基于上下文依赖规则覆盖的句子生成

基于规则覆盖的句子生成，是上下文无关文法句子生成的主要方法，但是它也具有局限性。最近提出的上下文依赖规则覆盖，能根据文法的内部结构不同而具有不同的分支集合，比规则覆盖的精度更高。目前，尚未见这种上下文依赖规则覆盖的句子生成算法。该文在规则覆盖的句子生成算法的基础上，实现一个基于上下文依赖规则覆盖的句子生成算法。该算法已在机器上实现并经过实验检验。

污泥处理经济评价和污泥堆肥中氧气监测与动态分析

With the continually increase both in the amount of wastewater disposal and in the treatment rate, more and more sewage sludge has been produced. An economic estimate was taken on the different sewage sludge disposal and treatment technologies, and led to the conclusion that compost is an effective way to make sewage sludge harmless, stable and resourceable. Normally, there are several ways to treat sewage sludge, such as landfill, compost, incineration and so on. These technologies will cost 300-1000 Y per ton of sludge. Among those ways, landfill is the cheapest one and operates easily, however, it just postpones the pollution instead of eventually eliminating the pollution; The amount of the sludge will reduce dramatically after incineration, while incineration will take a very high investment in the beginning, at the same time, it's very hard to maintain running; Sewage sludge will be resourceful after composting treantment, thus makes up the treatment cost, makes composting is the most economical way. Compost production is safe when correctly used, compost is a important way to treat sewage sludge. Oxygen is an important control factor in aerobic composting that has great effects on temperature and microorganisms. The gas gathering and transfering system of an online oxygen monitoring system for composting were bettermented to prolong the monitoring system's running period. The oxygen concentration changes in various aerobic composting stage were studied, and conclusions came to that oxygen concentration changes much faster in the oxygen concentration increasing stage than that in the declining stage; the better the aerobic condition is, the sooner the monitoring system starts to work. The minimal oxygen concentration during a ventilation cycle often falls at the beginning, then ascends in the composting period; at the same time, oxygen concentration changes fast in the early composting stage(temperature increasing stage), much slower in the middle stage(continouns thermophilic stage),and seldom changes in the late composting stage(temperature declining stage). With the help of the oxygen realtime-online monitoring system, oxygen concentrations was measured. During the composting period, water contents was analyzed after sampled. It's found that water contents (WC) and Oxygen concentration can both influence the composting process, and the control rule varies in the various composting stages. Essentially, the rule that water and oxygen control the composting process comes from water counterchecks the oxygen transferring to the composting substrate. The most influential factor to the WC and to the oxygen is the components in the composting pile. In the temperature increasing stage, seldom microorganisms exist in the composting pile with low activity, thus oxygen can meet with microorganisms' need, and WC is the dominant factor. In the high temperature (continouns thermophilic) stage, composting process is controlled by WC and oxygen, essentially by WC, at the same time, their influence somehow is not remarkable. In the temperature declining stage, WC and oxygen influence the composting process little. It's also found that the composting process will differ even if under the same components, thus to equably mix the components can avoid WC focusing in some place and let the composting pile to be aerobic. In one sentence, aerobic state is the most important factor in the composting process, suitable bulking material will be useful to the composting control.

语前聋小儿人工耳蜗植入术后的言语康复

An Approach to the Rehabilitation of Prelingually Deaf Children After Cochlear Implantation Zheng Xiujin(Medical Psychology) Directed by Professor Yin WenGang Abstract Objective: To sum up the acquirement rule of speech and language capability which is for the prelingually deaf children after cochlear implantation by listening and language rehabilitation training and to investigate the factors that affect rehabilitation speed. Method: Sixty-four children received a cochlear implant at the age of 2 to 5 years from 2001 to 2005. They begin to be trained under group pattern after switch on 1 month. The whole training program lasted more than 7 months; after that, according to the teacher’s plan the training program was to be continued at home. Result: The period is 108±7.7 days that they can pronounce correctly 50 percent of all of simple-finals and compound-finals, the period is 115.0±7.8 days that they begin auditory repeating, the period is 135.3±10.9 days that they can speech the first specific word independently and the period is 200.3±13.9 days that they can speak 70 words and come into tri-gamut-word and two-word sentence period. The patient that is the group at the age of 2-3 years can take part in normal kindergarten after switch on about 10 months. There are no significant differences in various grades of speech-language development with different age groups and so do with different sex groups. There are significant differences in various grade of speech-language development with various IQ group (P<0.01) and so do with using and not using hearing aids before implantation. Conclusion: From the research we find that the speech and language development sequence is the same level between the prelingually deaf children of 2 to 5 years who received cochlear implant after speech training and normal children and which are stages of uncomplicated sound production, continuous syllabic (babbling), speech sprout, single-word utterances and two-word utterances in proper order. The time is short significantly and the reason is that cognition capability is enhanced along with the increase of age. The intelligence is main factor that affect rehabilitation speed and the speed in the group of high IQ is faster than common IQ. It is not because of the dominance cognition of the senior group that makes the increasing of the rehabilitation, it even makes slowly. The reason of which is that the senior group are exposed the language environment too late to achieve speech and language development. So we should perform an operation and training early. The effectiveness of rehabilitation after cochlear implantation is improved by using hearing aids before implantation. The reason is auditory stimulate can be benefit of to deaf children. The rehabilitation speeds in the children at the age of 2 to 5 years have nothing to do with sex. Key words: cochlear implant; speech therapy; paediatric rehabilitation

汉语韵律短语切分及语调降阶和下倾研究

Firstly, prosodic boundaries of 1991 common sentences were labeled based on speech perception experiment, relation between prosodic structure and syntactic structure was examined after immediate constituent analysis, an example of prosodic phrasing from text sentences was provided using CART. Then, using designed sentences, phenomena of downstep and declination in pitch downtrend of Chinese declarative sentences were examined, commonness and speciality of Chinese intonation were discussed. The main results of the study are: 1 The distribution patterns of prosodic phrase boundaries for different syntactic structures are different, and there is great freedom in prosodic chunking. The relation between syntactic structure and prosodic structure can only be discussed in statistical sense. 2 Besides of syntactic relation, the second most important factor which influences prosodic phrase boundaries is length. The distances to the front boundary and the back boundary are more important than the lengths of the left syntactic contituent and the right one. In our corpus, the length distributions of prosodic phrases are 5±3 syllables. 3 Automatic downstep can lower intonation linearly, but is affected by stress easily. Non-automatic downstep lowers the higher part of pitch contours and has no effect on the lower one of the intonation. 4 The downtrend reason of low point is declination. The extent of declination relates to not only tones of low points, but also their positions in prosodic words, the baselines decline much faster when low point are in the initial position of a prosodic word. In long sentences, the baselines of prosodic phrases are the basic declination units, and the whole declination pattern of a sentence is related to syntactic relations between two neighboring prosodic phrases.

重读和动词隐含因果性对代词加工的影响

Numerous studies have shown that accentuation and implicit verb causality influenced pronoun resolution. However, many researchers cannot agree on the time course, as well as they know little about the interaction between the two types of information during comprehending Chinese sentences. The study aimed to explore the effects of accentuation and implicit verb causality on the pronoun processing during spoken Chinese sentences comprehension as well as their time courses, using auditory moving window technique and cross-modal probe paradigm. The main results were: 1) The reading time of the second clause in stressed pronoun condition was significantly longer than that in unstressed pronoun condition. Accentuation influenced the activation level of candidate antecedents. 2) Implicit verb causality influenced the pronoun interpretation during spoken Chinese sentences comprehension. It also affected the activation level of candidate antecedents immediately after people heard the pronoun. 3) There was “the first-mentioned effect” in spoken Chinese sentences comprehension. The effect seemed as if a general phenomenon during the pronoun processing. 4) Accentuation, Implicit verb causality and the first-mentioned effect interacted during the pronoun processing and spoken Chinese sentences comprehension. This study supported the focus hypothesis, indicating accentuation could shift the center of attention even in nonparallel-structure sentences; implicit verb causality influences the pronoun processing immediately; there was interaction between accentuation and implicit verb causality during spoken sentence comprehension.

汉语口语句子产生中语义和语音信息的水平流动

As Levelt and Meyer (2000) noted, because studies of lexical access during multiword utterances production such as phrases and sentences, they raise two novel questions which studies of single word production do not. Firstly, does the access of different words in a sentence occur in a parallel or a serial fashion? Secondly, does the access of the different words in a sentence occur in an interactive or a discrete fashion? The latter question concerns the horizontal information flow (Smith & Wheeldon, 2004), which is a very important aspect of continuous speech production. A variant of the picture–word interference paradigm combining with eye-tracking technique and a dual task paradigm was used in 7 experiments to investigate the horizontal information flow of semantic and phonological information between nouns in spoken Mandarin Chinese sentences. The results suggested that: 1. Before speech onset, semantic information of different words accross the whole sentence has been activated, while phonological activation has been limited within the first phrase of the sentence. 2. Before speech onset, speaker will look ahead and check the semantic information of latter words as the first noun is beening processed, such looking ahead for phonological information can just occur within the first phrase of the sentence. 3. After speech onset, speaker will concentrate on the content words beyond the first one and will check the semantic information of other words with the same sentence. 4. The result suggested that the lexical accesses of multiple words during spoken sentence production are processed in a partly serial and partly parallel manner and stands for the Unit-by-Unit and Incremental view proposed by Levelt (2000). 5. The horizontal information flow during spoken sentence production is not an automatic process and is constrained by cognitive resource.

汉语文本语篇语句焦点确定及焦点与重音关系研究

This study investigated the method of the focus identification in Chinese text discourse and the relationship between accent and focus, large corpus analysis and decision tree were used in the research. The main results are: 1. Based on the concept of the Focus and understanding of the discourse, Foci identification is consistent and steady; 2. Special Focus markers and specific Focus constructions have greater influence than special constituent order on identifying Focus in Chinese discourse; while information states also have great influence on focus identifying; part of speech，information state, the relative position in the sentence, focus-sensitive operator, specific Focus constructions, contrast relations, relations between the sentences are important factors to focus identifying; 3. Using multi-dimensional tagging and knowledge discovery, it is a feasible way to construct and employ decision trees by computing tagging results to identify Focus; 4. Focus predicting also depends on literal types and styles of the discourse, several types of decision trees should be constructed for different literal types; 5. In the monologue discourse, the most prominent accent is located on the Focus word or in the scope of the Focus; there are some kinds of rules on accent assignment in broad Focus; it is necessary to analyze and classify focus structure for the research of relations between accent and Focus.

汉语句子和语篇韵律层级边界的认知加工及其ERP效应

The aim of the present study was to explore whether the CPS (Closure Positive Shift) which reflected prosodic processing will be elicited when listeners perceived different hierarchical prosodic boundaries in Chinese sentence and discourse (Quatrain). In addiction, the similarity and difference in amplitude, onset latency and scalp distribution between these CPS were investigated. The nature of the CPS and its relationship to acoustic parameters was also explored systematically. The main results and conclusions of the present study were: (1) Phonological phrase boundaries and intonational phrase boundaries in Chinese sentences both elicited the CPS; however, phonological word boundaries can't evoke it. The CPS induced by phonological phrase boundaries was earlier than the one related to intonational phrase boundaries in onset latency, and the amplitude was also somewhat lower. When the pauses in the vicinity of these two boundaries were removed, the onset latency difference disappeared while amplitude in the new conditions was also lower. This indicates that whenever listeners segment sentence into phrases, the CPS will be elicited. Besides, pause was not the decisive factor to elicit the CPS, but can modify its onset latency and amplitude effectively. (2) The different hierarchical prosodic boundaries in seven character quatrain including phonological phrase boundaries, intonational phrase boundaries and sentence pair boundaries elicited the CPS respectively. Furthermore, just like in the sentence level, onset latency of the CPS induced by the prosodic boundaries in the discourse was also influenced by the length of pause: the shorter the pause was, the earlier the onset latency. For the comparison between the CPS evoked by the same and different hierarchical prosodic boundaries, its amplitude was influenced by the extent to which prosodic representations were activated. Thus, the condition of the CPS elicitation was extended to the prosodic bounaries in discourse, and further indicated that it was influenced by acoustic parameters. (3) No matter what task the participants completed, just like word detection or rythem matching task, the CPS will be evoked. However, its amplitude was larger in the anterior region, when listeners completed the word detection task which needed more attention and higher load of working memory. The present result indicated that the elicitation of the CPS was not influenced by the task the participants completed, but different task influence its scalp distribution. (4) The final syllable of the sentence and quatrain can't elicit the CPS, but a P300-like positive component. Although the scalp distribution was similar to the CPS, it was much higher in amplitude. The present result suggested that only the prosodic boundaries reflecting not only the closure of the former prosodic unit but also integrating the later one will elicit the CPS.

多重强式焦点共现句中的焦点强弱及其语音感知差异

The core issue of the current study is on the strength difference of strong foci led by different syntactic devices (focus marker、focus operator、exclusive quantifier)and their acoustic perceptual different in “sentence with multiple strong foci”. The research methods adopted were text labeling and acoustic perceptual experiment. The acoustic parameters of the two speakers in the experiment were analyzed and discussed. The main results of the current study are as follows: Utilizing “sentence with multiple strong foci” as research material, text labeling and acoustic perceptual experiment as research method, the present study performed pairwise comparison of the focus led by focus marker and its corresponding syntactic structure, exclusive quantifier and focus sensitive operator. The results reveal that: in the text labeling experiment and acoustic perceptual experiment, the focus led by focus marker and its corresponding syntactic structure are higher in strength than that led by exclusive quantifier, which in turn leads to more intensive focus strength than focus sensitive operator; in the text labeling experiment, experimental results reveal that foci led by focus marker and its corresponding syntactic structure are higher in strength than that led by the focus sensitive operator. The main conclusions of the current study are as follows: 1 The experimental result supports the assumption to separate the “exclusive quantifier” from the traditional “focus sensitive operator” and treat it as an independent syntactic device leading focus. 2 Paired-Samples T-Text demonstrated that the foci led by the three different syntactic devices differed in the aspect of strengths 3 Syntactic device plays a fundamental role in the determination of focus strength while phonetic device facilitates the determination of focus identification.

工作记忆广度对语篇理解中重读效应的影响

The present study explored the influence of working memory span on accentuation effects in discourse comprehension from the approach of individual difference. High and low working memory span subjects were selected by Reading Span Test. Sentence-by-sentence Auditory Moving Window paradigm was employed to measure the effects of accentuation on discourse comprehension. The on-line processing time of discourse comprehension was compared between consistent accentuation condition, inconsistent accentuation condition and controlled condition. The results indicated that the accentuation effects were influenced by working memory capacity. For low working memory subjects, consistent accentuation speeded up the on-line processing of spoken discourse, inconsistent accentuation slowed down the on-line processing of spoken discourse. But for high working memory span subjects, neither effect was manifested. The only significant difference was found between the condition of inconsistent accentuation and consistent accentuation. During spoken discourse comprehension, there was no significant difference in the on-line processing time between high and low working memory span subjects in consistent accentuation condition as well as in neutral accentuation condition. However, in the condition of inconsistence accentuation, low span subjects spent significantly more time on the on-line processing of spoken discourse than high span subjects. The results could be explained by the controlled attention view of working memory.

普通话重音的知觉及其声学表现

This research, mainly by using perceptual experiment and relating its results to the acoustic correlates, investigated the acoustic correlates of mandarin prominences of prosodic word、prosodic phrase、sentence and their mutual influences. The results are as follow: (1) for the prominence of prosodic word, according the order of the extents to which these acoustic correlates contribute to the perception of the prominence, its acoustic correlates are duration、pitch、spectral tilt、energy and pitch-change, the results also have showed that the perception of the prominence is influenced by some non-acoustic factors; (2) for the prominence of prosodic phrase, baseing on the experimental results, the existing of prosodic phrase prominence in mandarian has been proposed, and the experiments proved that the prosodic phrase prominence fall on the semantic focus of the phrase typically; (3) for the prominence of sentence, the experimental results show that, the lengthening of duration, similar with the pitch-change, mainly localised on the prosodic head of the domain on which the sentence prominence emphisize, and this lengthening would, in different levels, spread on other syllables in the phonetic constituents which contain the prosodic head, and this pattern of lengthening of duration does not vary with changing of domain of sentence prominence, that means, in mandarin sentence, there is generally no acoustic cues which can been used in the perception of the domain of sentnece prominence; (4) for the acoustic cues of mutual influences of the prominences of different levels, the experiment have proved that, not only the pitch-change but also the lengthening of duration are subjective to melodic grid law. In the last part of the dissertation, I have tried to given an explantion about the above experimental results from psylogical view point.

运用神经网络完成汉字句子的格角色分配

According to PDP theory, the author tries to use ANN method in sentence understanding. In input layer, distributed knowledge representation and integrate syntactic, semantic information (of the word in Chinese sentence) and context information are used to complete the case role assignment of six types of Chinese sentence by parallel processing. The model is a four-layer forward network, consisting of input layer, two hidden layers, and output layer(case role layer). In addition, the neural network method and the traditional symbol processing method used in natural language understanding is compared and analyzed, and a conclusion could be made: the neural network should be used as a powerful tool in this area.

语句句法成分边界和韵律特征知觉

The research investigates the acoustic-phonetic correlates of various levels of syntactic boundaries and the perception of prosody in Mandarin Chinese, more specifically, the way speakers express the syntatic relations between sentence compounents and teh perceptual representations of prosody. The relation between phonology and syntax in Chinese language is studied by comparing the perceptual representations and syntactic structures of sentences. The results may have theoretical and practical implications for research in fields of speech perception, linguistics and psycholinguistics, and for the development of speech engineering in China.