对水稻叶夹角的调控作用。

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Rubisco 是催化光合暗反应第一步反应的酶,是唯一能将CO2 转变成碳水化合物的酶,由它固定和最后转化成的碳水化合物提供了植物、动物和微生物的食物和能量。但是,Rubisco 催化该反应的效率十分低,使之成为光合作用的限速步骤。由于Rubisco 的合成和催化过程十分复杂,人们很难通过直接改造Rubisco 提高植物固定CO2 的能力。而Rubisco 活化酶能活化Rubisco,使植物在生理CO2 浓度下具有最大的CO2 同化速率,因此研究活化酶有重要意义。水稻活化酶有2 个同工酶,大型同工酶比小型同工酶C 端多37 个氨基酸,其中包括两个Cys 残基。这两个Cys 残基的存在使活化酶大型同工酶对ADP 的存在更加敏感,其活性在硫氧还蛋白的介导下能被基质中氧化还原状态的变化所调节。由于活化酶大型同工酶对调节Rubisco 的活性具有的这种特殊作用,在本研究中,将活化酶大型同工酶rca基因用正义和反义引入水稻基因组,获得了过量表达活化酶大型同工酶基因和反义抑制活化酶基因表达的转基因植株,对其光合作用进行了生理和生化分析。 本研究的主要结果如下: Rubisco 活化酶大型同工酶基因的克隆:从水稻镇恢249 中克隆了1525 bp 的活化酶大型同工酶cDNA 序列。经过测序,它与报道的粳稻品种活化酶大型同工酶cDNA 序列(rca)完全相同。 构建了4 个植物表达载体:3 个为过量表达rca的载体,分别是pCBUbirca,pCBSrca 和 pCBSUbirca ,其中rca分别在水稻中高效表达的玉米Ubiquitin 启动子、受光调控的Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子和由这两个启动子构成的双启动子控制下表达; 1 个在Ubiquitin 启动子控制的反义rca载体,即 pCBUbi-antirca。 获得了转化rca的水稻再生植株:用日本晴,台北309,武育梗7 号和籼稻品种培矮64S 水稻成熟种子诱导愈伤组织。用改良的农杆菌浸染法将rca基因转化这些愈伤组织,在潮霉素筛选压力下获得抗性愈伤组织,经过2 天的干燥处理后,转入到含山梨醇的高渗分化培养基上培养,能迅速获得大量的芽和转化体再生植株。 获得了转rca基因的水稻植株:抗性愈伤组织和再生水稻幼苗的叶片经GUS 染色呈蓝黑色。PCR 扩增转基因水稻基因组内的潮霉素基因和rca,大部分转基因水稻中含有841 bp 的潮霉素基因片段和1525 bp 长的rca cDNA 片段。251 粒T1 代转基因水稻种子中189粒呈现潮霉素抗性,抗性种子/非抗性种子的比率约为3:1,接近孟德尔分离规律。Southern杂交表明rca序列已整合到水稻基因组,一般含1-2个拷贝。Western 杂交显示Rubisco 活化酶含量在转pCBUbi -antirca 的水稻中和对照比,几乎看不出,被反义抑制;转pCBUbirca 的水稻与对照含量相差无几;转pCBSUbirca,pCBSrca 载体的水稻中活化酶的含量比对照有极显著的增加。 T1 代转rca水稻的光合作用发生显著变化:转pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 的水稻在饱和光强下的Rubisco 初始活性、羧化效率、光合速率都明显高于对照,但是表观量子效率、色素含量和Rubisco 总活性与对照相似。两者相比,前者比后者更高;转反义rca(pCBUbi-antirca)基因的水稻饱和光强下的光合速率、表观量子效率、羧化效率、Rubisco 初始活性明显降低,色素含量和Rubisco 总活性基本不变;转pCBUbirca 的水稻中,光合作用的各项参数与对照基本相似。 T1 代转rca水稻的叶绿素荧光明显改变:转pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 的水稻ΦPSII 的值明显高于对照,而且前者qP 的值明显高于对照。两者相比,前者的ΦPSII 和qP 的值比后者高;转反义rca的水稻ΦPSII,F′v/F′m,qP 值和对照比都明显降低,但qN 的值升高;转pCBUbirca 载体的水稻中,叶绿素荧光的各项参数与对照基本相似。 转rca基因的水稻生长发育的变化:转pCBUbirca 载体的水稻整个生长发育过程与对照相似;转化pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 载体的水稻和对照比,植株高大,生长发育速度加快,抽穗、开花和结籽的时间提前。两者本身相比,前者比后者明显;转反义rca(pCBUbi-antirca)基因的水稻生长发育延迟,植株矮小,种子败育。 由上可见,Rubisco 活化酶大型同工酶rca基因在Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子、Ubiquitin 基因启动子和Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子共同控制下正义转入水稻的转基因植物光合作用的参数最好,光合效率提高,植物表型最好,生长发育加快,提前开花结籽。这一研究可能为获得高光合效率和高产量的水稻奠定了基础。

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水稻Angrp-1基因编码富含甘氨酸蛋白质。氨基酸序列分析表明该蛋白在氨基端可能存在一个信号肽序列,其后为富含甘氨酸序列。亲水性指数显示AnGRP-1蛋白包含两个区域。第一个区域由氨基端的1到27氨基酸残基组成。为强疏水性区。该肽段的氨基端为带正电荷号肽特征。与水稻Osgrp-1和菜豆grp1.8基因编码的信号肽进行同源性比较,发现这三种信号肽具有alafLvLLNIg同源序列。AnGRP-1蛋白的第二区域由第28到183氨基酸残基组成。该区域富含甘氨酸,具轻度亲水性,并且含有15个Gly-Tyr-Gly基序,这些基序中的酷西安酸残基之间相互作用,有可能形成分子间或分子内的连接。 利用水稻原生质体瞬间表达系统,比较Angrp-1基因启动子283bp和-1020bp片段,以及Ubiquitin启动子、Actin启动子和35S启动子的活性。结果表明,在水稻原生质体瞬间表达中,Angrp-1基因的两个启动子片段活性较低,接近本底。三个对照的组成型启动子中,以Ubiquitin启动子的活性最强,Actin启动子次之, 35S启动子最弱。根据以上结果推测水稻Angrp-1基因的表达可能具有组织或发育特异异表达和特性。 为研究Angrp-1基因的稳定表达与调控特性,将Angrp-1基因的启动子缺失片段1020bp、941bp、568bp和182bp分别与GUS基因融合,得到pGRP6-121、pGRP7-121、pGRP8-121和pGRP9-121等4个克隆,进行烟草转化,获得转基因植株。GUS活性测定表明在-1020到-568之间,随缺失增多,启动子活性下降。当缺失至-182时,182bp的启动子片段活性高于568bp片段。因此,Angrp-1基因5'端-1020到-568之间存在正调控序列,在-568至-182之间存在负调控序列。对pGRP6-121的烟草转基因植株进行GUS组织染色和活性测发现,GUS基因在维管组织优先表达。在根、茎、叶三种器官中,叶和茎的表达量最高。营养生长期的表达量高于生殖生长期。用2283bp和1020bp的启动子片段分别与GUS基因融合,转化水稻,转化体的GUS组织学染色表明Gus基因具有维管束优先表达特性。因此,Angrp-1基因的表达具有较明显的组织、器官和发育特异性。 水稻AnGRP-1蛋白的免疫组织定位分析表明,Angrp-1基因产物主要定位于水稻的维管组织。利用免疫金方法对AnGRP-1蛋白进行超微结构定位,发现金颗粒主要分布于水稻细胞的细胞壁中。因此,可基本确定AnGRP-1蛋白为细胞壁蛋白。在细胞内的内质网和高尔基体上面或附近也有金颗粒的分布,表明至少有部分AnGRP-1蛋白经过内质网-高尔基体-质膜途径,最终达到细胞壁。 为研究Angrp-1基因编码的信号肽功能,将其信号肽与GUS的氨基端融合,分别置于35S启动子和Angrp-1基因1020bp启动子片段控制之下,得到克隆p35s-SP-GUS-121和pGRP6-SP-GUS-121,分别以pBI121和pGRP6-121作对照,进行烟草基因转化。转化体的GUS活性分析表明,在35S启动子控制下,加与不加信号肽对GUS活性影响不大。但是,在Angrp-1基因的1020bp启动子片段作用下,信号肽与GUS融合后的转化体中其本不表现GUS活性。利用免疫金方法进行的超微结构定位表明,在p35S-SP-GUS-121和pGRP6-SP-GUS-121转化的烟草植株中,均可在细胞壁中检测室GUS产物的存在,因此AnGRP-1的信号肽能引导GUS从细胞质分泌细胞壁中。 以Angrp-1基因5'端的-568到+1作探针,发现Angrp-1基因以在水稻窄叶青和京系17两个亲本中存在多态性,并进一步将Angrp-1基因定位于水稻第10号染色体上。

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CpG islands (CGIs) are often considered as gene markers, but the number of CGIs varies among mammalian genomes that have similar numbers of genes. In this study, we investigated the distribution of CGIs in the promoter regions of 3,197 human-mouse ortholo

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The recent release of the domestic dog genome provides us with an ideal opportunity to investigate dog-specific genomic features. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of CpG islands (CGIs), which are often considered gene markers, in the dog

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Modification of proteins by ubiquitination plays important roles in various cellular processes. During this process, the target specificity is determined by ubiquitin ligases. Here we identify RNF220 (RING finger protein 220) as a novel ubiquitin ligase for Sin3B. As a conserved RING protein, RNF220 can bind E2 and mediate auto-ubiquitination of itself. Through a yeast two-hybrid screen, we isolated Sin3B as one of its targets, which is a scaffold protein of the Sin3/HDAC (histone deacetylase) corepressor complex. RNF220 specifically interacts with Sin3B both in vitro and in vivo. Sin3B can be regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Co-expression of RNF220 promotes the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Sin3B. Taken together, these results reveal a new mechanism for regulating the Sin3/HDAC complex. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Physiological functions of human genes may be studied by gene-knockout experiments in model organisms such as the mouse. This strategy relies on the existence of one-to-one gene orthology between the human and mouse. When lineage-specific gene duplication occurs and paralogous genes share a certain degree of functional redundancy, knockout mice may not provide accurate functional information on human genes. Angiogenin is a small protein that stimulates blood-vessel growth and promotes tumor development. Humans and related primates only have one angiogenin gene, while mice have three paralogous genes. This makes it difficult to generate angiogenin-knockout mice and even more difficult to interpret the genotype-phenotype relation from such animals should they be generated. We here show that in the douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus), an Asian leaf-eating colobine monkey, the single-copy angiogenin gene has a one-nucleotide deletion in the sixth codon of the mature peptide, generating a premature stop codon. This nucleotide deletion is found in five unrelated individuals sequenced, and therefore is likely to have been fixed in the species. Five colobine species that are closely related to the douc langur have intact angiogenin genes, suggesting that the pseudogenization event was recent and unique to the douc langur lineage. This natural knockout experiment suggests that primate angiogenin is dispensable even in the wild. Further physiological studies of douc largurs may offer additional information on the role of this cancer-related gene in normal physiology of primates, including humans. Our findings also provide a strong case for the importance of evolutionary analysis in biomedical studies of gene functions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Previous studies have indicated that genetic variations in the factors of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway could influence human life-span by affecting IGF-1 levels. The promoter region of the IGF-1 gene is an obvious candida