The successful double cryopreservation of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) semen in large volume using the directional freezing technique with reduced concentration of cryoprotectant

Using directional freezing, Our objective was to cryopreserve rabbit semen and achieve fertility that was equal or higher than that achieved with conventional freezing. The working hypothesis was that controlling the ice-front propagation would allow redu

Study on the variation of chemical constituents during combination of ginseng with trogopteroum feces and semen raphani by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

A high performance liquid chroatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric method was developed for analysis and identification of ginsenosides from the decoction of ginseng, ginseng with trogopteroum feces and ginseng with semen raphani. Ten ginsenosides were separated and detected. The content variation of these ginsenosides was researched. The experimental results showed, that ginsenosides were less in compatible decoction than in separate one expect Ro. the stripping of ginsenosides were restrained by semen raphani and during combination of ginseng with trogopteroum feces, the precipitates were produced by ginsenosides.

等离子体射流产生与特性的实验研究

本文报道热等离子体射流产生及射流特性的实验研究结果.采用同一个直流等离子体发生器,工作气体流量小时产生出层流等离子体长射流,射流长度随气体流量或弧电流的增加而明显增加;工作气体流量大时则产生出湍流等离子体短射流,此时射流长度几乎与工作气体流量或弧电流无关;在层流与湍流等离子体射流工况之间,存在一个流动状况不稳定的过渡区,此时等离子体射流的平均长度随气流量的加大而减小,但随弧电流的加大而明显加大.层流等离子体长射流有相当好的刚性.

芍药属两物种染色体结构变异杂合性研究

芍药属由大约35个灌木和多年生草本种组成，分为三个组：牡丹组(Sect. Moutan)、北美芍药组(Sect. Onaepia)和芍药组(Sect. Paeonia)。四川牡丹(Paeonia decomposita Handel-Mazzetti)和块根芍药(P. intermedia Meyer)分别隶属于牡丹组和芍药组。在该属的所有种中，染色体基数均为 x = 5，最短的五号染色体是端部着丝粒染色体，很容易辨认。 本论文研究了块根芍药三个居群22个个体和四川牡丹两个居群13个个体的减数分裂。减数分裂异常广泛发生，以至于发现所有被研究的个体都有数量不等的桥、断片和单价体。结果表明在中期I，块根芍药第一个居群平均每个小孢子母细胞有2.17个棒状二价体和2.7个环形二价体，第二个居群平均每个细胞有2.04个棒状二价体和2.86个环形二价体，第三个居群平均每个细胞有2.21个棒状二价体和2.71个环形二价体。而在四川牡丹中，第一个居群平均每个小孢子母细胞有2.09个棒状二价体和2.81个环形二价体，第二个居群平均每个细胞有1.85个棒状二价体和3.08个环形二价体。 块根芍药第一个居群的平均减数分裂染色体构型是2n = 10 = 0.25 I + 4.87 II，第二个居群是2n = 10 = 0.20 I + 4.90 II，第三个居群是2n = 10 = 0.17 I + 4.92 II，在该种的平均构型是2n = 10 = 0.21 I + 4.89 II。四川牡丹第一个居群的平均减数分裂染色体构型是2n = 10 = 0.21 I + 4.90 II，第二个居群是2n = 10 = 0.14 I + 4.93 II，在该种的平均构型是2n = 10 = 0.20 I + 4.90 II。在块根芍药中，不同个体的配对系数变化范围在69.5%和81.07%之间，在四川牡丹中在72.97%和81.37%之间。 在后期I和末期I，出现了染色体桥、断片、落后染色体、不等分离等异常现象。最明显的减数分裂异常是后期I桥/断片。尽管在不同的居群中桥/断片异常出现的频率有所变化(块根芍药居群一是26.03%，居群二是11.67%，居群三是13.39%;四川牡丹居群一是7.59%，居群二是9%)，但是这种异常出现在所有个体中(块根芍药平均为18.67%，四川牡丹平均为7.69%)。结果表明，所有的个体都是染色体臂内倒位结构杂合体，广泛存在于野生自然居群中，可能存在某些选择优势。而且，桥的出现频率和断片的大小在个体之间是变化的，这因此表明在这两个种中存在不同的倒位。然而，这两个种在野生居群中是如何维持染色体结构杂合的，其维持机制还有待于进一步阐明，还需要更进一步的证据。 该研究还揭示了块根芍药和四川牡丹这两个种具有共同的第五号染色体减数分裂异常：与长臂相比，短臂在遗传距离和物理距离之间存在巨大的背离。短臂的遗传距离，通过交叉频率计算出来，约是长臂的三十分之一（块根芍药）。然而，物理距离用臂的比率表示，大约是长臂的三分之一，物理距离是遗传距离的十倍。 在四川牡丹红心桥居群和其它居群之间，臂比存在微小的差异，而且在芍药属不同的种内也发现了存在差异。在四川牡丹中，环形二价体(两个臂形成交叉)和棒状二价体(仅一个臂形成交叉)的比率是1.94 : 98.06，而在块根芍药中是3.42 : 96.58。在这两个种中，棒状二价体大大多于环形二价体。在第五号染色体的短臂上可能存在某些“搭车效应”，这表明第五号染色体的短臂上存在高度永久杂合，导致短臂高度保守、极为稳定。这与芍药属古老的分布格局、进化历史长可能存在某些联系。四川牡丹第五号染色体的后期I倒位桥出现频率非常低，仅为0.51 - 3.47%，平均为1.43%。而且断片长度是变化的，其变化范围在1.7 - 10.8 µm之间。

Cryopreservation of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) spermatozoa in a chemically defined extender

Aim: To establish a method for cynomolgus monkey sperm cryopreservation in a chemically defined extender. Methods: Semen samples were collected by electro-ejaculation from four sexually mature male cynomolgus monkeys. The spermatozoa were frozen in straws by liquid nitrogen vapor using egg-yolk-free Tes-Tris (mTTE) synthetic extender and glycerol as cryoprotectant. The effects of glycerol concentration (1%,3%, 5%, 10% and 15% [v/v]) and its equilibration time (10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 90 min) on post-thaw spermatozoa were examined by sperm motility and sperm head membrane integrity. Results: The post-thaw motility and head membrane integrity of spermatozoa were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for 5% glycerol (42.95 +/- 2.55 and 50.39 +/- 2.42, respectively) than those of the other groups (1%: 19.19 +/- 3.22 and 24.84 +/- 3.64; 3%: 34.23 +/- 3.43 and 41.37 +/- 3.42; 10%: 15.68 +/- 2.36 and 21.39 +/- 3.14; 15%: 7.47 +/- 1.44 and 12.90 +/- 2.18). The parameters for 30 min equilibration (42.95 2.55 and 50.39 2.42) were better (P < 0.05) than those of the other groups (10 min: 31.33 +/- 3.06 and 38. 98 +/- 3.31; 60 min: 32.49 +/- 3.86 and 40.01 +/- 4.18; 90 min: 31.16 +/- 3.66 and 38.30 +/- 3.78). Five percent glycerol and 30 min equilibration yielded the highest post-thaw sperm motility and head membrane integrity. Conclusion: Cynomolgus monkey spermatozoa can be successfully cryopreserved in a chemically defined extender, which is related to the concentration and the equilibration time of glycerol.

Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

P>Semen sample was collected from two captive adult Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) during physical examination. One individual was aged about 9 years with body length 143 cm (total length) and body weight 46.1 kg in 2003. The age of the other was unknown and its body length was 147 cm and body weight was 43 kg in 2004. Ultrastructure of their spermatozoa was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscope. The sperm concentration was 4.17 x 10(9) spermatozoa per ml by the cytometer. The approximate dimensions of the spermatozoa were as follows: head length, 3.366 +/- 0.140 mu m (mean +/- SE, n = 15); head width, 1.896 +/- 0.099 mu m (n = 15); and neck length, 1.004 +/- 0.074 mu m (n = 10). The tail included midpiece, principal piece and terminal piece. The length of the midpiece was 1.882 +/- 0.077 mu m (n = 9). There is no apparent boundary between the principal piece and the terminal piece, so the length of the principal piece and the terminal piece was 44.612 +/- 3.485 mu m (n = 5). Total length of the spermatozoa was 53.314 +/- 4.580 mu m (n = 10). The acrosome covered approximately 45.8% of the anterior portion of the head.

黄土丘陵区免耕条件下两种土壤酶活性变化

为了确定合理环保的耕作制度,2007~2008安塞田间定位试验黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine maxL)、玉米(Zea maysL)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosumLinn.)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性。结果表明:在作物花期,大豆、玉米土壤脲酶活性较高,蔗糖酶活性较低,而红小豆、马铃薯则与之相反,差异极显著。到作物收获后,玉米土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性增高,增幅在83%以上,而马铃薯、红小豆、大豆三种作物土壤脲酶活性降低,降幅在10%以上,蔗糖酶活性增强,增幅在40%以上。从花期到收获后,免耕降低了土壤脲酶活性,提高了土壤蔗糖酶活性,在黄土丘陵沟壑旱作农区两种土壤酶活性表现较优的作物为大豆、玉米,较优的处理为NM玉米、NF大豆,其田间环保效应为:作物生长期间两种酶活性比较高,收获后两种酶活性则降低,有利于提高作物生长期土壤肥效利用率,减少作物收获后温室气体的排放。

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持耕作及施肥下农田土壤种子库特征

为了探明多年免耕下农田恶性杂草发生的机理,提高保护性耕作下作物对农田恶性杂草持久稳定的抑制效果,依据陕西安塞田间4a的定位试验,采用小区调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,从物种组成、密度特征、多样性以及相似性特征等方面,研究了黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine max)、玉米(Zea mays)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤种子库。结果表明:(1)4种作物24种土样中共萌发出12个物种1965株幼苗,隶属于7科12属。1年生杂草占94%,棒头草(fugax nees ex steud)、苋菜(Acalypha australis)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、早熟禾(Poasphondylodes)为优势种,占87%。(2)在0～20cm土层不同处理间,土壤种子库的密度变动于(282.9±63.4)～(7482.5±1078.3)粒.m-2,其中,红小豆小区>马铃薯小区>大豆小区>玉米小区;翻耕小区>免...