15 resultados para TGF-beta1
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
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灵长类胚胎干细胞(ES 细胞)不仅能为研究生殖发育生物学基础理论提供良好的 模型,而且可为细胞替代治疗提供大量的供体细胞,因此具有重要的研究价值。当前 灵长类ES 细胞研究还有很多问题需要解决,如分离建立更多的胚胎干细胞系,优化培 养体系,提高ES 细胞定向分化为特定细胞的比例,研究ES 细胞自我更新和分化的机 制等。本文一方面概括了灵长类ES 细胞的研究进展,另一方面并对制备抗体,免疫外 科手术法分离灵长类胚胎内细胞团,建立猕猴ES 细胞的无饲养层、无血清培养体系和 诱导猕猴ES 细胞分化成高纯度的O2A 神经胶质前体细胞进行了研究。主要结论如下: 1)分别以猕猴脾脏淋巴细胞和人外周血单个核细胞作为免疫原,免疫日本大耳白兔, 得到免疫血清。在补体介导的细胞毒作用下,兔抗人和兔抗猕猴免疫血清可以裂解人 和猕猴囊胚滋养层细胞,从而分离出内细胞团,用于分离培养人和猕猴胚胎干细胞。2) 猕猴ES 细胞在以层粘连蛋白(laminin)为胞外基质,含转化生长因子beta1(TGFβ1) 的无血清培养基(SFM)中可以稳定的增殖至少22 代,保持不分化,并具有分化成三 个胚层细胞的能力。进一步的研究发现去除TGFβ1 后,猕猴ES 细胞出现分化,整合 素表达降低,推测TGFβ1 可能通过促进猕猴ES 细胞整合素的表达,加强其与胞外基 质的相互作用,从而维持ES 细胞的自我更新。然而猕猴ES 细胞不能在纤粘连蛋白 (fibronectin)和明胶上生长。3)无饲养层、无血清培养体系中长期培养的猕猴ES 细 胞,分化出拟胚体,14 天的拟胚体在血清中分化培养一周后,在含碱性成纤维生长因 子bFGF、表皮生长因子EGF 和胰岛素+转铁蛋白+亚硒酸钠ITS 的培养基中培养, 获得97%的O2A 胶质前体细胞,得到的O2A 细胞能够稳定增殖,并且可以自发分化 为II 型星型胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞。本实验的结果有助于猕猴ES 细胞分离建系和培 养系统的优化、推动猕猴ES 细胞自我更新和诱导为神经胶质细胞机制的研究,便于建 立ES 细胞替代治疗的猕猴模型,从而为人类ES 细胞的临床疾病治疗提供参考。
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<正>背景:表皮干细胞是创面愈合过程中的重要细胞成分之一,表皮干细胞分布在基底层,约占基底层细胞的1%-10%,对皮肤的张力有较高的感应能力,其细胞表面有高水平的integrin-beta1表达,因而integrin-beta1高表达被认为是KSC分子标志之一,同时也是表皮干细胞对皮肤张力的感应器。。整合素尤其是整合
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用转基因和RNA干扰(RNAi)法建立5组不同成纤维细胞生长因子-2(fibroblast growth factor-2,FGF2)表达量的猕猴耳部皮肤成纤维细胞(MESF)系:过表达FGF2组(f1),过表达的阴性对照组(f2),FGF2 RNA干扰组(f3),RNA干扰的阴性对照组(f4)和未作任何处理的对照组(f5).5组MESF的FGF2表达量相对值为f1:f2:f3:f4:f5=4:2:1:2:2;c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlinl在f1中表达量上升,在f3中表达量下降;BMP4,TGF-β2在f1中表达量下降,在f3中表达量上升;表明内源FGF2能够作用于MESF的TGF-β信号通路,引起相关基因表达量的变化.用这砦细胞作为饲养层长期培养(10代)猕猴胚胎干细胞(RhESC),结果在f1上培养的RhESC增殖速度都比对照组快,并且c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlinl,Oct-4,Nanog,Sox2表达量均上升,BMP4表达下调;在f3上培养的RhESC增殖较慢,BMP4表达上调,c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlinl,Oct-4,Nanog,Sox2表达下调.5组MESF上培养的RhESC形成的EB均表达各胚层早期标记基因(marker),说明RhESC的多能性没有受到影响,但表达量有差异,f1上RhESC形成的EB所有marker都低表达.结果表明饲养层的FGF2含量不仅影响自身相关基凶的表达,还对RhESC的自我更新有一定的作用.
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Previous studies have shown that the maintenance and proliferation of undifferentiated rhesus monkey embryonic stem (rES) cells requires medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS). Due to the uncharacterized composition and variation in serum nature, the present study aimed to replace the serum-containing medium with a serum-free medium in the rES cell culture. The results showed that after the initial 48-h culture in the routinely used serum-containing medium, rES cells can grow and proliferate for a prolonged period in the serum-free medium composed of DMEM supplemented with a cocktail of BSA, IGF-1, TGF-alpha, bFGF, aFGF, estradiol, and progesterone. rES cells cultured in the serum-free medium maintained high level of alkaline phosphatase activity and OCT4 level. There was no indication of differentiation as judged by the marker gene expression of all three embryonic germ layers and trophoblast. In addition, serum-free culture would not affect the passage capacity and differentiation potential of rES cells. This work will facilitate the future study of induced differentiation of rES cells and other applications.
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从3个方面总结了秀丽隐杆线虫在抗性基因方面的研究进展。秀丽隐杆线虫的先天性免疫系统在抗病原菌、抗氧化应激等方面至关重要,它主要是通过MAPK、DAF-2、TGF-β三条信号途径发挥作用;另外,含TIR区蛋白和抗菌多肽也是秀丽隐杆线虫抗微生物感染机制的重要组成部分。在秀丽隐杆线虫的抗药性基因研究方面,发现了许多抗药性相关蛋白,如P-糖蛋白和多药耐药性相关蛋白MRP在抵抗多种药物的过程中发挥重要作用;而抗驱虫剂相关蛋白也在专门针对各种驱虫剂作用机制的研究中被发现;转录因子SKN-1、信息沉默调节蛋白SIR2、
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Insect PGRPs can function as bacterial recognition molecules triggering proteolytic and/or signal transduction pathways, with the resultant production of antimicrobial peptides. To explore if zebrafish peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (zfPGRP-SC) has such effects, RNA interference (siRNA) and high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis were used to identify differentially expressed genes regulated by zfPGRP-SC. The mRNA levels for a set of genes involved in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, such as TLRs, SARM, MyD88, TRAF6 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B2 (p100/p52), were examined by quantitative RT-PCR (QT-PCR). The results from the arrays and QT-PCR showed that the expression of 133 genes was involved in signal transduction pathways, which included Toll-like receptor signaling, Wnt signaling, BMP signaling, insulin receptor signaling, TGF-beta signaling, GPCR signaling, small GTPase signaling, second-messenger-mediated signaling, MAPK signaling, JAK/STAT signaling, apoptosis and anti-apoptosis signaling and other signaling cascades. These signaling pathways may connect with each other to form a complex network to regulate not just immune responses but also other processes such as development and apoptosis. When transiently over-expressed in HEK293T cells, zfPGRP-SC inhibited NF-kappa B activity with and without lipopolysacharide (LPS) stimulation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Organisms living in water are inevitably exposed to periods of hypoxia. Environmental hypoxia has been an important stressor having manifold effects on aquatic life. Many fish species have evolved behavioral, physiological, biochemical and molecular adaptations that enable them to cope with hypoxia. However, the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance in fish, remain unknown. in this study, we used suppression subtractive hybridization to examine the differential gene expression in CAB cells (Carassius auratus blastulae embryonic cells) exposed to hypoxia for 24 h. We isolated 2100 clones and identified 211 differentially expressed genes (e-value <= 5e-3; Identity > 45%). Among the genes whose expression is modified in cells, a vast majority involved in metabolism, signal transduction, cell defense, angiogenesis, cell growth and proliferation. Twelve genes encoding for ERO1-L, p53, CPO, HO-1, MKP2, PFK-2, cystatin B, GLUT1, BTG1, TGF beta 1, PGAM1, hypothetical protein F1508, were selected and identified to be hypoxia-induced using semi-quantitive RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Among the identified genes, two open reading frames (ORFs) encoding for CaBTG1 and Cacystatin B were obtained. The deduced amino acid sequence of CaBTG1 had 94.1%, 72.8%, 72.8%, 72.8%, 68.6% identity with that of DrBTG1, HsBTG1, BtBTG1, MmBTG1 and XIBTG1. Comparison of Cacystatin B with known cystatin B, the molecules exhibited 49.5 to 76.0% identity overall. These results may provide significant information for further understanding of the adaptive mechanism by which C. auratus responds to hypoxia. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from four filamentous cyanobacteria Microcoleus vaginatus, Scytonema javanicum, Phormidium tenue and Nostoc sp. and a coccoid single-cell green alga Desmococcus olivaceus that had been separated from desert algal crusts of Tegger desert of China, were investigated for their chemical composition, structure,and physical properties. The EPS contained 7.5-50.3% protein (in polymers ranging from 14 to more than 200 kD, SDS-PAGE) and 16.2-46.5% carbohydrate (110-460 kD, GFC). 6-12 kinds of monosaccharides, including 2-O-methyl rhamnose, 2-O-methyl glucose, and N-acetyl glucosamine were found. The main carbohydrate chains from M. vaginatus and S. javanicum consisted mainly of equal proportion of Man, Gal and Glc, that from P. tenue consisted mainly of arabinose, glucose and rhamnose. Arabinose was present in pyranose form, mainly alpha-L 1 --> 3 linked, with branches on C4 of almost half of the units. Glucose was responsible for the terminal units, in addition of having some units as beta1 --> 3 and some as beta1 --> 4 linked. Rhamnose was mainly 1 --> 3 linked with branches on C2 on half of the units. The carbohydrate polymer from D. olivaceus was composed mainly of beta1 --> 4 linked xylose, galactose and glucose. The galactose part was present both in beta-pyranose and -furanose forms. Arabinose in alpha-L-furanose form was mainly present as 1 --> 2 and 1 --> 2, 5 linked units, rhamnose only as alpha 1 --> 3 and xylose as beta 1 --> 4. The backbone of the polysaccharide from Nostoc sp. was composed of beta-1 --> 4 linked xylose, galactose and glucose. Most of the glucose was branched on position C6, terminal glucose and 2-O-methyl glucose units are also present. The relationship between structure, physical properties and potential biological function is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin)属于转化生长因子β(TGF-β)超家族中的一个成员,是控制骨骼肌生长发育的重要细胞因子。该研究以松江鲈肌肉总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR、5'-RACE和3'-RACE的方法,获得了松江鲈MSTN基因的3个片段,测序后拼接得到2568bp全长cDNA序列,其包含了1131个核苷酸的开放性阅读框,翻译编码376个氨基酸。松江鲈MSTN具有MSTN的共同特征,有蛋白酶水解位点RARR和10个保守的半胱氨酸残基;核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分析发现,松江鲈MSTN基因序列与石首鱼、条纹狼鲈、美洲白鲈、金眼石鮨等同源性较高;与哺乳动物和鸟类同源性较低。系统发育分析表明,松江鲈MSTN与石首鱼亲缘关系最近。RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在肌肉表达量最高;在肠中也有较高表达;在脑和肝脏中也能检测到表达。此结果表明,松江鲈MSTN基因除对肌肉生长发育有调控作用以外,可能还有其他功能。
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CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞是1995年才发现的一个具有免疫抑制功能的T细胞亚群,主要通过细胞与细胞间直接接触和分泌抑制性细胞因子发挥作用,在维持机体免疫自稳、防止自身免疫以及肿瘤免疫、移植免疫等方面起着重要作用。有关Treg HIV/SIV病毒感染及AIDS的进展关系密切,但却有两种不同的观点。一种认为Treg的数量和功能受到损伤,从而导致宿主免疫系统过度活化。另一种则认为Treg在早期抑制了针对HIV/SIV的特异性的免疫反应,从而导致机体无法清除感染的病毒。本文利用动物模型对CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在SIV感染后的数量和功能做了动态的检测,并对其中的机制做了初步的探讨。我们首先建立了SIVmac239病毒株对中国起源的恒河猴感染的动物模型,建立了前病毒的检测方法、血浆病毒载量的测定方法、血浆病毒特异性抗体的测定方法,以及病毒的分离方法,并获得了早期感染的相关数据。在研究中我们发现,SIV感染后的1周后即可在恒河猴外周单个核细胞DNA中检测到前病毒。病毒血症也在1周后出现,并很快达到高峰。不同的个体对病毒感染的体液免疫不尽相同,血浆抗体很快出现,但是99003猴抗体下降很快,而99083猴则保持了一定数量的抗体。同时,伴随SIV的感染进程的还有T淋巴细胞的数量变化,CD4+T细胞数量持续下降,而CD8+T细胞数量则在增加,出现CD4/CD8倒置的现象。以上说明恒河猴被SIV所成功感染。在该动物模型的基础上,我们利用体内传代的SIVmac239病毒株,对4只健康恒河猴进行了感染,并对CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Treg)亚群在数量上的变化进行了检测,并对其中的机制做了初步探讨。我们在研究中发现,外周血中的Treg在SIV感染后无论是绝对数量还是在占CD4+T细胞中的相对数量均有增加,而且Treg仍然保持了对靶细胞的抑制功能。对腹部淋巴结的分析显示,SIV感染后的一段时期内,该部位FoxP3 mRNA的表达水平也在上升,TGF-β、IL-10的转录也显著增加。前者可以通过抑制树突状细胞间接抑制效应细胞,而后者则是一个抑制性的细胞因子,可以直接作用于靶细胞。因此,我们推测SIV引起免疫系统的过度活化可能不是由于Treg功能的受损,其中的机制需要深入研究。 Treg表达CCR5表面分子(HIV辅助受体之一),同时也有CD4分子的表达,因此推测HIV/SIV可以感染Treg。但是国内外这方面的文献很少。我们对Treg中前病毒的检测发现,SIV可以感染Treg,而且对Treg的感染比例高于CD4+CD25-T细胞。这个结果与Treg绝对数量的上升的结果说明,SIV感染Treg但可能却没有杀伤Treg,因此Treg在数量上有所增加。不过,其中的机制仍有待于进一步的研究。在对SIV引起的体液免疫的研究中还发现,机体针对SIV不同抗原的抗体有不同的模式。部分抗原很快就产生了比较强的反应,但是却不能维持高水平的表达。而针对p27蛋白的抗体产生比较晚,但却长时间维持在比较高的水平。是否这样高水平的抗体有助于控制病毒复制是个值得探讨的问题。
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胚胎干细胞(ESC)培养是ESC研究的基础,饲养层的选择是ESC培养的一个重要方面。本实验曾对不同的猕猴饲养层进行研究,显示能够更好的支持猕猴ESC生长的饲养层FGF-2表达量也较高。FGF-2,又名bFGF(碱性成纤维生长因子),是ESC生长所需的重要因子,但其中的分子机制现在并未完全了解。本文一方面对ESC相关研究进展进行了综述,另一方面对以下内容进行了研究:用转基因和RNA干(RNAi)扰的方法建立不同FGF-2的表达量猕猴耳部皮肤细胞(MESF)系五组:过表达FGF-2(f1),过表达的阴性对照组(f2),FGF-2 RNA干扰组(f3),RNA干扰的阴性对照组(f4)以及未作任何处理的对照组(f5),这五组MESF的FGF-2表达量相对值为f1:f2:f3:f4:f5=4:2:1:2:2;c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlin1在f1中表达量上升,在f3中表达量下降;BMP4,TGF-β2在f1中表达量下降,在f3中表达量上升;表明内源FGF-2能够作用于MESF的TGF-β信号通路,引起相关基因表达量的变化。用这些细胞作为饲养层分别培养两种ESC(猕猴ESC,R366. 4和兔ESC,RFESC) ,连续培养了10代,其中在f1上培养的两种ESC增殖速度都比对照组快,并且c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlin1,OCT-4,Nanog,Sox2表达量均上升,BMP4表达下调;在f3上培养的猕猴ESC增殖较慢,BMP4表达上调,c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlin1,OCT-4,Nanog,Sox2表达下调;f3上的兔ESC没有变化。表明ESC中的TGF-β信号通路也受到调节。五组猕猴和兔的ESC形成的EB均表达各胚层早期标记基因(marker),但表达量有差异,f1上ESC形成的EB所有marker都低表达。实验结果表明饲养层中的FGF-2含量高低不仅影响自身相关基因的表达,还对ESC的增殖和维持自我更新有一定的作用。
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人胚胎干细胞(ESC)的成功分离培养,吸引大批人对干细胞生物学的关注,特 别是ESC 在再生医学及人类早期胚胎发育研究的潜在价值。然而在人ESC 临床应用 之前需要找到合适的动物模型进行大量的预实验研究,从而评价其应用的安全性、有 效性及存活效率。因此,从其它物种建立稳定而可用的ESC 系也是必不可少的。ESC 能无限地自我更新并保持多潜能性,但控制其自我更新的分子机制现在仍然知之甚少 且物种间存在差异,了解ESC 的自我更新有利于提高建系率、改善培养体系及定向 分化体系。本文一方面对ESC 分离培养及自我更新机制的研究进展进行了综述,另 一方面对以下几个方面的内容进行了研究:1)建立了4 株稳定的兔ESC 系,能在体 外进行长期的培养并保持ESC 的多潜能Markers 及正常的XY 或XX 核型,具有碱性 磷酸酶活性、表达Oct-4、SSEA-1、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、TRA-1-60 及TRA-1-81。与人 和小鼠ESC 相似,兔ESC 表达多潜能基因(Oct-4、Nanog、Sox-2 及UTF-1),并表 达了与ESC 自我更新相关的信号通路(FGF、TGFβ及WNT)的许多基因。从形态 来说,兔ESC 与灵长类ESC 相似,但兔ESC 具有较快的增殖能力,与小鼠ESC 相类 似。在体外及体内兔ESC 均能分化成代表原始三胚层的各种细胞类型及组织。2) 从 受体抑制实验及生长因子的联合加入可以得出结论FGF 及TGF 信号通路对维持兔 ESC 的多潜能性发挥着重要的作用,这样的结果与人ESC 相类似。也表明FGF、TGF β及WNT 信号通路在兔ESC 的自我更新中都起着作用,而且他们之间可能形成了信 号调控网络,相互之间有着正负反馈作用。FGF2+Activin A 或TGFβ1+Noggin 的无 饲养层无血清培养体系不仅能显著抑制兔ESC 的分化,且能维持其长期的自我更新。 但与小鼠不同,TGFβ信号通路能影响其增殖能力,而对其多潜能性的维持并没有作 用。这就更说明了兔比小鼠更适宜成为人类疾病临床治疗之前的模型动物。3)四种 猕猴细胞系(MOF、MESF、MFG 和CMESF)可作为饲养层比MEFs(小鼠饲养层 细胞)更好或同等好支持猕猴ESC 的生长,保持其自我更新能力和分化的多能性。 而卵泡颗粒上皮样细胞(MFGE)不能支持猕猴ESC 的自我更新。进一步的研究表明 饲养层支持ESC 生长能力的差异可能是由于基因表达种类以及表达量上的差异而导 致的。
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MSTN, also known as growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), and GDF11 are members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) subfamily. They have been thought to be derived from one ancestral gene. In the present study, we report the isolation and characterization of an invertebrate GDF8/11 homolog from the amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense). The amphioxus GDF8/11 gene consists of five exons flanked by four introns, which have two more exons and introns than that of other species. In intron III, a possible transposable element was identified. This suggested that this intron might be derived from transposon. The amphioxus GDF8/11 cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 419 amino acid residues. Phologenetic analysis shows that the GDF8/11 is at the base of vertebrate MSTNs and GDF11s. This result might prove that the GDF8/11 derived from one ancestral gene and the amphioxus GDF8/11 may be the common ancestral gene, and also the gene duplication event generating MSTN and GDF11 occurred before the divergence of vertebrates and after or at the divergence of amphioxus from vertebrates. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction results showed that the GDF8/11 gene was expressed in new fertilized cell, early gastrulation, and knife-shaped embryo, which was different from that in mammals. It suggested that the GDF8/11 gene might possess additional functions other than regulating muscle growth in amphioxus.