Linear energy transfer dependence of the effects of carbon ion beams on adventitious shoot regeneration from in vitro leaf explants of Saintpaulia ionahta

Purpose: To determine the effects of carbon ion beams with five different linear energy transfer (LET) values on adventitious shoots from in vitro leaf explants of Saintpaulia ionahta Mauve cultivar with regard to tissue increase, shoots differentiation and morphology changes in the shoots. Materials and methods: In vitro leaf explant samples were irradiated with carbon ion beams with LET values in the range of 31 similar to 151 keV/mu m or 8 MeV of X-rays (LET 0.2 keV/mu m) at different doses. Fresh weight increase, surviving fraction and percentage of the explants with regenerated malformed shoots in all the irradiated leaf explants were statistically analysed. Results: The fresh weight increase (FWI) and surviving fraction (SF) decreased dramatically with increasing LET at the same doses. In addition, malformed shoots, including curliness, carnification, nicks and chlorophyll deficiency, occurred in both carbon ion beam and X-ray irradiations. The induction frequency with the former, however, was far more than that with the X-rays. Conclusions: This work demonstrated the LET dependence of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of tissue culture of Saintpaulia ionahta according to 50% FWI and 50% SF. After irradiating leaf explants with 5 Gy of a 221 MeV carbon ion beam having a LET value of 96 keV/mu m throughout the sample, a chlorophyll-deficient (CD) mutant, which could transmit the character of chlorophyll deficiency to its progeny through three continuous tissue culture cycles, and plantlets with other malformations were obtained.

Effects of ion beam irradiation on adventitious shoot regeneration from in vitro leaf explants of Saintpaulia ionahta

The effects of 960 MeV carbon ion beam and 8 MeV X-ray irradiation on adventitious shoots from in vitro leaf explants of two different Saintpaulia ionahta (Mauve and Indikon) cultivars were studied with regard to tissue increase, shoots differentiation and morphology changes in the shoots. The experimental results showed that the survival fraction of shoot formation for the Mauve and Indikon irradiated with the carbon ion beam at 20 Gy were 0.715 and 0.600, respectively, while those for both the cultivars exposed to the Xray irradiation at the same dose were 1.000. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of Mauve with respect to X-ray was about two. Secondly, the percentage of regenerating explants with malformed shoots in all Mauve regenerating explants irradiated with carbon ion beam at 20 Gy accounted for 49.6%, while that irradiated with the same dose of X-ray irradiation was only 4.7%; as for Saintpatdia ionahta Indikon irradiated with 20 Gy carbon ion beam, the percentage was 43.3%, which was higher than that of X-ray irradiation. Last, many chlorophyll deficient and other varieties of mutants were obtained in this study. Based on the results above, it can be concluded that the effect of mutation induction by carbon ion beam irradiation on the leaf explants of Saintpaulia ionahta is better than that by X-ray irradiation; and the optimal mutagenic dose varies from 20 Gy to 25 Gy for carbon ion beam irradiation.

YAG激光毛化技术进展

二十世纪八十年代，当比利时冶金研究中心(CRM)开发出CO_2激光毛化冷轧辊技术后，尝试用YAG激光进行轧辊毛化一直吸引着众多的研究者，这是因为YAG(1.06μm)激光波长比CO_2(10.6μm)激光波长短一个量级，材料对YAG激光有更高的吸收率，并用YAG激光可以聚焦到更小的光斑尺寸，同时使用电信号驱动的声光开关技术便于对毛化分布进行可设定控制。但是用传统声光调制的YAG激光虽然可以碇以很高的脉冲频率(>30kHz)，但单脉冲有量仅为10mJ左右，难以达到辊面毛化粗糙度的要求，因此人们认为YAG激光用于毛化的主要困难是脉冲能量太小。

青蒿高效遗传转化体系的建立与青蒿素生物合成的分子调控

青蒿素是从中国传统药用植物青蒿（Artemisia annua L.）中提取的新型抗疟特效药。青蒿素在国际市场上供不应求，而青蒿植株中青蒿素的含量很低，因此如何提高青蒿素的产量成为近年来研究的热点。通过基因工程获得转基因青蒿高产株系是提高青蒿素产量的最有潜力的途径之一。 对不同基因型青蒿进行不同的激素浓度配比的比较研究，得到丛生芽诱导率较高、生根诱导率较高的激素配比，从而建立了青蒿高效再生体系。然后系统地分析了青蒿丛生芽诱导、丛生芽生长、丛生芽生根诱导对Kan的敏感性。对影响根癌农杆菌介导青蒿转化的转化效率的两个主要因素，即农杆菌类型和青蒿基因型，以及其它影响因素，即预培养时间、侵染液的组成、共培养的方式和时间进行比较研究，建立了根癌农杆菌介导的青蒿高效转化体系。本高效转化和再生体系的转基因植株的得率为4%至10%，而且转基因植株再生周期短，再生能力强。 通过基因工程，在青蒿高产株系中过量表达本实验室从青蒿中克隆的FPS基因，结果转基因青蒿中FPS的酶活性是非转基因青蒿的2-3倍;转基因青蒿的青蒿素含量最高可达0.9%（DW），是非转基因青蒿中青蒿素含量的1.34倍。这些结果进一步论证了FPS在青蒿素生物合成代谢中的调控作用。