50 resultados para Th pathways
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
The pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESC) are regulated by a variety of cytokines/growth factors with some species differences. We reported previously that rabbit ESC (rESC) are more similar to primate ESC than to mouse ESC. However,
Resumo:
Insect PGRPs can function as bacterial recognition molecules triggering proteolytic and/or signal transduction pathways, with the resultant production of antimicrobial peptides. To explore if zebrafish peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (zfPGRP-SC) has such effects, RNA interference (siRNA) and high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis were used to identify differentially expressed genes regulated by zfPGRP-SC. The mRNA levels for a set of genes involved in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, such as TLRs, SARM, MyD88, TRAF6 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B2 (p100/p52), were examined by quantitative RT-PCR (QT-PCR). The results from the arrays and QT-PCR showed that the expression of 133 genes was involved in signal transduction pathways, which included Toll-like receptor signaling, Wnt signaling, BMP signaling, insulin receptor signaling, TGF-beta signaling, GPCR signaling, small GTPase signaling, second-messenger-mediated signaling, MAPK signaling, JAK/STAT signaling, apoptosis and anti-apoptosis signaling and other signaling cascades. These signaling pathways may connect with each other to form a complex network to regulate not just immune responses but also other processes such as development and apoptosis. When transiently over-expressed in HEK293T cells, zfPGRP-SC inhibited NF-kappa B activity with and without lipopolysacharide (LPS) stimulation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
No detailed food web research on macroinvertebrate community of lacustrine ecosystem was reported in China. The present study is the first attempt on the subject in Lake Biandantang, a macrophytic lake in Hubei Province. Food webs of the macroinvertebrate community were compiled bimonthly from March, 2002 to March, 2003. Dietary information was obtained from gut analysis. Linkage strength was quantified by combining estimates of energy flow (secondary production) with data of gut analysis. The macroinvertebrate community of Lake Biandantang was based heavily on detritus. Quantitative food webs showed the total ingestion ranged from 6930 to 36,340 mg dry mass m(-2) bimonthly. The ingestion of macroinvertebrate community was higher in the months with optimum temperature than that in other periods with higher or lower temperature. Through comparison, many patterns in benthic food web of Lake Biandantang are consistent with other detritus-based webs, such as stream webs, but different greatly from those based on autochthonous primary production (e.g. pelagic systems). It suggests that the trophic basis of the web is essential in shaping food web structure.
Resumo:
本文用中空纤维膜基萃取法研究了铈(IV)、钍和 RE(III)的膜基萃取;铈(IV)与 RE(III)、钍和 RE(III)的膜基萃取分离;铈(IV)与 RE(III)的界面化学反应动力学;膜基萃取中的流体动力学;萃取操作中乳化发生的机理;测定了中空纤维膜的孔率和孔径。在铈(IV)、钍和 RE(III)的膜基萃取过程中,研究了水相流量、油相流量、原料液中硫酸浓度、萃取剂 N1923浓度和水相溶质浓度对基于水相总传质系数的影响。钍的总传质系数受水相流量影响较大,不受油相流量影响,从而提出水相扩散层控制的膜基萃取传质机理;铈(IV)的传质系数受水相流量影响,油相流量影响较小,主要为水相扩散层控制的传质机理;RE(III)的传质系数受水相和油相的影响都比较小,为膜内传质过程的传质机理。酸浓度对钍和铈(IV)传质系数影响较小,是由于酸浓度影响分配系数,而对于水相扩散控制的传质过程,水相分传质系数与分配系数无关;酸浓度对 RE(III)的影响,是由于膜内传质阻力与分配系数在关;N1923 对 RE(III)萃取传质系数的影响进一步证明膜内过程控制的传质机理,同时对数曲线的斜率大于1 也说明界面反应为一复杂过程;水相溶质浓度不影响基于水相的总传质系数,进一步证实了传质速度与初始浓度无关,也从一个侧面反应了膜基萃取实验有较好的重复性。实验研究的结果,对铈(IV)的膜基萃取选择油相组成为 10%N1923+4%异辛醇+正庚烷(或煤油),水相酸浓度为 1~2mol/L,水相和油相流量可以在较大的范围内选择;钍的膜基萃取条件相似,只是油组成中萃取剂浓度为 1%N1923。在流体动力学部分,通过作用力分析,利用能量守恒原理,推导出了膜基萃取操作中的雷诺数,建立了层流流动模型;腔内外流体流速的径向分布模型和平均流速的计算式;腔内外压力沿管长度分布的数学模型,并得到了两相流体的压力差计算式。流体的动力学分析对于研究乳化发生的机理、传质的数学模型和扩散层厚度等皆有理论价值。通过流体动力学理论,结合膜破裂压和界面张力的实验方法研究了乳化发生的机理。水相进入有机相的乳化,对于非同级萃取,外压作用是乳化的主要原因,提出了类似于重力液滴形成的乳化模型;对于有机相进入水相的乳化,亲油膜的表面易形成油膜及界面张力形成的附加压力是乳化的基本原因,而随着有机相内溶质浓度增加界面张力降低使乳化在萃取操作的后期较易发生。膜破裂压和界面张力的研究方法使乳化的研究变得可以进行实验测定,这对于膜材的选择是很有价值的。界面反应动力学采用了上升单滴法,这种方法一般具有实验重复性较差的缺点。通过实验发现,影响重复性的因素主要是单滴形成速率的稳定性、聚结界面处油水界面位置的恒定和扩散传质的消除等。我们采用盘管式油加液管的设计,比较简单地解决了单滴形成速率稳定的问题,油水界面恒定是一个技术性问题,在实验中得到了较好的解决,通过传质时间与控制聚结界面的面积解决了消除扩散传质的难题。本论文的创新之处有如下几个方面:1.根据氟碳铈矿中钍、铈(IV)与稀土(III)分离的总目标,首次实现了伯胺 N1923对上述离子的中空纤维膜基萃取,提出了利用动力学差异的新型分离模式;2.对流量改变对传质系数的影响,所有文献报道的流量范围都没有达到流量增加使传质系数减小,而这一较高的流量揭示了油水界面随压力增加向膜内移动的事实,这对防止乳化时的压力控制是非常重要的。流量对扩散层厚度影响是对传质系数影响的主要原因,而混流的影响是次要的因素;3.铈(IV)和 RE(III)、钍和 RE(III)的分离表明,分离系数远远大于由总传质系数预计的结果,从而提出了动力学竞争萃取分离的机理;4.膜破裂压的测定方法是一个创新的设计。这种方法对于膜材选择和萃取时操作压力的控制是非常重要的。在现有文献中,都是直接在膜萃取操作时测定水相中的游离油或油相中游离水的体积的方法进行研究,这即不能研究乳化的机理,也不能测定准确的乳化时间。因此膜破裂压测定为乳化过程提供了一个新的研究方法;5.乳化机理的研究得到了较新的结论,尤其对于油相进入水相的乳化机理,较好地解释了在水相有超压存在下油相漏液的原因;6.界面反应动力学实验装置中盘管式油相加样解决了油滴形成稳定性的问题,提高了实验测定的可靠性的重复性。
Resumo:
首次使用两种新的聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜萃取法研究了HEH/EHP体系中钕、钐及铈及Cyanex272体系中镱、铒及钍的膜基萃取及分离。研究了膜材料性能。提出了膜萃取反应与液液萃取相同,且均为一级反应;高料液pH值条件下的H~+优先于NH_4~+的传质规律;氨化萃取剂可降低传质阻力;膜萃取机理为伴有界面反应的扩散控制机理及膜孔径对萃取机理的影响。利用钍的传质速率远大于镱的传质速率的特点,实现动力学竞争分离钍和镱。通过界面反应动力学研究,得到了各组分的反应动力学方程、反应速率常数K及相关组分的分离系数。将氨离子选择电极与流动注射分析相结合,实现了氨离子的自动在线分析。为膜萃取技术的工业化提供有价值的基本参数。