Web应用服务器自适应配置框架的设计与实现

以Web应用服务器为代表的分布式组件中间件系统(如EJB，CORBA，.NET)已发展为Web计算环境中的主要基础软件。中间件系统通过屏蔽底层平台的异构性，提供大量应用所需要的服务(如事务、安全等)，极大地简化了大规模复杂分布式系统的开发；另外，通过定义良好的组件模型，大量COTS组件能部署到任何与标准兼容的中间件平台实现上，提高了软件复用的程度。 中间件在支持应用的功能性需求方面虽然取得了较好的效果，然而在非功能性支持方面，中间件尚处于“尽力而为”的阶段，缺乏相应的服务质量保障机制，难以满足复杂多变的计算环境的要求。性能是应用系统一种非常关键的非功能特征，基于组件的应用，其性能不但受到应用设计的影响，同时受到应用所部署的中间件系统的影响，而这种影响很大程度上是中间件资源参数配置引起的（下文中如无明确说明，资源配置简称为配置）。目前大部分中间件系统只支持静态配置方式，必须通过反复地试运行来确定手工配置的参数是否能够满足应用的性能需求，该方式效率低下，而且对管理人员的要求很高；同时，对于诸如e-commerce之类的计算环境，负载始终处于高动态变化之中，静态配置方式也难以适应这种负载变化。针对上述问题，本文以EJB中间件为目标平台，提出了一种基于性能模型的自适应配置框架，能够在系统负载变化的情况下，自适应地调整中间件配置参数，更好地满足应用的性能需求。 首先，本文研究了自适应配置框架的总体架构。该框架的核心是一个基于分层排队网络的性能模型，它能够预测在给定中间件配置和负载下的性能度量。在配置决定过程中，性能模型用于评估不同候选配置，指导搜索最优的配置，从而提高性能保障的准确性和有效性。 其次，本文研究了基于分层排队网络模型的EJB性能建模技术。通过分析不同类型组件容器的请求处理行为，我们为不同类型组件建立性能模板。通过基于模型分解/组合的建模方法和模版实例化构建整个EJB应用的完整性能模型。 最后，本文描述了自适应配置框架在OnceAS2.0应用服务器上的原型实现，以及相关实验对该框架有效性的验证。

Transfer, distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in the aquatic food web in Lake Taihu, China, with potential risks to human health

In this paper, accumulation and distribution of microcystins (MCs) was examined monthly in six species of fish with different trophic levels in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China, from June to November 2005, Microcystins were analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Average recoveries of spiked fish samples were 67.7% for MC-RR, 85.3% for MC-YR, and 88.6% for MC-LR. The MCs (MC-RR+MC-YR+MC-LR) concentration in liver and gut content was highest in phytoplanktivorous fish, followed by omnivorous fish, and was lowest in carnivorous fish; while MCs concentration in muscle was highest in omnivorous fish, followed by phytoplanktivorous fish, and was lowest in carnivorous fish. This is the first study reporting MCs accumulation in the gonad of fish in field. The main uptake of MC-YR in fish seems to be through the gills from the dissolved MCs. The WHO limit for tolerable daily intake was exceeded only in common carp muscle. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Food web of benthic macro invertebrates in a large Yangtze River-connected lake: the role of flood disturbance

This Study was conducted in Lake Dongtinghu, a large river-connected lake on the Yangtze River flood-plain, China. Our goal was to determine trophic relationships among benthic macroinvertebrates, as well as the effects of flood disturbance on the benthic food web of a river-connected lake. Macroinvertebrates in the lake fed mainly on detritus and plankton (both zooplankton and phytoplankton). Food web Structure in Lake Dongtinghu was characterized by molluscs as the dominant group, low connectance, high level of omnivory. based oil detritus and primary production, and most ingestion concentrating on a few links. Our analyses showed that flood disturbance is an important factor affecting the benthic food web in Lake Dongtinghu. The numbers of species and functional feeding groups (FFGs), and the density and biomass of macroinvertebrates decreased significantly during flooding. Connectance was higher during the flood season than in other seasons, indicating that floods have a strong effect on connectance in this Yangtze River-connected lake. Flood effects on the benthic web were also evident in the decrease of niche overlaps within and anion, FFGs. Our results provide useful information regarding biodiversity conservation on the Yangtze floodplain. Reconstructing and maintaining natural and regular flow regimes between Yangtze lakes and the river is essential for restoration of macroinvertebrates on the floodplain.

Food web of macroinvertebrate community in a Yangtze shallow lake: trophic basis and pathways

No detailed food web research on macroinvertebrate community of lacustrine ecosystem was reported in China. The present study is the first attempt on the subject in Lake Biandantang, a macrophytic lake in Hubei Province. Food webs of the macroinvertebrate community were compiled bimonthly from March, 2002 to March, 2003. Dietary information was obtained from gut analysis. Linkage strength was quantified by combining estimates of energy flow (secondary production) with data of gut analysis. The macroinvertebrate community of Lake Biandantang was based heavily on detritus. Quantitative food webs showed the total ingestion ranged from 6930 to 36,340 mg dry mass m(-2) bimonthly. The ingestion of macroinvertebrate community was higher in the months with optimum temperature than that in other periods with higher or lower temperature. Through comparison, many patterns in benthic food web of Lake Biandantang are consistent with other detritus-based webs, such as stream webs, but different greatly from those based on autochthonous primary production (e.g. pelagic systems). It suggests that the trophic basis of the web is essential in shaping food web structure.

Studies on the food web structure of Lake Donghu using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios

Food web structure was studied by using carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in a hypereutrophic subtropical Chinese lake, Lake Donghu. High external nutrient loading and the presence of abundant detritus from submersed macrophytes were responsible for the high sediment delta(15)N and delta(13)C, respectively. C-13 was significantly higher in submersed macrophytes than in other macrophytes. The similar delta(13)C values in phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos, and planktivorous fish indicate that phytoplankton was the major food source for the consumers. By using a delta(15)N mass balance model, we estimate that the contributions of zooplankton to the diet of silver carp and bighead carp were 54% and 74%, respectively, which is in agreement with previous microscopic observations on intestinal contents of these fishes.

Layered Architecture for Secure E-Commerce Applications

We present a layered architecture for secure e-commerce applications and protocols with fully automated dispute-resolution process, robust to communication failures and malicious faults. Our design is modular, with precise yet general-purpose interfaces and functionalities, and allows usage as an underlying secure service to different e-commerce, e-banking and other distributed systems. The interfaces support diverse, flexible and extensible payment scenarios and instruments, including direct buyer-seller payments as well as (the more common) indirect payments via payment service providers (e.g. banks). Our design is practical, efficient, and ensures reliability and security under realistic failure and delay conditions.

Web Services Workflows—Composition, Co-Ordination, and Transactions in Service-Oriented Computing

Web services can be seen as a newly emerging research area for Service-oriented Computing and their implementation in Service-oriented Architectures. Web services are self-contained, self-describing modular applications or components providing services. Web services may be dynamically aggregated, composed, and enacted as Web services Workflows. This requires frameworks and interaction protocols for their co-ordination and transaction support. In a Service-oriented Computing setting, transactions are more complex, involve multiple parties (roles), span many organizations, and may be long-running, consisting of a highly decentralized service partner and performed by autonomous entities. A Service-oriented Transaction Model has to provide comprehensive support for long-running propositions including negotiations, conversations, commitments, contracts, tracking, payments, and exception handling. Current transaction models and mechanisms including their protocols and primitives do not sufficiently cater for quality-aware and long running transactions comprising loosely-coupled (federated) service partners and resources. Web services transactions require co-ordination behavior provided by a traditional transaction mechanism to control the operations and outcome of an application. Furthermore, Web services transactions require the capability to handle the co-ordination of processing outcomes or results from multiple services in a more flexible manner. This requires more relaxed forms of transactions—those that do not strictly have to abide by the ACID properties—such as loosely-coupled collaboration and workflows. Furthermore, there is a need to group Web services into applications that require some form of correlation, but do not necessarily require transactional behavior. The purpose of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art review and overview of some proposed standards surrounding Web services composition, co-ordination, and transaction. In particular the Business Process Execution Language for Web services (BPEL4WS), its co-ordination, and transaction frameworks (WS-Co-ordination and WS-Transaction) are discussed.

一种基于SSL／TLS的Web安全代理的设计与实现

SSL Web代理能有效保护Internet上数据传输和存有敏感信息的Web服务器的安全。但是SSL协议中大量的数据处理带来的性能瓶须和协议实现中受到的安全威胁将严亚影响SSL Web代理的效用。该文在分析SSL/TLS协议性能和安全的基础上，设计并实现了一种高效的、安全的SSL-TLS Web代理。

一种基于BLP模型的安全Web服务器系统

针对基于Web的通信存在的弱点，提出了安全Web服务器的概念，并以此为目标，提出并实现了一种基于BLP形式化模型的安全Web服务器系统。

基于在线模型评估的动态Web系统性能保障

动态多层Web系统在运行时会受到许多不确定性因素的影响.同时,在不同的负载模式下具有不同的性能特性,需要不同的性能模型进行描述.为消除不确定性因素对系统性能的影响,基于反馈控制原理设计的性能保障机制主要采用单一、固定的系统性能模型,对动态Web系统变化的性能特征考虑不够.在负载呈波动且具有不可预测特性的Internet环境中,这会降低性能目标的精确性和稳定性.采用自适应控制的思想,以满足请求平均响应时间为目标,提出了一种基于在线评估系统性能模型的保障机制,并采用两个不同类型的事务性Web测试基准,对所提方法进行了评价.结果表明,该方法能够有效减轻变化负载模式下响应时间与预期目标的偏离程度.

一个基于自管理单元支持差分服务的Web容器

随着Internet的飞速发展,符合J2EE规范的Web容器已经成为部署企业Web应用的主流平台.同时,企业Web应用的多样化和复杂性的增长,迫切地要求Web容器提供差分服务的支持.然而,传统的Web容器采用尽力而为的服务模型,无法提供差分服务支持.已有的研究采用准入控制、优先级调度等方法来为Web容器提供差分服务支持,但是它们只能提供单调、静态的差分服务策略.提出了一个基于自管理单元的Web容器DSWC,它能够根据SLA定义提供两级差分服务支持.此外,提出了一个自适应差分服务策略选择算法,它能够根据动态变化的运行环境自适应地选择差分服务策略.原型系统的实验结果显示,DSWC能够有效地为请求提供符合SLA定义的细粒度的差分服务支持.

无线Web访问的缓存和预取机制

缓存和预取在提高无线环境下的Web访问性能方面发挥着重要作用。文章研究针对无线局域网的Web缓存和预取机制,分别基于数据挖掘和信息论提出了采用序列挖掘和延迟更新的预测算法,设计了上下文感知的预取算法和获益驱动的缓存替换机制,上述算法已在Web缓存系统OnceEasyCache中实现。性能评估实验结果表明,上述算法的集成能有效地提高缓存命中率和延迟节省率。

一种Web应用服务器集群管理系统的设计与实现

随着计算机的普及和网络技术的发展，Internet上的Web用户爆炸性增长。作为Web应用主要支撑平台的Web应用服务器经常面临过载的问题。Web应用服务器集群技术是解决这一问题的有效手段。然而，集群规模变大导致的集群拓扑结构复杂、计算环境的高度异构以及应用对性能等非功能需求的多样化使得Web应用服务器集群的安装、配置和维护等管理过程难度大大增加。Web应用服务器集群迫切需要改变目前静态、被动的管理方式，而通过自管理方式来降低其管理成本、适应计算环境变化以及应用的个性化非功能需求。 Web应用服务器集群管理主要包括拓扑结构、资源以及负载等方面的管理。本文设计了一个Web应用服务器集群管理系统。针对集群拓扑结构管理，设计了基于广播的集群节点自配置设施，并通过基于Cookie Insertion的请求会话粘滞设计实现了多个负载均衡器的协同工作；针对集群资源管理，设计了基于Java规则引擎的动态资源管理框架，并在此基础上实现了集群规模的动态调整；针对集群负载管理，设计了基于反馈-控制机制的动态负载均衡算法，可根据节点负载动态调整权值，使集群能够适应负载变化。 基于上述设计，本论文在Web应用服务器系统OnceAS中实现了该集群管理系统，包括支持多种通信模式的集群通信组件，拓扑结构管理器，资源管理器，负载均衡器，以及节点管理器，同时提供了相应的管理工具。系统测试结果表明，该系统支持集群拓扑结构、资源和负载的管理，能够更好地适应负载变化，提高Web应用服务器的整体性能表现。

无线局域网的Web缓存系统研究

由于无线环境中的网络和手持设备的限制,缓存机制在提高移动系统性能方面发挥着重要作用。本文描述了适用于无线LAN的Web缓存系统EasyCache系统的实现,给出了基于数据挖掘理论的移动主机端缓存数据预取算法SEDP。模拟实验数据表明SEDP算法取得了良好的效果。