碳酸盐岩风化过程中的U－Th不平衡研究－以黔中、黔北为例

为了进一步获得贵州碳酸盐岩风化成土过程的信息，为测定风化成土速率的研究工作奠定基础，本次研究工作通过U－Th的地球化学特征与主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素的地球化学特征的对比研究以及U－Th不平衡来研究贵州两个碳酸盐岩风化剖面的风化成土过程，并得出以下总体认识： 贵州碳酸盐岩风化剖面中的238U－234U－230Th不平衡说明风化剖面中的U－Th不平衡与风化过程密切相关，与风化壳中矿物和铁壳的演化特征密切相关。风化剖面不仅被简单的持续积累或者滤失过程所控制，而且被每一个土层中的复杂的重组过程所影响。U－Th不平衡也说明风化系统的扰动可能与中更新世晚期的气候变化有关。风化剖面中的U－Th不平衡是由母岩碳酸盐岩的风化、风化流体的溶解作用、表土层中的有机质、铁质结核带中的氧化铁矿物以及伊利石、高岭石等粘土矿物对U、Th的吸附作用、α反冲作用以及微生物的还原作用等共同作用的结果。 具体结论如下： （1）两个风化剖面中的U、Th都在半风化层中相对基岩强烈富集，安顺白云岩风化剖面中U、Th在全风化层中下部富集；而遵义石灰岩风化剖面中的U在全风化层中部富集，Th在全风化层上部富集，然后向表土层逐渐减少。 （2）U、Th在半风化层中相对基岩强烈富集，是因为在半风化层中，基岩中的原生矿物发生溶解、蚀变，生成新的次生粘土矿物伊利石，而伊利石对U、Th具有强烈的吸附能力。风化剖面中U、Th的富集主要与地表水的淋滤作用以及铁壳在进一步的风化过程中溶解释放出其中所富集的U、Th，而U、Th向下重新迁移的过程有关。 （3）风化剖面中U、Th的分布特征说明U、Th的含量与风化过程密切相关，与风化壳中的矿物和铁壳的演化特征密切相关。遵义石灰岩风化剖面中U、Th的淋失程度比安顺白云岩风化剖面中U、Th的淋失程度弱也说明了遵义石灰岩风化剖面的风化程度要低于安顺白云岩风化剖面的风化程度。 （4）安顺白云岩风化剖面中，234U/238U在<1和＞1之间交替变化。除在剖面中部，230Th/238U≈1外，230Th/238U基本上都＞1。 （5）安顺白云岩风化剖面中的238U －234U－230Th不平衡表明：安顺白云岩风化剖面中的U－Th不平衡是母岩碳酸盐岩的风化、风化流体的溶解作用、表土层中的有机质、铁质结核带中的氧化铁矿物以及伊利石、高岭石等粘土矿物对234U、230Th的吸附作用、α反冲作用以及微生物的还原作用等共同作用的结果。 （6）遵义石灰岩风化剖面中234U/238U除少数几个点外，大多数采样点的234U/238U都＜1。除了少数几个点外，大部分230Th/238U＞1。 （7）遵义石灰岩风化剖面中的238U －234U－230Th不平衡表明：234U－238U不平衡主要是由地表水和入渗水的溶解作用以及α反冲作用为主要的控制机制。而风化剖面中230Th－238U不平衡主要是由表土层中的有机质、高岭石、氧化铁矿物以及伊利石对230Th吸附作用和α反冲作用共同作用的结果。 （8）将U的迁移模型应用于本研究中的两个碳酸盐岩风化剖面，说明这两个风化剖面都被U的近期积累或者滤失过程所影响，风化系统处于过渡的不稳定状态，并通过U在风化剖面中的重新迁移将系统带回稳定状态。 （9）由等时线定年法计算出的安顺白云岩风化剖面的年龄范围为：87.0±7.8－479.2±47.9ka；遵义石灰岩风化剖面的年龄范围为：62.3±8.7－353.3±31.8ka。 （10）由等时线定年法可知：两个风化系统将在～1.1Ma达到稳定状态。 （11）碳酸盐岩风化剖面应用U的迁移模型得出的U的迁移过程与风化剖面中主量元素和微量元素的迁移特征相吻合，说明模型的选择是正确的。 （12）整个风化剖面的238U－234U－230Th不平衡说明风化剖面中的U－Th不平衡与风化过程密切相关，与风化壳中矿物和铁壳的演化特征密切相关。风化系统的扰动可能与中更新世晚期的气候变化有关。碳酸盐岩风化剖面被U的近期迁移过程所影响，风化剖面中的每一个单元甚至每一个土样都具有复杂的历史。这些单元或者土样是古老的风化历史和近期的重新迁移过程的叠加。

Production cross section of Th-236 in the interaction of U-238 with 60 MeV/u O-18 ions

The neutron-rich target-like isotope Th-236 has been produced in the U-238-2p multinucleon transfer reaction between a 60 MeV/u O-18 beam and natural U-238 targets. The activities of thorium were determined after radiochemical separation of Th from the mixture of uranium and reaction products. The Th-236 isotope was identified by the characteristic gamma-rays of 642.2, 687.6 and 229.6 keV. The production cross section of Th-236 was determined to be 250 +/- 50 mu b.

Production cross-section of Th-236 in the interaction of U-238 with 60MeV/u O-18 Ions

The neutron-rich target-like isotope Th-236 was produced in U-238-2p multinucleon transfer reaction between a 60MeV/u O-18 beam and nature U-238 targets. The thorium activities were radiochemically separated from the mixture of uranium and reaction products. The isotope Th-236 was identified by 642.2keV, 687.6keV and 229.6keV characteristic gamma-rays. The production cross section of Th-236 has been determined to be 250 +/- 50 mu b.

Sensitive determination of Cd and Pb by differential pulse stripping voltammetry with in situ bismuth-modified zeolite doped carbon paste electrodes

Here we investigated the analytical performances of the bismuth-modified zeolite doped carbon paste electrode (BiF-ZDCPE) for trace Cd and Pb analysis. The characteristics of bismuth-modified electrodes were improved greatly via addition of synthetic zeolite into carbon paste. To obtain high reproducibility and sensitivity, optimum experimental conditions for bismuth deposition Were Studied.

Cyclic voltammetric and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroelectrochemical studies on the reaction of Cd2+ on the plussian blue/platinum modified electrode

Plussian blue(PB)/Pt modified electrode Tvas studied in the CdCl2 electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry and in situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry. It was found that Cadmium ion was capable of substituting the high-spin iron of PB in an electrochemically induced substitution reaction and hexacyanoferrate cadmium (CdHCF) can be formed in the PB film. But PB and CdHCF in mixture film showed their own electrochemistry properties without serious effect on each other. The mechanism of substitution reaction has been given in detail.

A novel in-situ spectroelectrochemical technique with probe beam deflection: For study of the ion exchange between films on electrode surface and solutions

A novel in-situ spectroelectrochemical technique, the combination of probe beam deflection (PBD) with cyclic voltammetry (CV), was used to study the ion exchange process of prussian blue(PB) modified film electrode in contact with various electrolyte solutions. The ion exchange mechanism was verified as following: (K2Fe2+FeII)(CN)(6) -e(-)-k(+)reversible arrow +e(-)+k(+) (KFe3+FeII)(CN)(6) -ke(-)-xk(+)reversible arrow +xe(-)+kk(+) [(Fe3+FeIII)(CN)(6)](x)[(KFe3+FeII)(CN)(6)](1-x) where on reduction PB film in contact with an acidic KCl electrolyte, it was confirmed that protons enter into the PB film before K+ cations.

Density-dependent effects on seston dynamics and rates of filtering and biodeposition of the suspension-cultured scallop Chlamys farreri in a eutrophic bay (northern China): An experimental study in semi-in situ flow-through systems

Effects of stocking density on seston dynamics and filtering and biodeposition by the suspension-cultured Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston in a eutrophic bay (Sishili Bay, northern China), were determined in a 3-month semi-field experiment with continuous flow-through seawater from the bay. Results showed that the presence of the scallops could strongly decrease seston and chlorophyll a concentrations in the water column. Moreover, in a limited water column, increasing scallop density could cause seston depletion due to scallop's filtering and biodeposition process, and impair scallop growth. Both filtration rate and biodeposition rate of C. farreri showed significant negative correlation with their density and positive relationship with seston concentration. Calculation predicts that the daily removal of suspended matter from water column by the scallops in Sishili Bay ecosystem can be as high as 45% of the total suspended matter; and the daily production of biodeposits by the scallops in early summer in farming zone may amount to 7.78 g m(-2), with daily C, N and P biodeposition rates of 3.06 x 10(-1), 3.86 x 10(-2) and 9.80 x 10(-3) g m(-2), respectively. The filtering and biodeposition by suspension-cultured scallops could substantially enhance the deposition of total suspended particulate material, suppress accumulation of particulate organic matter in water column, and increase the flux of C, N and P to benthos, strongly enhancing pelagic-benthic coupling. It was suggested that the filtering-biodeposition process by intensively suspension-cultured bivalve filter-feeders could exert strong top-down control on phytoplankton biomass and other suspended particulate material in coastal ecosystems. This study also indicated that commercially suspension-cultured bivalves may simultaneously and potentially aid in mitigating eutrophication pressures on coastal ecosystems subject to anthropogenic N and P loadings, serving as a eutrophic-environment bioremediator. The ecological services (e.g. filtering capacity, top-down control, and benthic-pelagic coupling) functioned by extractive bivalve aquaculture should be emphasized in coastal ecosystems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

中国北方风成堆积的风化作用与环境变迁—U-Th、~(10)Be及元素地球化学的研究

The surface of the Earth is continuously undergoing changes as a result of weathering-erosion, plate tectonics and volcanic processes. Continental weathering-erosion with its complex rock-water interactions is the central process of global biochemical cycling of elements, and affects the long-term ocean atmosphere budget of carbon dioxide both through the consumption of carbonic acid during silicate weathering and through changes in the weathering and burial rates of organic carbon. Rates of the weathering-erosion depend on a variety of factors, in particular rock properties and chemical composition, climate (especially rainfall), structure, and elevation. They are quite variable on a regional scale. Thus, environmental changes in a region could be indicated by the history of weathering-erosion in the region. Recent attention has focused on increased silicate weathering of tectonically uplifted areas in the India-Asia collision zone as a possible cause for falling atmospheric CO_2 levels in the Cenozoic era. The wind blown dust deposits in the Loess Plateau is derived from the arid and semiarid regions in northwestern China, in turn, where the deposits have been derived from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the high mountains around. Therefore, geochemistry of the wind blown loess-paleosol and red clay sequences may provide insight both to paleoenvironmental changes on the Loess Plateau, and to the uplift and weathering-erosion histories of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In this paper, uranium-thorium series nuclides and cosmogenic ~(10)Be have been employed as tracers of weathering intensities and histories of the dust sediments in the Loess Plateau. Major elements, such as Na, Al, Fe etc., are also used to estimate degree of chemical alteration of the dust sediments and to rebuild the history of weathering on the Loess Plateau. First of all, using a low-level HPGe γ-ray detector, we measured U and Th series nuclides in 170 loess and paleosol samples from five sites in the Loess Plateau, going back 2.6 Ma. The results show that ~(238)U activities are disequilibrium with its daughter nuclide ~(230)Th in young loess-paleosol sequence, indicating that weathering was happened both in dust deposition site and in dust source regions. Using concentrations of ~(238)U and ~(232)Th in the samples, we estimated the amounts of ~(238)U leached out of from paleosols due to weathering. Further, based on analyses of ~(230)Th in paleosols deposited in the past ca. 140 ka, we determined when the paleosols weathered in the source regions. We conclude that most of the weathering in the dust-source regions may have occurred during the interglacials before dust deposition.

Microstructure and wear resistance of in situ TiCp composite coating by laser cladding

A new in situ method was realized by one step laser cladding to produce Ni-base alloy composite coating reinforced by in situ reacted and gradiently distributed TiCp particles. The submicron TiCp particles were formed and uniformly distributed because of the in situ reaction and trapping effect under the rapid solidification condition. And, TiCp particles were of gradient distribution on a macro scale and their volume fraction increased from 1.86% at the layer/substrate interface to a maximum 38.4% at the surface of the layer. Furthermore, the in situ generated TiCp/gamma-Ni interfaces were free from deleterious surface reactions. Additionally, the clad coating also revealed a high microhardness of gradient variation with the layer depth and the superior abrasive wear resistance.

Laser Melted TiC Reinforced Nickel Aluminide Matrix in situ Composites

Titanium carbide reinforced nickel aluminide matrix in situ composites were produced using a newly patented laser melting furnace. Microstructure of the laser melted TiC/(Ni3Al–NiAl) in situ composites was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that the constituent phases in the laser melted in situ composites are TiC, Ni3Al and NiAl. Volume fraction of TiC and NiAl increase with increasing content of titanium and carbon. The growth morphology of the reinforcing TiC carbide has typically faceted features, indicating that the lateral growth mechanism is still predominant growth mode under rapid.

Adlayer Structures of DL-Homocysteine and L-Homocysteine Thiolactone on Au(111) Surface: an in situ STM Study

The adsorption Of DL-homocysteine (Hcy) and L-homocysteine thiolactone (HTL) on Au(1 1 1) electrode was investigated in 0.1 M HClO4 by cyclic voltammetry and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Hcy and HTL molecules formed highly ordered adlayers on Au(1 1 1) surface. High-resolution STM images revealed the orientation and packing arrangement in the ordered adlayers. Hcy molecules formed (2root3 x 3root3)R30degrees adlayer structure and H-bonds between carboxyl groups were assumed to be responsible for the origin of tail-to-tail or head-to-head molecular arrangement, while HTL molecules formed (4 x 6) adlayer structure, and two different orientations and appearances in the ordered adlayer were found. Structural models were proposed for the two adlayers.

In situ formation by laser cladding of a TiC composite coating with a gradient distribution

An in situ method was developed to produce an Ni alloy composite coating reinforced by in situ reacted TiC particles with a gradient distribution, using one-step laser cladding with a pre-placed powder mixture on a 5CrMnMo steel substrate. Dispersed and ultra-fine TIC particles were formed in situ in the coating. Most. of the TiC particles, with a marked gradient distribution, were uniformly distributed within interdendritic regions because of the trapping effect of the advancing solid-liquid interface. In addition, the TiC-gamma-Ni interfaces generated in situ were found to be free from any deleterious surface reaction. Finally, the microhardness also showed a gradient variation, with the highest value of 1250 Hv0.2 and the wear properties of the coating were significantly enhanced.

In Situ Synthesis Of Nanocrystalline Intermetallic Layer During Surface Plastic Deformation Of Zirconium

By means of a surface plastic deformation method a nanocrystalline (NC) intermetallic compound was in situ synthesized on the surface layer of bulk zirconium (Zr). Hardened steel shots (composition: 1.0C, 1.5Cr, base Fe in wt.%) were used to conduct repetitive and multidirectional peening on the surface layer of Zr. The microstructure evolution of the surface layer was investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations. The NC intermetallic layer of about 25 gm thick was observed and confirmed by concentration profiles of Zr, Fe and Cr, and was found to consist of the Fe100-xCrx compound with an average grain size of 22 nm. The NC surface layer exhibited an extremely high average hardness of 10.2 GPa. The Zr base immediately next to the compound/Zr interface has a grain size of similar to 250 nm, and a hardness of similar to 3.4 GPa. The Fe100-xCrx layer was found to securely adhere to the Zr base. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Fracture Mechanisms And Size Effects Of Brittle Metallic Foams: In Situ Compression Tests Inside Sem

In situ compressive tests on specially designed small samples made from brittle metallic foams were accomplished in a loading device equipped in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Each of the small samples comprises only several cells in the effective test zone (ETZ), with one major cell in the middle. In such a system one can not only obtain sequential collapse-process images of a single cell and its cell walls with high resolution, but also correlate the detailed failure behaviour of the cell walls with the stress-strain response, therefore reveal the mechanisms of energy absorption in the mesoscopic scale. Meanwhile, the stress-strain behaviour is quite different from that of bulk foams in dimensions of enough large, indicating a strong size effect. According to the in situ observations, four failure modes in the cell-wall level were summarized, and these modes account for the mesoscopic mechanisms of energy absorption. Paralleled compression tests on bulk samples were also carried out, and it is found that both fracturing of a single cell and developing of fracture bands are defect-directed or weakness-directed processes. The mechanical properties of the brittle aluminum foams obtained from the present tests agree well with the size effect model for ductile cellular solids proposed by Onck et al. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.