毛冠菊属的系统学研究

　　毛冠菊属是菊科21个“有问题”属中的一个，主要分布于青藏高原地区。按照林镕、陈艺林的概念，它包含了Nannoglottis、．Stereosanthus、Vierhapperia、Senecio和Doronicum5个属的成员。它曾先后被放入旋覆花族、千里光族和紫菀族，在上述三族中的亚族位置也不确定。它的许多重要性状，如舌片颜色、染色体数目等等，人们所知甚少。由于缺乏野外工作以及看不到大多数名字的模式，林镕、陈艺林对该属的修订有待深入的研究。本文研究了该属的外部形态学、微形态学、解剖学、孢粉学、细胞学、生态学以及ITS序列，确定了毛冠菊属的分类位置，并建立了一个新的属下分类系统。 1．外部形态 在检查大量标本（包括大多数模式）和野外居群考察的基础上，分析了主要外部形态学性状的变异式样及其对划定物种范围的价值。共确认以下9个种：青海毛冠菊、厚毛毛冠菊、狭舌毛冠菊、虎克毛冠菊、宽苞毛冠菊、大果毛冠菊、毛冠菊、玉龙毛冠菊和云南毛冠菊。川西毛冠菊被处理成狭舌毛冠菊的异名。 2．微形态学 在光镜下检查了毛冠菊属9种和紫菀族2个代表属的花柱的形状、花药顶端不育附属物、花药基部、花药基部、花盘、花丝领、药室内壁细胞等微形态性状。除了花柱基外，其他的微形态学在属内一致。管状花的花柱形态支持将毛冠菊属放在紫菀族，但其药室内壁细胞两极加厚式样表明它和广义的旋覆花有某些联系。 3．叶表皮研究 在光镜和电镜下检查了毛冠菊属8个种的叶表皮特征。．所有种的气孔器都为不规则型。青海毛冠菊表皮细胞的为多边形，而其他种都为不规则型。青海毛冠菊表皮角质层的加厚方式也与其他种明显不同。 4．扫描电镜下的舌片和花柱分枝特征 在扫描电镜下观察毛冠菊属8种和紫菀族7个代表种的舌片近轴面表皮细胞。发现毛冠菊属的舌片近轴面表皮细胞都为板状，并且沿细胞中央特征性加厚，这与紫菀族类型的表皮细胞一致，但毛冠菊属表皮细胞的角质层主要是纵向条纹或皱纹，而紫菀族总是横向的条纹或皱纹，明显不同。 在扫描电镜下又检查了毛冠菊属8种和紫菀族8个代表种的管状花花柱分枝近轴面的结构，结果在毛冠菊属管状花花柱分枝的近轴面都发现了柱头毛状的突起，而在紫菀族8种中没有发现。从突起的形状和位置判断，它可能是残存的、未充分发育的柱头毛。这表明雌性不育管状花可能刚刚从两性管状花演化而来。 也在扫描电镜下观察了毛冠菊属6种和紫菀族8个代表种的舌状花和丝状花的花柱分枝的远轴面，结果在毛冠菊属4种中发现了类似扫集毛状的突起。从这种突起的位置和形状判断，它可能是残余的扫集毛。这种突起在除雏菊以外的其他紫菀族代表种中缺失。 5．细胞学 检查了毛冠菊属8种的细胞学性状。结果发现毛冠菊属所有种的染色体基数都为x -9。染色体长度大约4um-lOum。核型公式：毛冠菊、厚毛毛冠菊、狭舌毛冠菊、宽苞毛冠菊和云南毛冠菊都为2n=14m+2sm+2st;玉龙毛冠菊、大果毛冠菊和青海毛冠菊都为2n=12m+4sm+2st。A1、A2值在属内没有明显差异。所有种的核型都是2A型。这表明在物种形成的过程中没有多倍化参与，毛冠菊属宜放在紫菀族而不是千里光族。细胞学证据支持毛冠菊属为一单系类群。 6．分子生物学 测定了毛冠菊属7种的ITS序列，并从基因库里下载了46个ITS序列，涵盖紫菀族14个亚属和旋覆花族、春黄菊族、金盏菊族。以旋覆花族、春黄菊族、金盏菊族为外类群。简约性分析显示，毛冠菊属在紫菀族中，并有较高的bootstrap值，在紫菀族中处于基部位置。Olearia和Chiliotrichum两个Hinterhuberinae亚族的代表属与毛冠菊属密切相关。在属下系统发育分析中，Olearia和Chiliotrichum被选做外类群。652个性状中，共有7】个信息位点（31个在ITSI，33个在ITS2，7个在5.8S）。简约性分析时只获得一棵最简约树。树上有两个明显的进化支，一支仅有青海毛冠菊一种，另一支包含其他种类。这种分支方式也得到形态学和生态学证据的支持。 7．毛冠菊属的系统学 从上述结果可以看出，毛冠菊属宜放入紫菀族中，在紫菀族中处于基部位置，与Hinterhuberinae亚族关系密切。综合上述研究结果，提出一个新的属下 分类系统： 毛冠菊属的新系统 组I单头组Sect. Monocephala T.G.Gao et YL.Chen Sect nov. 青海毛冠菊Nannoglottis ravida (C.Winkl.)Y.L.Chen 组II毛冠菊组Sect. Nannoglottis 系1．长舌系Ser. Delavayanae Ling et YL.Chen 厚毛毛冠菊Nannoglottis delavayi(Franch.)Ling et Y.L.Chen 狭舌毛冠菊Nannoglottis gynura(C.Winkl.) Ling et YL.Chen 虎克毛冠菊Nannoglottis hookeri (C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.)Kitam. 宽苞毛冠菊Nannoglottis latisquama Ling et Y.L.Chen 大果毛冠菊Nannoglottis macrocarpa Ling et YL.Chen 系2．短舌系Ser. Nannoglottis 毛冠菊Nannoglottis carpesioides Maxim. 玉龙毛冠菊Nannoglottis hieraciphylla (Hand.-Mzt.)Ling et YL.Chen 云南毛冠菊Nannoglottis yuennanensis (Hand.-Mzt.) Hand.-Mzt.

Mixed-mode fracture mechanisms near the fatigue threshold of aisi-316 stainless-steel

style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">Near threshold, mixed mode (I and II), fatigue crack growth occurs mainly by two mechanisms, coplanar (or shear) mode and branch (or tensile) mode. For a constant ratio of Δstyle="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">K_{style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif">I}style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">/Δstyle="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">K_{style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif">II}style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px"> the shear mode growth shows a self-arrest character and it would only start again when Δstyle="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">K_{style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif">I}style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px"> and Δstyle="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">K_{style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 0.7em; font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif">II}style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px"> are increased. Both shear crack growth and the early stages of tensile crack growth, are of a crystallographic nature; the fatigue crack proceeds along slip planes or grain boundaries. The appearance of the fracture surfaces suggest that the mechanism of crack extension is by developing slip band microcracks which join up to form a macrocrack. This process is thought to be assisted by the nature of the plastic deformation within the reversed plastic zone where high back stresses are set up by dislocation pile-ups against grain boundaries. The interaction of the crack tip stress field with that of the dislocation pile-ups leads to the formation of slip band microcracks and subsequent crack extension. The change from shear mode to tensile mode growth probably occurs when the maximum tensile stress and the microcrack density in the maximum tensile plane direction attain critical values.

Floating zone convection

The microgravity research, as a branch of the advanced sciences and a spe- cialized field of high technology, has been made in China since the late 1980's. The research group investigating microgravity fluid physics consisted of our col- leagues and the authors in the Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and we pay special attention to the floating zone convection as our first research priority. Now, the research group has expanded and is a part of the National Microgravity Laboratory of the CAS, and the research fields have been extended to include more subjects related to microgravity science. Howev- er, the floating zone convection is still an important topic that greatly holds our research interests.

Phase unwrapping based on branch cut placing and reliability ordering

A new 2-D quality-guided phase-unwrapping algorithm, based on the placement of the branch cuts, is presented. Its framework consists of branch cut placing guided by an original quality map and reliability ordering performed on a final quality map. To improve the noise immunity of the new algorithm, a new quality map, which is used as the original quality map to guide the placement of the branch cuts, is proposed. After a complete description of the algorithm and the quality map, several wrapped images are used to examine the effectiveness of the algorithm. Computer simulation and experimental results make it clear that the proposed algorithm works effectively even when a wrapped phase map contains error sources, such as phase discontinuities, noise, and undersampling. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Phase unwrapping based on branch cut placing and reliability ordering

A new 2-D quality-guided phase-unwrapping algorithm, based on the placement of the branch cuts, is presented. Its framework consists of branch cut placing guided by an original quality map and reliability ordering performed on a final quality map. To improve the noise immunity of the new algorithm, a new quality map, which is used as the original quality map to guide the placement of the branch cuts, is proposed. After a complete description of the algorithm and the quality map, several wrapped images are used to examine the effectiveness of the algorithm. Computer simulation and experimental results make it clear that the proposed algorithm works effectively even when a wrapped phase map contains error sources, such as phase discontinuities, noise, and undersampling. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Monolithically integrated transceiver with novel Y-branch by bundle integrated waveguide for fibre optic gyroscope

A novel Y-branch based monolithic transceiver with a superluminescent diode and a waveguide photodiode (Y-SDL-PD) is designed and fabricated by the method of bundle integrated waveguide (BIG) as the scheme for monolithic integration and angled Y-branch as the passive bi-directional waveguide. The simulations of BIG and Y-branches show low losses and improved far-field patterns, based on the beam propagation method (BPM). The amplified spontaneous emission of the device is up to 10mW at 120mA with no threshold and saturation. Spectral characteristics of about 30 nm width and less than 1 dB modulation are achieved using the built-in anti-lasing ability of Y-branch. The beam divergence angles in horizontal and vertical directions are optimized to as small as 12 degrees x 8 degrees, resulting in good fibre coupling.

Optical microwave generation using two parallel DFB lasers integrated with Y-branch waveguide coupler

A new device of two parallel distributed feedback (DFB) lasers integrated monolithically with Y-branch waveguide coupler was fabricated by means of quantum well intermixing. Optical microwave signal was generated in the Y-branch waveguide coupler through frequency beating of the two laser modes coming from two DFB laser in parallel, which had a small difference in frequency. Continuous rapid tuning of optical microwave signal from 13 to 42 GHz were realized by adjusting independently the driving currents injected into the two DFB lasers.

Dynamic dc voltage band observed within each current branch in the transition from static to dynamic electric-field domain formation in a doped GaAs/AlAs superlattice

A dynamic dc voltage band was found emerging from each sawtooth-like branch of the current-voltage characteristics of a doped GaAs/AlAs superlattice in the transition process from static to dynamic electric-field domain formation caused by increasing the sample temperature. As the temperature increases, these dynamic dc voltage bands expand within each sawtooth-like branch, squeeze out the static regions, and join up together to turn the whole plateau into dynamic electric-field domain formation. These results are well explained by a general analysis of stability of the sequential tunneling current in superlattices. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(99)04443-5].

Superluminescent diode monolithically integrated with novel Y-branch by bundle integrated waveguide for fiber optic gyroscope - art. no. 68380D

We have developed a novel InP-based, ridge-waveguide photonic integrated circuit (PIC), which consists of a 1.1-um wavelength Y-branch optical waveguide with low loss and improved far field pattern and a 1.3-um wavelength strained InGaAsP-InP multiple quantum-well superluminescent diode, with bundle integrated guide (BIG) as the scheme for monolithic integration. The simulations of BIG and Y-branches show low losses and improved far-field patterns, based on the beam propagation method (BPM). The amplified spontaneous emission of the device is up to 10 mW at 120 mA with no threshold and saturation. Spectral characteristics of about 30 nm width and less than I dB modulation are achieved using the built-in anti-lasing ability of Y-branch. The beam divergence angles in horizontal and vertical directions are optimized to as small as 12 degrees x8 degrees, resulting in good fiber coupling. The compactness, simplicity in fabrication, good superluminescent performance, low transmission loss and estimated low coupling loss prove the BIG and Y-branch method to be a feasible way for integration and make the photonic integrated circuit of Y-branch and superluminescent diode an promising candidate for transmitter and transceiver used in fiber optic gyroscope.

A VSLMS Style Tap-length Learning Algorithm for Structure Adaptation

Compared with the ordinary adaptive filter, the variable-length adaptive filter is more efficient (including smaller., lower power consumption and higher computational complexity output SNR) because of its tap-length learning algorithm, which is able to dynamically adapt its tap-length to the optimal tap-length that best balances the complexity and the performance of the adaptive filter. Among existing tap-length algorithms, the LMS-style Variable Tap-Length Algorithm (also called Fractional Tap-Length Algorithm or FT Algorithm) proposed by Y.Gong has the best performance because it has the fastest convergence rates and best stability. However, in some cases its performance deteriorates dramatically. To solve this problem, we first analyze the FT algorithm and point out some of its defects. Second, we propose a new FT algorithm called 'VSLMS' (Variable Step-size LMS) Style Tap-Length Learning Algorithm, which not only uses the concept of FT but also introduces a new concept of adaptive convergence slope. With this improvement the new FT algorithm has even faster convergence rates and better stability. Finally, we offer computer simulations to verify this improvement.

Optimization of Global Signal Networks for Island-Style FPGAs

We present a staggered buffer connection method that provides flexibility for buffer insertion while designing global signal networks using the tile-based FPGA design methodology. An exhaustive algorithm is used to analyze the trade-off between area and speed of the global signal networks for this staggered buffer insertion scheme, and the criterion for determining the design parameters is presented. The comparative analytic result shows that the methods in this paper are proven to be more efficient for FPGAs with a large array size.

Measurement of the inelastic branch of the O-14(alpha, p)F-17 reaction: Implications for explosive burning in novae and x-ray bursters

A measurement of the inelastic component of the key astrophysical resonance in the 14O(α,p)17F reaction for burning and breakout from hot carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycles is reported. The inelastic component is found to be comparable to the ground-state branch and will enhance the 14O(α,p)17F reaction rate. The current results for the reaction rate confirm that the 14O(α,p)17F reaction is unlikely to contribute substantially to burning and breakout from the CNO cycles under novae conditions. The reaction can, however, contribute strongly to the breakout from the hot CNO cycles under the more extreme conditions found in x-ray bursters.