Factors affecting the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transplantation in the fish embryo

Procedures to improve somatic cell nuclear transplantation in fish were evaluated. We reported effects of nonirradiated recipient eggs, inactivated recipient eggs, different combinations between recipient eggs and donor cells, duration of serum starvation, generation number, and passage number of donor cells on developmental rates of nuclear transplant (NT) embryos. Exposure to 25,000 R of gamma-rays inactivated recipient eggs. Single nucleus of cultured, synchronized somatic cell from gynogenetic bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was transplanted into nonirradiated or genetically inactivated unfertilized egg of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). There was no significant difference in developmental rate between nonirradiated and inactivated recipient eggs (27.27% vs. 25.71%, respectively). Chromosome count showed that 70.59% of NT embryos contained 48 chromosomes. It showed that most NT embryos came from donor nuclei of bighead carp, which was supported by microsatellite analysis of NT embryos. But 23.53% of NT embryos contained more than 48 chromosomes. It was presumed that those superfluous chromosomes came from nonirradiated recipient eggs. Besides, 5.88% of NT embryos were chimeras. Eggs of blunt-snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) and gibel carp were better recipient eggs than those of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) (25% and 18.03% vs. 8.43%). Among different duration of serum starvation, developmental rate of NT embryos from somatic nuclei of three-day serum starvation was the highest, reaching 25.71% compared to 14.14% (control), 20% (five-day), and 21.95% (seven-day). Cultured donor cells of less passage facilitated reprogramming of NT embryos than those of more passage. Recloning might improve the developmental rate of NT embryos from the differentiated donor nuclei. Developmental rate of fourth generation was the highest (54.83%) and the lowest for first generation (14.14%) compared to second generation (38.96%) and third generation (53.01%). (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A comparative approach to somatic cell nuclear transfer in the rhesus monkey

BACKGROUND: Despite the potential utility of primate somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to biomedical research and to the production of autologous embryonic stem (ES) cells for cell- or tissue-based therapy, a reliable method for SCNT is not yet availab

Reprogramming following somatic cell nuclear transfer in primates is dependent upon nuclear remodeling

BACKGROUND: Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) requires cytoplast-mediated reprogramming of the donor nucleus. Cytoplast factors such as maturation promoting factor are implicated based on their involvement in nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) and prema

Impairments in embryonic genome activation in rhesus monkey somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a remarkable process in which a somatic cell nucleus is acted upon by the ooplasm via mechanisms that today remain unknown. Here we show the developmental competence (% blastocyst) of embryos derived from SCNT (21%)

The giant panda (Ailurapoda melanoleuca) somatic nucleus can dedifferentiate in rabbit ooplasm and support early development of the reconstructed egg

The giant panda skeletal muscle cells, uterus epithelial cells and mammary gland cells from an adult individual were cultured and used as nucleus donor for the construction of interspecies embryos by transferring them into enucleated rabbit eggs. All the three kinds of somatic cells were able to reprogram in rabbit ooplasm and support early embryo development, of which mammary gland cells were proven to be the Lest, followed by uterus epithelial cells and skeletal muscle cells. The experiments showed that direct injection of mammary gland cell into enucleated rabbit ooplasm, combined with in vivo development in ligated rabbit oviduct, achieved higher blastocyst development than in vitro culture after the somatic cell was injected into the perivitelline space and fused with the enucleated egg by electrical stimulation. The chromosome analysis demonstrated that the genetic materials in reconstructed blastocyst cells were the same as that in panda somatic cells. In addition, giant panda mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was shown to exist in the interspecies reconstructed blastocyst. The data suggest that (i) the ability of ooplasm to dedifferentiate somatic cells is not species-specific; (ii) there is compatibility between interspecies somatic nucleus and ooplasm during early development of the reconstructed egg.

胡杨体细胞再生植株及耐机制的研究

胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）是干旱荒漠风沙前治地区唯一分布的乔木树种，具有极强的抗逆性，突出地表现出较强的耐盐碱能力。由于胡杨在繁殖上存在问题，种子采后极易丧失生活力和无性扦插繁殖难以生根，加之人们对胡杨耐盐抗逆机制缺乏了解，应而极大地制约了这一珍贵抗逆种质资源的开发和利用，现有资源的保存也受到严重危胁。试验首先利用植物细胞工程技术开展了胡杨体细胞再生植株的系统研究，并在分子水平上就愈伤组织的培养和器官发生过程中表达的特异蛋白开展了深入工作。其次，对胡杨耐盐机制进行了研究，分析了胡杨细胞盐胁迫响应蛋白，开展了盐胁迫条件下细胞对离子吸收和分配特性以及与耐盐有关的形态结构的研究。这一工作的开展对于有效地保存、开发和利用胡杨种质资源，对于荒漠化治理，以及深入认识胡杨耐盐性、丰富和发展木本植物耐盐理论，具有十分重要的意义。 研究取得的主要结果如下： 1.较好地解决了胡杨试管培养中黄萎和退化等难以克服的问题，通过全面和系统的比较研究和对培养条件的优化，首次获得了高频率的和成熟的胡杨体细胞再生植株体系。胡杨愈伤组织、离体叶片和离体茎段不定芽再生频率分别可达82.9％、100％和83％，试管苗生根为86.2％。 2.提出了以愈伤组织表达蛋白状况作为判定其器官发生能力的观点，确定了三类愈伤组织和器官发生中三个不同分化阶段的蛋白分子标记。利用SDS-PAGE和IEF－SDS－PAGE对胡杨不同类型愈伤组织和愈伤组织分化不定芽过程的蛋白进行了研究。结果表明：不同类型愈伤组织中表达的蛋白存在着一定差异。在光下和BA／NAA为1诱导产生的具有较强器官发生能力的茎基愈伤组织，其蛋白组分明显地少于其它类型的愈伤组织，表明其分化程度较低。经过黑暗和BA／NAA为0.5的继代培养，愈伤组织产生了特异的24。5KD和58.6KD的标记蛋白，并且也表达了其器官发生时表达的19KD和31KD蛋白。说明愈伤组织经过继代培养其器官发生能力下降是与细胞分化程度增加相关的。茎基愈伤组织在光下和BA／NAA为5的条件下进行器官发生诱导，随着愈伤组织形成分生细胞团块和不定芽原基明显地表达了20KD和55KD蛋白带，并且20KD蛋白中包含有特异的pI为5。5－6.5的蛋白。43KD和pI为6.5-7.5的蛋白为器官发生前期蛋白。本文不愈伤组织表达蛋白状况与器官发生能力间关系进行了讨论。 3.分离和鉴定了胡杨细胞盐胁迫响应蛋白，从蛋白表达上证实盐胁迫对胡杨细胞产生的影响明显地分为渗透胁迫和离子伤害胁迫两种效应。对悬浮培养的胡杨细胞进行NaCL和PEG(6000)胁迫处理，SDS－PAGE分析表明：NaCL和PEG胁迫处理的细胞均明显地表达了28KD和59KD蛋白带，表明28KD和59DK蛋白是与渗透胁迫有关的。66KD和60KD蛋白带仅在高水平盐胁迫细胞中显著表达，应而是与盐胁迫中离子伤害有关的蛋白。进一步证实胡杨细胞中28KD和66KD蛋白带表达受ABA诱导。通过IEF－SDS－PAGE证实，28KD蛋白包含有pI为8.0-9.0的蛋白，渗透胁迫和离子胁迫相关的分离和鉴定为通过蛋白途径克隆与渗透胁迫和离子胁迫相关基因，为深入认识胡杨耐盐机制奠定了基础。 4.通过X－射线细胞微区分析以及与毛白杨细胞比较发现，胡杨细胞对培养介质中高浓度的盐离子具有较强的拒吸作用和一定的忍耐性。胡杨细胞中液泡不具有积聚离子的功能，细胞分室性渗调节作用不明显。胡杨细胞膜对离子进入具有选择功能，表现在培养介质中Na和CL离子进入细胞和由细胞质进入液泡不以等摩尔数形式进行，进入的CL离子比Na离子约高50％，说明了二者通过质膜是由不同机制控制的，是分开进行的，也说明胡杨细胞拒Na离子强于拒CL离子。另外胡杨细胞受到盐胁迫时还表现出比较强的维持细胞内离子平衡的功能。正是由于上述特性，才赋予了胡杨细胞具有较强的耐盐性。 5.利用电子显微镜和光学显微镜中相差和微分干涉等技术，对胡杨细胞和组织结构进行了观察。与毛白杨细胞相比，胡杨细胞中具有较丰富的线粒体和质体，盐胁迫和渗透胁迫均明显地提高了细胞质中线粒体数和质体数，并使质体中内含体增多，细胞质中和液泡内缘出现明显的嗜饿物质。研究还发现，胡杨细胞膜与细胞壁之间呈齿状结合，说明了膜与壁之间结合的牢固性和稳定性，解释了胡杨细胞在胁迫中不易发生质壁分离的原因。胡杨细胞在受到盐或渗透胁迫时，细胞内出现明显的丝状结晚，细胞核变大，核仁明显。在器官和组织结构方面，胡杨根系具有发达的根冠和根内皮层，根毛较多，叶片输导组织不发达等。这些结构的存在与胡杨的抗逆性是密切相关的。文中从形态结构上阐述了胡杨的耐盐碱特性。

Interspecies implantation and mitochondria fate of panda-rabbit cloned embryos

Somatic cell nuclei of giant pandas can dedifferentiate in enucleated rabbit ooplasm, and the reconstructed eggs can develop to blastocysts. In order to observe whether these interspecies cloned embryos can implant in the uterus of an animal other than th

Epigenetic marks in cloned rhesus monkey embryos: Comparison with counterparts produced in vitro

Until now, no primate animals have been successfully cloned to birth with somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedures, and little is known about the molecular events that occurred in the reconstructed embryos during preimplantation development. In man