一种步进扫描投影光刻机承片台不平度检测新技术

提出一种步进扫描投影光刻机承片台不平度检测新技术。在晶圆与承片台存在不同偏移量时,利用线性差分传感器在线测量晶圆上不同点的局部高度;通过建立临时边界条件,以递推法消除晶圆面形影响,并逐行计算出承片台的相对不平度;通过逐行计算的结果递推相邻行之间的高度差,并将该高度差叠加到每一行,以消除临时边界条件的限制,得到处于同一高度上的承片台不平度;将计算的结果作为初始值,根据最小二乘原理,以邻近的四个测量点作为参考,逐步逼近得到承片台的真实不平度。计算机仿真结果验证了该检测方法的正确性,计算结果逐步收敛并逼近真实值

一种测量光刻机工件台方镜不平度的新方法

提出一种新的步进扫描投影光刻机工件台方镜不平度测量方法。以方镜平移补偿量与旋转补偿量为测量目标,使用两个双频激光干涉仪分别测量工件台在x和y方向的位置和旋转量；将方镜不平度的测量按照一定的偏移量分成若干个序列,每一个序列包括对方镜有效区域的若干次往返测量；根据所有序列的测量结果计算出方镜的旋转补偿量；为每一个序列建立临时边界条件,并据此计算出每一序列所测得的方镜粗略平移补偿量；采用三次样条插值与最小二乘法建立每一个序列间的关系,以平滑连接所有测量序列得到精确的方镜平移补偿量。结果表明,该方法用于测量方镜平

基于光纤环形镜的全光脉冲整形器

提出了一种基于光纤环形镜的全光脉冲整形器。该全光脉冲整形器利用波分复用器将控制光脉冲引入光纤环形镜中，控制光脉冲由于交叉相位调制在信号光上产生了非线性附加相移。信号光在耦合器中发生干涉，经过整形的信号光脉冲从脉冲整形器的出射端出射，信号脉冲的波形由非线性附加相移的波形决定。实验中．利用对控制脉冲光谱整形和啁啾展宽的方法来对控制脉冲进行时间脉冲的整形，该全光脉冲整形器实现了对单纵模激光的脉冲整形，同时实现了飞秒脉冲和单纵模整形脉冲的精确同步。在理论上数值计算了该全光脉冲整形器的输出特性，理论计算结果和实验结

Mitochondrial DNA variation, effective female population size and population history of the endangered Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis

The anadromous Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), mainly endemic to the Yangtze River in China, is an endangered fish species. The natural population has declined since the Gezhouba Dam blocked its migratory route to the spawning grounds in 1981. In the near future, the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric project, may further impact this species by altering the water flow of the Yangtze River. Little is currently known about the population genetic structure of the Chinese sturgeon. In this study, DNA sequence data were determined from the control region (D-loop) of the mitochondrial genome of adult sturgeons (n = 106) that were collected between 1995-2000. The molecular data were used to investigate genetic variation, effective female population size and population history of the Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River. Our results indicate that the reduction in abundance did not change genetic variation of the Chinese sturgeon, and that the population underwent an expansion in the past. AMOVA analysis indicated that 98.7% of the genetic variability occurred within each year's spawning populations, the year of collection had little influence on the diversity of annual temporary samples. The relative large effective female population size (N-ef) indicates that good potential exists for the recovery of this species in the future. Strikingly, the ratio of N-ef to the census female population size (N-f) is unusually high (0.77-0.93). This may be the result of a current bottleneck in the population of the Chinese sturgeon that is likely caused by human intervention.

SOCIAL-DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS OF MACACA-THIBETANA AT MOUNT-EMEI, CHINA

The development of infant Macaca thibetana was studied at Mount Emei, China, and compared to that of other macaque species. It was found that there are many common features in the process of infant socialization in species of the genus Macaca: mothers play an important and active role, other group members influence the infants' development to a greater or lesser extent and play is a major activity in the life of infants. Some differences were found to exist, however, between macaque species. These included differences in maternal care behaviour such as 'len', leaving time and weaning time. Paternal behaviours were also found to vary within and among species. Tibetan macaque males care for infants extensively, and they may use infants as an agonistic buffer. The natural and social environment may also influence differences between macaque species in infant development.

EFFECTS OF IRON ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Microcystis wesenbergii (Kom.) Kom. (Cyanobacterium)

Iron is an essential trace element for biological requirements of phytoplankton. Effects of iron on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Microcystis wesenbergii were conducted in this study. Results showed that 0.01 mu M [Fe3+] seriously inhibited growth and chlorophyll synthesis of M. wesenbergii, and induced temporary increase of ATPase activities, however, NR. ACP and ALP activities were restrained by iron limitation. Interestingly, iron addition on day 8 resulted in the gradual restoration of structures and functions of above enzymes and resisted a variety of stresses from iron limitation. M. wesenbergii in 10 mu M [Fe3+] treatment group grew normally. enzymes maintained normal levels, and residual phosphate contents in cultures first sharply decreased, then smoothly as M. wesenbergii has a characteristic of luxury consumption of phosphorus. Above parameters in 100 mu M [Fe3+] treatment group were almost same with those in 10 mu M [Fe3+] treatment group except for NR, ACP and ALP activities. In 100 mu M [Fe3+] treatment group, activities of ACP and ALP had temporary increase because phosphate and ferric iron could form insoluble compound - ferric phosphate (Fe3PO4) through adsorption effect. resulting in lack of bioavailable phosphate in culture media. The experiment suggested that too low or too high iron can affect obviously physiological and biochemical characteristics of M. wesenbergii.

影响杜泊羊胚胎移植妊娠率和新生个体生长发育的因素：受体和移植季节

胚胎移植具有加速家畜良种推广的潜力。胚胎移植能直接引入纯种动物，并且能避免直接进口动物时可能会带来一些较大传染病（例如口蹄疫）的风险，因此具有成本低、安全性高、直接引入良种的特点。但是胚胎移植的成功率可能会受到很多因素的影响。这些因素可归纳为三个方面：胚胎因素；胚胎和受体的相互作用；受体因素。另一方面，胚胎移植目的是为了获得优秀生产性能的良种个体，但是出生的后代的生长发育情况也会和很多因素有关，例如出生大小、当地气候条件、饲养条件和胚胎移植季节等。因此，研究影响胚胎移植妊娠率以及出生后代生长发育的因素对胚胎移植在生产中的应用有重要意义。杜泊羊作为一种肉用绵羊，品种优良，经济价值很高，被认为应予以积极推广。用胚胎工程对杜泊羊进行推广可能是一个较好的办法。绵羊胚胎工程近年来已经取得了较大进展，例如超数排卵、体外胚胎生产、胚胎冷冻和胚胎移植的研究都取得了一系列的成果。在影响绵羊胚胎移植效果的具体因素中，已有一些关于不同胚胎移植数目、胚龄、冻胚和鲜胚、胚胎移植方法等报道，但是受体品种对杜泊羊的胚胎移植的研究还未见报道，季节对杜泊羊胚胎移植的影响的研究结果也不一致。因此本实验应用质量稳定的胚胎，采用单胚移植，以移植的妊娠率为指标，研究了受体品种和季节因素对杜泊羊冷冻胚胎移植成功率影响，结果发现在三个不同品种的受体中，胚胎移植妊娠率无显著差异（P＞0．05）；但是季节对胚胎移植成功率有显著影响，秋季移植妊娠率（68.6％）显著高于春季（58.5％，P＜0.05）。在山羊等其他动物的研究中表明，受体情况不影响胚胎移植出生的后代的生长发育。本实验以羔羊的出生重、1个月体重和断乳时（2个月时）体重为指标，分析了受体体重和季节对胚胎移植出生杜泊羊羔羊的早期生长发育的影响，结果表明，不同体重的受体会影响羔羊的出生重（P＜0.05），即体重较大的受体出生的羔羊的体重也较大，但经过两个月的哺乳期生长后，羔羊的生长发育情况已无明显差异（P＞0.05）。有研究表明羔羊早期的生长发育情况和外界条件有关。不同季节进行胚胎移植，羔羊出生时间也不同。因此，实验研究了不同季节对胚胎移植出生羔羊早期生长发育的影响。结果发现，季节显著影响了羔羊的生长发育，春季和秋季移植出生的羔羊在出生重方面差异不显著（P＞0.05），但春季移植出生的羔羊的后来的生长情况要明显好于秋季（P＜0.05）。

液驱式间歇浸没培养系统的研制

本文以菩提树为培养对象，采用改进的液驱式间歇浸没培养技术进行组织培养实验。为了更准确，精密地控制培养条件我们研制了间歇浸没式植物培养箱；为了提高培养效率，降低成本，我们对现有培养系统和方法进行了改进。鉴于液驱式间歇浸没培养半开放等培养特点，容易造成雪崩式污染。通过调查污染来源，研究各种物理化学生物杀菌抑菌方法的特点，以及对各个培养环节的消毒能力，建立了一套适合菩提树间歇浸没无糖培养的污染控制操作规程，为进一步大规模的商业化生产打下坚实的基础。 研究结果表明， 1、利用液驱式间歇浸没系统装置(简写为TD-TIB)进行组织培养，效率更高，成本更低。 液驱式间歇浸没培养与RITA和TIB相比，简单易操作，能耗低，效率高，成本低。与间歇浸没式植物培养箱配合使用，能够精密控制环境培养参数，包括温湿度，二氧化碳氧气的全程自动化检测控制 ，能够实现远程实时控制。利用液驱式培养方法生根后的培养苗自养光合能力强，驯化时间短，成活率高，芽多，健壮。 2、操作规程能够控制半开放间歇浸没培养中的污染问题。 从对紫外，臭氧，酒精，抗生素，杀菌剂以及过滤等污染控制方法的研究我们得出，任何一种消毒杀菌方法都不能控制系统的污染，只有结合培养系统环节和消毒方法的特点，把各种方法有机组合起来才能控制半开放条件下的污染。预处理是整个控制过程的关键。按照该操作规程，在2min/2h的间歇频率下的无糖间歇培养中，30天内成功实现了菩提树的生根驯化实验，培养液无污染。 间歇浸没培养技术与污染控制技术相结合实现了小范围的规模化培养，为大规模自动化组织培养技术奠定了坚实的基础。

燕儿沟流域泥沙监测初报

对燕儿沟综合治理试验示范区水文泥沙监测资料作一通报 ,并以获得的泥沙资料为基础 ,对燕儿沟流域的治理减沙及泥沙来源情况作了初步分析 ,结果表明 :燕儿沟流域年输沙量有明显的递减趋势 ,并提出了目前监测工作存在的一些问题 ,以便为专题组工作顺利进行提供科学依据

Shape memory effect of poly(L-lactide)-based polyurethanes with different hard segments

A series of biodegradable polylactide-based polyurethanes (PLAUs) were synthesized using PLA diol (M-n = 3200) as soft segment, 4,4 '-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as hard segment, and 1,4-butanediol as chain extender. The structures and properties of these PLAUs were studied using infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile testing, and thermomechanical analysis. Among them, the MDI-based PLAU has the highest T-g, maximum tensile strength, and restoration force, the TDI-based PLAU has the lowest T-g, and the IPDI-based PLAU has the highest tensile modulus and elongation at break. They are all amorphous. The shape recovery of the three PLAUs is almost complete in a tensile elongation of 150% or a twofold compression. They can keep their temporary shape easily at room temperature (20 degrees C). More importantly, they can deform and recover at a temperature below their T-g values. Therefore, by selecting the appropriate hard segment and adjusting the ratio of hard to soft segments, they can meet different practical demands for shape memory medical devices.

Effect of annealing on the viscoelastic and viscoplastic responses of low-density polyethylene

Two series of tensile tests with constant crosshead speeds (ranging from 5 to 200 mm/min) and tensile relaxation tests (at strains from 0.03 to 0.09) were performed on low-density polyethylene in the subyield region of deformations at room temperature. Mechanical tests were carried out on nonannealed specimens and on samples annealed for 24 h at the temperatures T = 50, 60, 70, 80, and 100 degreesC. Constitutive equations were derived for the time-dependent response of semicrystalline polymers at isothermal deformations with small strains. A polymer is treated as an equivalent heterogeneous network of chains bridged by temporary junctions (entanglements, physical crosslinks, and lamellar blocks). The network is thought of as an ensemble of mesoregions linked with each other. The viscoelastic behavior of a polymer is modeled as a thermally induced rearrangement of strands (separation of active strands from temporary junctions and merging of dangling strands with the network). The viscoplastic response reflects sliding of junctions in the network with respect to their reference positions driven by macrostrains. Stress-strain relations involve five material constants that were found by fitting the observations.

The viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior of low-density polyethylene

Three series of tensile tests with constant cross-head speeds (ranging from 5 to 200 mm/min), tensile relaxation tests (at strains from 0.03 to 0.09) and tensile creep tests (at stresses from 2.0 to 6.0 MPa) are performed on low-density polyethylene at room temperature. Constitutive equations are derived for the time-dependent response of semicrystalline polymers at isothermal deformation with small strains. A polymer is treated as an equivalent heterogeneous network of chains bridged by temporary junctions (entanglements, physical cross-links and lamellar blocks). The network is thought of as an ensemble of meso-regions linked with each other. The viscoelastic behavior of a polymer is modelled as thermally-induced rearrangement of strands (separation of active strands from temporary junctions and merging of dangling strands with the network). The viscoplastic response reflects mutual displacement of meso-domains driven by macro-strains. Stress-strain relations for uniaxial deformation are developed by using the laws of thermodynamics. The governing equations involve five material constants that are found by fitting the observations. Fair agreement is demonstrated between the experimental data and the results of numerical simulation.

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.

Floral closure in response to temperature and pollination in Gentiana straminea Maxim. (Gentianaceae), an alpine perennial in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Floral closure may be induced by pollination and various other factors, but is rarely studied comprehensively. Different kinds of floral closure should have various effects on reproductive fitness of plants. Two contrasting types of floral closure were observed in the flowers of Gentiana straminea Maxim. in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The first type occurred prior to pollination during both gender phases, in response mainly to decreasing air temperatures. Flowers closed when decreasing temperatures approached 20 degrees C and subsequently began to reopen the following day during mid-morning when air temperatures warmed to approximately 13-15 degrees C. This kind of floral closure can protect pollen grains on either stamens or stigmas, increasing fitness of both male and female. Following pollination, permanent floral closure occurred, although there was a delay between the dates of pollination and permanent closure, during which flowers continued to show temporary closure in response to low temperature episodes. The time required for permanent, pollination-induced closure varied according to the age of the gender phase, including a prolonged time before closure if pollination occurred early in the female phase. The retaining of permanent closed flowers increased both approaching (to inflorescences) and visiting (to unpollinated flowers) frequencies of individual plants when with fewer open flowers and the persisting corolla is further beneficial for seed sets of these pollinated flowers. Thus, two separate types of floral closure, one in response to environmental cues and the other in response to the age of each gender stage, appeared to have a strong influence on reproductive fitness in this species. These results revealed a different adaptive strategy of alpine plants in the sexual reproduction assurance in addition to the well-known elevated floral longevity, dominant role of more effective pollinators and increased reproduction allocation in the arid habitats.

利用台阵面波资料研究华北克拉通北缘燕山褶皱带及其邻区的地壳与上地幔结构

The continent of eastern China, especially the North China Craton (NCC), has endured intensive tectonic renovation during Mesozoic and Cenozoic, with the presence of widespread magmatism, high heat flow and development of large sedimentary basins and mountain ranges. The cratonic lithosphere of the region has been destroyed remarkably, which is characterized by not only a significant reduction in thickness but also complex modifications in physical and chemical properties of the lithosphere. As for the tectonic regime controlling the evolution of the NCC, various models have been put forward, including the impingement of mantle plumes (“mushroom cloud” model), the collision of south China block and north China block, the subduction of the Pacific plate, etc. Lithosphere delamination and thermal erosion were proposed as the two end-member mechanisms of the lithospheric thinning. However, given the paucity of the data, deep structural evidence is currently still scarce for distinguishing and testifying these models. To better understand the deep structure of the NCC, from 2000 to the present, temporary seismic array observations have been conducted in the NCC by the Seismological Laboratory of the Institute of the Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the North China Interior Structure Project (NCISP). Many arrays extend from the North China Craton and the off-craton regions, and traverse a lot of main tectonic boundaries. A total of more than 300 broadband seismic stations have been deployed along several profiles that traversed the major tectonic units within the craton’s interior, at the boundary areas and in the neighboring off-craton regions. These stations recorded abundant high-quality data, which provides an unprecedented opportunity for us to unravel the deep structural features of the NCC using seismological methods. Among all the seismological methods, the surface wave method appears to be an efficient and widely adopted technique in studying the crustal and upper mantle structures. In particular, it can provide the absolute values of S-wave velocity that are difficult to obtain with other methods. Benefiting from the deployment of dense seismic arrays, progresses have been made in improving the spatial resolution of surface wave imaging, which makes it possible to resolve the fine-scale velocity structures of the crust and upper mantle based on surface wave analysis. Meanwhile, the differences in the S-wave velocities derived from Rayleigh and Love wave data can provide information on the radial anisotropy beneath the seismic arrays. In this thesis, using the NCISP-III broadband data and based on phase velocity dispersion analysis and inversion of fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love waves, I investigated the lateral variations in the S-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Yanshan Belt and adjacent regions at the northeastern boundary of the NCC. Based on the constructed structural images, I discussed possible deep processes of the craton destruction in the study region.