激光诱发活塞的热负荷

活塞的热疲劳性能对柴油发动机的全寿命至关重要。由于能量有限和可控性差等缺点，现有实验系统均不能满意地进行活塞热负荷模拟实验。为此，提出并建立了一套激光诱发活塞热负荷的实验系统。该系统通过对激光束的空间整形，使之投射到活塞表面后诱发的温度场分布满足特定要求。基于PROFIBUS-DP现场总线技术实现了系统集成和实验过程的全反馈控制。针对活塞的典型热负荷条件，即高周热疲劳和热冲击分别进行实验，以模拟正常工作循环和“启动一停车”等热负荷或转速突变工况。通过设置加热一冷却周期或上限下限温度，可以获得相应的热负荷模拟实验效果。研究结果表明，采用经光束整形的激光进行活塞热负荷模拟实验具有周期短、可控性好等优点。 

Energy Conversion in Shape Memory Alloy Heat Engine Part I: Theory

Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) can be easily deformed to a new shape by applying a small external load at low temperature, and then recovers its original configuration upon heating. This unique shape memory phenomenon has inspired many novel designs. SMA based heat engine is one among them. SMA heat engine is an environment-friendly alternative to extract mechanical energy from low-grade energies, for instance, warm wastewater, geothermal energy, solar thermal energy, etc. The aim of this paper is to present an applicable theoretical model for simulation of SMA-based heat engines. First, a micro-mechanical constitutive model is derived for SMAs. The volume fractions of austenite and martensite variants are chosen as internal variables to describe the evolution of microstructure in SMA upon phase transition. Subsequently, the energy equation is derived based on the first thermodynamic law and the previous SMA model. From Fourier’s law of heat conduction and Newton’s law of cooling, both differential and integral forms of energy conversion equation are obtained.

Thermal fatigue on pistons induced by shaped high power laser. Part I: Experimental study of transient temperature field and temperature oscillation

Thermal fatigue behavior is one of the foremost considerations in the design and operation of diesel engines. It is found that thermal fatigue is closely related to the temperature field and temperature fluctuation in the structure. In this paper, spatially shaped high power laser was introduced to simulate thermal loadings on the piston. The incident Gaussian beam was transformed into concentric multi-circular beam of specific intensity distribution with the help of diffractive optical element (DOE), and the transient temperature fields in the piston similar to those under working conditions could be achieved by setting up appropriate loading cycles. Simulation tests for typical thermal loading conditions, i.e., thermal high cycle fatigue (HCF) and thermal shock (or thermal low cycle fatigue, LCF) were carried out. Several important parameters that affect the transient temperature fields and/or temperature oscillations, including controlling mode, intensity distribution of shaped laser, laser power, temporal profile of laser pulse, heating time and cooling time in one thermal cycle, etc., were investigated and discussed. The results show that as a novel method, the shaped high power laser can simulate thermal loadings on pistons efficiently, and it is helpful in the study of thermal fatigue behavior in pistons. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

共代数中的互模拟证明方法及其应用

本论文主要研究共代数中的互模拟证明方法及其应用两个方面。 代数理论已被证实在计算机科学中具有广泛的应用，其对偶概念——共代数理论是近年来兴起的一个理论，它在描述无穷状态系统方面具有明显的优势。 因此，我们在本文中以共代数作为抽象的研究模型。 因为互模拟判定中的up-to方法能够非常有效地加速判定过程，我们首先将该方法从传统的集合论中 扩展到共代数理论。作为Sangiorgi的可靠函数的扩展，我们引入了一致函数。因此， 为了证明某个二元关系中的进程对都是互模拟等价的，只要证明该关系前进到其在某个一致函数作用下得到的新关系中即可。 另外，我们给出了span-互模拟和ref-互模拟之间的等价转换关系，并且，利用该结果证明了共代数中原有的up-to方法 都能被一致函数所覆盖。 一致函数是为单个函子$F$定义的。但是，当$F$是某种类型的多项式函子时，有可能存在一些 函数，它们与$F$的某些子函子一致却不与整个$F$一致。因此，我们将一致函数进一步扩展，定义 联合一致函数，它是那些只与某些子函子一致的函数在一定条件下的组合。联合一致函数使用起来和一致函数一样，能够用来产生 新的up-to证明方法。另外，我们也相应地给出了传统并发理论中的联合一致函数概念，并且利用它给出了 弱互模拟的up-to方法。 在抽象的共代数模型中给出一般化的up-to方法之后，本文继续研究其在具体的无穷状态系统，即 BPA系统上的应用。Caucal的self-互模拟理论在 BPA系统的互模拟判定算法中起着关键作用，而它恰恰 是运用up-to方法协助互模拟判定的一个典范。 因为一个BPA系统也是一个共代数，我们在共代数理论中利用一致函数证明了该理论。 同时，本文给出了一个tableau算法，用来判定包含normed 与unnormed BPA进程的全BPA系统的互模拟等价问题。该算法非常直接且易于理解。 利用该tableau算法，我们证明了Hans H\"{u}ttel 和 Colin Stirling 为normed BPA进程设计的等式理论对于全BPA系统同样是可靠的与完备的。

Design and Operation of A 5.5 MWe Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Demonstration Plant

The design and operation of a 5.5 MWe biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) demonstration plant, which is located in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province of China, are introduced. It is the largest complete biomass gasification power plant that uses rice husk and other agricultural wastes as fuel in Asia. It mainly consists of a 20 MWt atmospheric circulating fluidized-bed gasifier, a gas-purifying system, 10 sets of 450 kW(e) gas engines, a waste heat boiler, a 1.5 MWe steam turbine, a wastewater treatment system, etc. The demonstration plant has been operating since the end of 2005, and its overall efficiency reaches 26-28%. Its capital cost is less than 1200 USD/kW, and its running cost is about 0.079 USD/kWh based on the biomass price of 35.7 USD/ton. There is a 20% increment on capital cost and 35% decrease on the fuel consumption compared to that of a 1 MW system without a combined cycle. Because only part of the project has been performed, many of the tests still remain and, accordingly, must be reported at a later opportunity.

Upgrading bio-oil over different solid catalysts

Solid acid 40SiO(2)/TiO2-SO42- and solid base 30K(2)CO(3)/Al2O3-NaOH were prepared and compared with catalytic esterification activity according to the model reaction. Upgrading bio-oil by solid acid and solid base catalysts in the conditioned experiment was investigated, in which dynamic viscosities of bio-oil was lowered markedly, although 8 months of aging did not show much viscosity to improve its fluidity and enhance its stability positively. Even the dehydration by 3A molecular sieve still kept the fluidity well. The density of upgraded bio-oil was reduced from 1.24 to 0.96 kg/m(3), and the gross calorific value increased by 50.7 and 51.8%, respectively. The acidity of upgraded bio-oil was alleviated by the solid base catalyst but intensified by the solid acid catalyst for its strong acidification. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the ester reaction in the bio-oil was promoted by both solid acid and solid base catalysts and that the solid acid catalyst converted volatile and nonvolatile organic acids into esters and raised their amount by 20-fold. Besides the catalytic esterification, the solid acid catalyst carried out the carbonyl addition of alcohol to acetals. Some components of bio-oil undertook the isomerization over the solid base catalyst.

脉冲爆轰发动机的系统性能分析

采用简化的脉冲爆轰推进装置模型, 利用热循环效率分析方法, 推导了包含进气道总压恢复系数的热循环效率公式, 并在特定来流条件下, 考察了一个爆轰循环中进气道总压恢复系数和燃烧室初始温度对热循环效率和比冲的影响, 研究发现, 降低来流总压损失有助于提高热循环效率, 而提高燃烧室初始温度能更有效地提高热循环效率, 据此, 提出了多级重起爆脉冲爆轰发动机概念, 利用在突扩截面上解耦的爆轰波的前导激波去再次压缩工质, 进一步提高工质的热力学参数, 从而提高脉冲爆轰装置的热循环效率, 推导了此种构型PDE的热循环效率计算公式, 并对多级重起爆脉冲爆轰发动机进行了原理性论证, 研究结果表明, 多级重起爆方法提高了燃烧室的爆前温度, 从而有效地提高脉冲爆轰发动机热循环效率.最后, 关于出口工质的非完全膨胀的情况, 做了定性的阐述, 认为只有降低工质的出口压力, 才能更有效增加工质的出口动能, 从而提高热循环效率

冲压发动机尾喷管实验新方法

阐述冲压发动机尾喷管地面模拟实验的新方法.采用双爆轰技术产生稳定的高焓燃气模拟高马赫数飞行条件下冲压发动机的燃烧气体;利用皮托管测量尾喷管推力,并对测量误差进行了分析;为研究催化复合效应增大推力提供实验基础

Numerical simulation of thermal loading produced by shaped high power laser onto engine parts

Recently a new method for simulating the thermal loading on pistons of diesel engines was reported. The spatially shaped high power laser is employed as the heat source, and some preliminary experimental and numerical work was carried out. In this paper, a further effort was made to extend this simulation method to some other important engine parts such as cylinder heads. The incident Gaussian beam was transformed into concentric multi-circular patterns of specific intensity distributions, with the aid of diffractive optical elements (DOEs). By incorporating the appropriate repetitive laser pulses, the designed transient temperature fields and thermal loadings in the engine parts could be simulated. Thermal-structural numerical models for pistons and cylinder heads were built to predict the transient temperature and thermal stress. The models were also employed to find the optimal intensity distributions of the transformed laser beam that could produce the target transient temperature fields. Comparison of experimental and numerical results demonstrated that this systematic approach is effective in simulating the thermal loading on the engine parts. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Application of rare earths in thermal barrier coating materials

Rare earths are a series of minerals with special properties that make them essential for applications including miniaturized electronics, computer hard disks, display panels, missile guidance, pollution controlling catalysts, H-2-storage and other advanced materials. The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has the potential to extend the working temperature and the life of a gas turbine by providing a layer of thermal insulation between the metallic substrate and the hot gas. Yttria (Y2O3), as one of the most important rare earth oxides, has already been used in the typical TBC material YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia). In the development of the TBC materials, especially in the latest ten years, rare earths have been found to be more and more important. All the new candidates of TBC materials contain a large quantity of rare earths, such as R2Zr2O7 (R=La, Ce, Nd, Gd), CeO2-YSZ, RMeAl11O19 (R=La, Nd; Me=Mg, Ca, Sr) and LaPO4. The concept of double-ceramic-layer coatings based on the rare earth materials and YSZ is effective for the improvement of the thermal shock life of TBCs at high temperature.

Ceramic materials for thermal barrier coatings

This paper summarizes the basic properties of ceramic materials for thermal barrier coatings. Ceramics, in contrast to metals, are often more resistant to oxidation, corrosion and wear, as well as being better thermal insulators. Except yttria stabilized zirconia, other materials such as lanthanum zirconate and rare earth oxides are also promising materials for thermal barrier coatings.