Light histories influence the impacts of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and growth in a marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum

Phytoplanktonic species acclimated to high light are known to show less photoinhibition. However, little has been documented on how cells grown under indoor conditions for decades without exposure to UV radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) would respond differently to solar UVR compared to those in situ grown under natural solar radiation. Here, we have shown the comparative photosynthetic and growth responses to solar UVR in an indoor-(IS) and a naturally grown (WS) Skeletonema costatum type. In short-term experiment (<1 day), phi(PSII) and photosynthetic carbon fixation rate were more inhibited by UVR in the IS than in the WS cells. The rate of UVR-induced damages of PSII was faster and their repair was significantly slower in IS than in WS. Even under changing solar radiation simulated for vertical mixing, solar UVR-induced higher inhibition of photosynthetic rate in IS than in WS cells. During long-term (10 days) exposures to solar radiation, the specific growth rate was much lower in IS than WS at the beginning, then increased 3 days later to reach an equivalent level as that of WS. UVR-induced inhibition of photosynthetic carbon fixation in the IS was identical with that of WS at the end of the long-term exposure. The photosynthetic acclimation was not accompanied with increased contents of UV-absorbing compounds, indicating that repair processes for UVR-induced damages must have been accelerated or upgraded. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterization of diurnal photosynthetic rhythms in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum grown in synchronous culture under ambient and elevated CO2

Photosynthetic performance was examined in Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve. under 12: 12-h light: dark (LD) cycle at ambient CO2 (350 muL L-1) and elevated CO2 (1000 muL L-1). At ambient CO2, the cellular chlorophyll a content, the light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P-m), the initial slope of the light saturation curves ( a), the photochemical efficiency of PSII (F-v/F-m), the apparent carboxylating efficiency (ACE) and the photosynthetic affinity for CO2 [1/K-m (CO2)] all showed rhythmical changes with different amplitudes during the light period. The P-m had similar changing pattern in the light period with the ACE and 1/K-m (CO2) rather than with the alpha and F-v/F-m, indicating that rhythmical changes of photosynthetic capacity may be mainly controlled by the activity of C- reduction associated with CO2 uptake during the light period. The CO2 enrichment reduced the ACE and the affinity to CO2, and increased the a, cellular chlorophyll a content and P m based on cell number. By contrast, the changing patterns of all photosynthetic parameters examined here during the light period had almost the same for cells grown at ambient CO2 and elevated CO2, suggesting that the photosynthetic rhythms of S. costatum are not affected by CO2 enrichment.

Effect of CO2 concentrations on the activity of photosynthetic CO2 fixation and extracelluar carbonic anhydrase in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum

The growth and activity of photosynthetic CO2 uptake and extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA(ext)) of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum were investigated while cultured at different levels of CO2 in order to see its physiological response to different CO2 concentrations under either a low (30 mumol . m(-2) . s(-1)) or high (210 mumol . m(-2) . s(-1)) irradiance. The changes in CO2 concentrations (4-31 mumol/L) affected the growth and net photosynthesis to a greater extent under the low than under the high light regime. CAext was detected in the cells grown at 4 mumol/L CO2 but not at 31 and 12 mumol/L CO2, with its activity being about 2.5-fold higher at the high than at the low irradiance. Photosynthetic CO2 affinity (1/K-1/2(CO2)) of the cells decreased with increased CO2 concentrations in culture. The cells cultured under the high-light show significantly higher photosynthetic CO2 affinity than those grown at the low-light level. It is concluded that the regulations of CA(ext) activity and photosynthetic CO2 affinity are dependent not only on CO2 concentration but also on light availability, and that the development of higher CA(ext) activity and CO2 affinity under higher light level could sufficiently support the photosynthetic demand for CO2 even at low level of CO2.

Nutrient compositions of cultured Thalassiosira rotula and Skeletonema costatum from the Jiaozhou Bay in China

Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon composition of cultured two different sized phytoplankton common species of Thalassiosira rotula and Skeletonema costatum from the Jiaozhou Bay were measured. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon contents in cell were. obvious higher in T. rotula than in S. costatum, but the percents of nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon contents in cell dry mass in T. rotula were lower than those in S. costatum. The dry mass concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus,silicon in S. costatum were much higher than those in T. rotula, particularly silicon, the former was 6.4 times of the latter, showing that S. costatum could more assimilate these elements. Especially, S. costatum had competitive dominance for assimilating silicon, which is beneficial to its becoming a major dominant species in relative short silicon of the Jiaozhou Bay. There were some differences in numerical value of nutrient ratios both laboratory-cultured phytoplankton and different sized suspended particulates (mainly phytoplankton) in the Jiaozhou Bay, which was caused by the changes of environment. High contents of carbon, nitrogon and relative low phosporus,silicon, high molar ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (far higher than Redfield value) and low ratio of silicon to phosphorus and silicon to nitrogen (far lower than Redfield values) in the two diatoms and different sized suspended particulates were consistent with those in the seawater. Relative short silicon in the seawater and phytoplankton showed that silicon was possibly affectting phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay.

胶州湾骨条藻（Genus Skeletonema）生物学特征的初步探讨

胶州湾骨条藻（Genus Skeletonema）在一年内呈现两个数量高峰期，此两个高峰期的生态环境差异极大，分别出现在一年中水温最高的七月和最低的1－2月，对这两季高峰期的骨条藻的形态观察及生理特征分析发现：1．两季组骨条藻形态相似，皆为中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) cleve）2．两季组中肋骨条藻皆为广泛适应性群体，在4℃－27℃条件下均能生长。3．两季组中肋骨条藻之间存在群体遗传学的差异，对各自的生长环境（取样环境）有较好的适应性。4．胶州湾中肋骨条藻一年内的个体数量最低期的产生并不是由光、温、营养盐等无机环境因子对其生长的抑制造成的。

泉州湾赤潮藻类优势种演替影响因子探讨

于2006年5—11月对东海泉州湾赤潮监控区设定4个采样站位,进行赤潮常规监测。结果表明,泉州湾藻类优势种由中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、太平洋海链藻(Thalassiosira pacifica)、微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)及旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)等赤潮生物组成,虽然中肋骨条藻为最主要的优势

碳酸酐酶在中肋骨条藻光合作用中的作用(英文)

探讨了在正常空气条件下生长的中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的碳酸酐酶(CA)在其光合固碳中的作用。在中肋骨条藻的胞内和胞外均有CA活性,但胞外CA活性很低。CA抑制剂AZ(乙酰唑磺胺)对中肋骨条藻的光合放氧速率没有明显影响,而CA抑制剂EZ(乙氧苯唑胺)对其光合放氧速率有强烈的抑制作用。EZ的抑制作用使细胞最大光合速率、饱和光强和无机碳亲和力下降,无机碳的补偿点和光呼吸提高,使强光下光抑制作用增强。这些结果表明:中肋骨条藻的胞外CA在其光合作用中所起的作用较小,而其胞内CA通过催化

CO_2浓度对中肋骨条藻的光合无机碳吸收和胞外碳酸酐酶活性的影响

为探讨低光照(30 μmol·m-2·s-1)和高光照(210 μmol·m-2·s-1)条件下海水CO2浓度变化对海产硅藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的生理影响,对该藻生长及其光合CO2吸收和胞外碳酸酐酶(CAext)活性进行了测定,结果表明,在低光条件下,CO2浓度变化(4～31μmol/L CO2)对该藻的生长和净光合速率的影响比高光条件大.CAext在12和31μmol/L CO2时没有检测出活性;但在4 μmol/L CO2时则有明显活性,且其高光条件下的活性是低光条件

Allelopathic interactions between the macroalga Ulva pertusa and eight microalgal species

HETEROSIGMA-AKASHIWO RAPHIDOPHYCEAE; CENTRAL VENICE LAGOON; ALEXANDRIUM-TAMARENSE; RED-TIDE; COASTAL LAGOONS; PHYTOPLANKTON; GROWTH; BAY; DINOFLAGELLATE; COMPETITION

Development of rRNA and rDNA-targeted probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)

Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) is a fragile, fish-killing alga. Efforts to understand and prevent blooms due to this harmful species to mitigate the impact on aquaculture require the development of methods for rapid and precise identification and quantification, so that adequate warning of a harmful algal bloom may be given. Here, we report the development and application of rRNA and rDNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to aid in the detection and enumeration of H. akashiwo. The designed probes were species specific, showing no cross-reactivity with four common HAB causative species: Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg, P. minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, Alexandrium tarmarense (Lebour) Balech, and Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, or with four other microalgae, including Gymnodinium sp. Stein, Platy-monas cordiformis (Karter) Korsch, Skeletonema sp.1 Greville and Skeletonema sp.2. The rRNA-targeted probe hybridized to cytoplasmic rRNA, showing strong green fluorescence throughout the whole cell, while cells labeled by rDNA-targeted probe exhibited exclusively fluorescent nucleus. The detection protocols were optimized and could be completed within an hour. For rRNA and rDNA probes, about a corresponding 80% and 70% of targeted cells could be identified and quantified during the whole growth circle, despite the inapparent variability in the average probe reactivity. The established FISH was proved promising for specific, rapid, precise, and quantitative detection of H. akashiwo. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

胶州湾及其邻近海域的浮游植物－种类组成与数量变化

研究胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成与时空分布的特点，对于了解该湾生态系统的现状与历史变化趋势以及生态系统对自然条件变化和人类干扰的响应具有重要意义。 本文根据2004年每月一次采集的浮游植物样品，分析了胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成和优势种的时空分布情况。调查发现浮游植物共142种，分属于6门53属，其中硅藻门40属113种，占总物种数的79.6%；甲藻门10属24种，占总物种数的16.9%；其它为金藻门1属2种，裸藻1属1种，绿藻1属2种。浮游植物丰度周年波动范围为11.12－14602.39×104cells/m3，全年平均为1857.55×104cells/m3。全年丰度最高的藻为环纹劳德藻(Lauderia annulata)，出现在2月份，而全年的丰度最高值也出现在2月份。在胶州湾中，硅藻所占比例最大，平均为97.44%，最高为99.95%，最低为82.55%。浮游植物的丰度的周年变化：有两个高峰，分别出现在2月份和10月份，是典型的温带海域双高峰的分布形式。 胶州湾浮游植物的优势种分析，采用Kikvidze等（2002）提出的确定优势种数量的计算方法，再依据各物种的优势度排序最终确定优势种。其中在多样性最低的6月和10月，优势种数目均为1种，分别为丹麦细柱藻（Leptocylindrus danicus）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）。而在多样性指数较低的1月、2月，优势种数目分别为2和3；而在物种多样性比较高的5月、7月、11月，由于分布相对比较分散，所以优势种数量较多。这说明这个方法可以较好地完成对胶州湾浮游植物群落分析时确定优势种的目标。优势种出现频率较多的种类为中肋骨条藻（1、3、4、5、8、10、11、12月）、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)（7、8、9、11、12月）、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia pungens)（2、3、5、7月）、加拉星杆藻(Asteronella kariana)（1、2、3、5月）、密联角毛藻(Chaetoceros densus)（5、11、12月）、扭鞘藻(Streptothece thamesis)（7、8、9月）、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillancs)（4、5、7月）、奇异菱形藻(Nitzschia paradoxa)（5、11、12月）,对这些种的时空分布进行了分析。 对2004年胶州湾的浮游植物数据进行分层聚类分析后，发现可以将胶州湾划分为三个海区：湾南与湾外海区、湾中西部海区、湾东海区。

粘土矿物及无机絮凝剂对有害赤潮的治理研究

在害赤潮作为一种全球性的海洋灾害，给海洋环境、水产养殖业和人类健康造成巨大危害，研究赤潮的发生规律，探索新的、经济有效的赤潮的防治方法具有重要的科学意义和应用前景。本文针对中国沿海常见赤潮生物种，研究了粘土矿物双赤潮生物基本生理指标的影响，进一步探讨了粘土矿物的控制赤潮机制；并针对粘土矿物去除效率不高的特点，制备出具有较高絮凝胶效率的改性粘土；此外，本文还首次将无机高分子絮凝效率的改性粘土；此外，本文还首次将无机高分子絮凝剂MMH（混合金属氢氧化物正电胶体）和PSMS（聚硅酸金属盐）用于赤潮治理研究中，并探索了上述赤潮防治剂的环境生态效应，主要成果与内容有：1、粘土矿物的筛选 采集国内外近30种粘土矿物，分别考察了它们对中国沿海常见赤潮生物种赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）和塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）的去除效果。结果表明，不同粘土矿物对赤潮生物的絮凝能力有显著差别，实验筛选出去除效果较好的几种粘土，分别为来自美国的Chemically treated kaolin、WHOI土、江苏吴县高岭土及苏州特号土等。通过絮凝实验得到上述几种粘土矿物对两种赤潮生物的絮凝曲线，发现不同粘土矿物对赤潮生物的最大去除率及达到最大去除率所需的粘土浓度有较大差别，同一粘土矿物对不同赤潮生物的去除效果也不相同。塔玛亚历山大藻较赤潮异变藻更易被粘土矿物去除。2、粘土矿物对赤潮生物的生理效应 研究了高岭土对赤潮异弯藻和塔玛来历山大藻生长繁殖、叶绿素a含量、光合作用以及呼吸作用的影响。结果表明，高岭土对赤潮生物生长、叶绿素a含量及光合作用均有抑制作用，表现为随粘土浓度的增加及作用时间的延长，抑制作用增强，并认为这可能与粘土的加入导致光照效应降低及藻类生长的营养环境改变有关。实验同时发现高岭土对不同赤潮生物的抑制程度不同，塔玛亚历山大藻上述各项生理指标比赤潮异弯藻更易受粘土影响。3、无机絮凝剂的制备及絮凝作用研究 主要考察了无机高分子絮凝剂MMH及PSMS（聚硅酸金属盐），包括聚硅酸氯化铝（PSAC）和聚硅酸硫酸铝（PSAS）的合成及对赤潮生物的絮凝作用。在MMH的合成过程中，考察了镁铝摩尔比及制备温度对MMH絮凝赤潮异弯藻的影响，认为镁铝摩尔比为2的条件下制备的MMH具有较好的絮凝和沉降性能，其絮凝赤潮异弯藻的最佳用量为1.5mmolAl/L。在PSAS的合成中采用三因子三水平的正交试验设计，得到PSAS的最佳制备条件为：SiO_2浓度 = 2%， Al~(3+)/SiO_2 = 1, pH = 4。絮凝实验结果表明，PSAS对赤潮生物的絮凝效果优于传统絮凝剂AS（硫酸铝），同时PSAS对不同赤潮生物的絮凝效果也不同，认为这主要与不同赤潮生物的形态结构、运动性及胞外分泌物有关。4、粘土矿物表面改性及机理研究 为提高粘土矿物去除赤潮生物的效率，分别用插入法和表面吸附法制备改性粘土。实验得出插入法的最佳制备条件为：制备温度70 ℃，镁离子浓度2mol/L；表面吸附法中粘土和MMH（混合金属氢氧化物胶体）的适宜配比为：粘土/MMH=10。改性后粘土去除赤潮异弯藻的效率较改性前提高2-3倍。相关分析表明，改性粘土去除赤潮生物的效率与改性后表面电位呈正相关，两种情况下R~2均大于0.8，说明表面电位是影响粘土矿物去除赤潮生物的一个重要因素。5、赤潮治理的现场模拟实验及环境生态效应 在1999年夏季胶州湾中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）赤潮的发生现场进行了改性粘土及PSAS对藻类去除率、悬浮物、DO、COD、pH等指标的影响研究。结果表明，改性粘土及PSAS对现场中肋骨条藻有较高的去除率，1g/L的改性高岭土和改性蒙脱土对中肋骨条藻的去除率分别可达77%和93%，1ml/L的PSAS去除率达90%以上。DO的含量轻微下降，不致影响其他生物的生长，COD下降幅度较大，达50-80%。6、赤潮防治剂对中国对虾的毒性研究 进行了粘土、次氯酸钙、氯化铝和氯化铁对中国对虾的毒性试验，结果表明，1g/L的高岭土对虾基本无毒性；次氯酸钙在低浓度下对对虾无毒，在高浓度下对对虾有急性毒性效应，安全使用浓度为0.5ml/L游离氯；氯化铝和氯化铁在对虾体内有一定的积累，其长期的毒性效应有待于进一步的分析。上述几种试剂均可用于粘土矿物的改性处理中，是比较安全的赤潮防治剂。

环境因子对养殖生物白斑综合症传播和分子生物标志物系统的影响研究

本文研究了海洋微藻在白斑综合症(white spot syndrome)暴发中的可能作用，以及阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)长期暴露对紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)生物标志物系统的影响(72 d)。 1．海洋微藻在养殖对虾白斑综合症传播中的作用研究 为了证实海洋微藻是否是养殖对虾白斑综合症的传播途径，我们首先将六种海洋微藻：球定边金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、小球藻(Chlorella sp. )、赤潮异湾藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)和盐藻(Dunaliella salina)，与人工注射感染白斑病毒(white spot syndrome virus)的成体日本囊对虾共同培养，用套氏PCR方法检测共培养的微藻能否携带白斑病毒。在此基础上，进一步研究了共培养后的海洋微藻是否能感染幼体日本囊对虾。研究结果表明，除了H. akashiwo，实验海洋微藻均可携带白斑病毒，但它们携带病毒的能力有明显差异，Chlorella sp.和S. trochoidea携带白斑病毒的能力较强；但是，与白斑病毒的其他携带者（如桡足类等）不同，携带病毒的海洋微藻10天后病毒检测结果均呈阴性。共培养后小球藻组可感染幼体日本囊对虾，但幼体携带病毒的量只能通过二步PCR方法才能检测到。上述结果表明，海洋微藻在WSSV的水平传播途径中具有一定的作用。 2．表面活性剂对紫贻贝生物标志物系统的影响研究 以青岛胶州湾现场调查数据为依据，选择阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作为污染物、以近海底栖生物紫贻贝为受试生物，研究了长期暴露后紫贻贝生化指标(SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, GST, iNOS, AKP)和遗传毒理指标(AFLP指纹图谱)的变化。实验结果发现: 经过72d不同浓度暴露后，SDBS实验组紫贻贝体内的SOD、CAT和iNOS活性均有显著下降（除CAT 0.1mg/L组外），GSH、GST和GPx在3.0mg /L SDS、SDBS组较各自对照组均有显著升高。SDBS对紫贻贝生化指标影响的显著性水平大于SDS。统计分析显示，SDBS暴露组下GST与GPx呈显著正相关关系，iNOS与SOD也表现出一定正相关,但GSH与CAT、GSH与SOD呈现显著负相关关系。SDS浓度与GST呈显著正相关，而SDBS浓度与CAT呈显著负相关。另外，实验结果发现后闭壳肌中iNOS是一个具有应用前景的阴离子表面活性剂暴露生物标志物。AFLP标记结果统计显示，在实验给定的污染物浓度下，SDBS基因毒性要大于SDS；不同的DNA指纹图谱以及遗传距离图显示不同的污染物造成的DNA损伤是不同的。结果表明，在长期暴露条件(72 d)下，一定浓度的阴离子表面活性剂可以对岗哨生物紫贻贝的SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, GST, iNOS和AFLP指纹图谱一组指标产生显著影响。

几种赤潮微藻的形态和系统进化分析及荧光原位杂交检测

赤潮也称红潮，通常是指由于一些海洋浮游生物在水体中过度繁殖或聚集而使海水变色的现象。赤潮特别是有害赤潮造成了严重的生态环境问题，给水产养殖业和滨海旅游业造成了巨大损失，并可直接危害人类健康。研究赤潮，进而预防和控制赤潮，首先要对引发赤潮的生物种类进行准确鉴定并对自然水域的赤潮生物进行监控，并建立赤潮藻的快速鉴定与检测方法。本文分别对几株赤潮微藻进行了形态和系统进化分析，并探讨了荧光原位杂交在赤潮检测中的应用。 分别对5株分离自中国沿海不同水域的中肋骨条藻[Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve]类似种 (SK-BH、SK-FQ、 SK-HH、SK-DH和SK-XM) 进行光镜和扫描电镜观察，并PCR扩增了转录内间隔区 (含5.8S rDNA)(ITS) 和核糖体大亚基 (D1-D2)区 (LSU)，获得的序列与其它已报道的骨条藻的同源序列进行了进化分析，以探讨５株骨条藻与已报道的骨条藻之间的进化关系。5株骨条藻在形态上各不相同，其中，只有1株 (SK-XM)被鉴定为中肋骨条藻，而其余4株皆与已报道的骨条藻的形态学特征不符。ITS树和LSU树具有不同的拓扑结构，并表明5株骨条藻至少分属3个不同的种。遗传距离分析提示了在地理距离上靠近的种，在进化上也可能靠近。此外，还可以观察到这5株藻之间的细微的形态学“进化”关系。所有结果表明了中国沿海骨条藻属种的多样性。 对1株分离自赤潮水域的裸甲藻 (Gymnodinium)类似种进行了形态学分析，并探讨了该藻与裸甲藻、凯伦藻(Karena)、旋沟藻(Gyrodinium)、下沟藻(Karlodinium)和共生甲藻(Symbiodinium)的进化关系。光镜观察表明该藻具有裸甲藻的一些典型的形态学特征，而我们没能获得细胞形态保存完好的电镜样品；进化分析初步鉴定该藻为一种共生甲藻。 获得了赤潮异湾藻[Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada]的LSU和ITS序列，设计了以胞质rRNA和胞核rDNA为靶序列的特异性探针，建立了赤潮异湾藻的全细胞和细胞核荧光原位杂交技术，对探针的特异性进行了验证，并考察了杂交信号和检测率在整个细胞周期的变化情况。探针能分别使整个细胞和细胞核呈现明亮的绿色荧光。探针是特异性的，不与其它受试藻进行交叉反应。杂交信号在整个细胞周期内变化不明显，且检测率为70%–80%。整个检测过程不到1 ｈ，能实现赤潮异湾藻的快速、准确、特异和半定量检测。 获得了海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg)的LSU和ITS序列，设计了以胞质rRNA为靶序列的特异性探针，建立了海洋原甲藻的全细胞荧光原位杂交技术，并对探针的特异性进行了验证。探针能使整个细胞呈现强烈的绿色荧光。探针不与其它受试藻种进行交叉反应，表明是特异性的。