菠菜硬脂酰ACP去饱和酶基因的克隆及其抗寒性转基因烟草的获得

低温是限制植物分布和生物产量的一个重要环境因子。低温的危害也是农业生产上经常遭受的主要自然灾害之一。改良作物的抗寒性是植物科学研究的一个重要课题。植物基因工程的兴起为此目的提供了有力的手段。 大量的研究证明，低温对植物的伤害，首先是使生物膜发生相变和相分离。因此，保持低温下生物膜功能性的液晶态是抗寒的重要机制。研究表明，生物膜这种具流动性的功能态的保持，是与其组成上的膜脂脂肪酸的不饱和度成正相关的。 已有几个关于通过提高膜脂脂肪酸不饱和度的基因操作而增加植物抗寒性的报道。在众多的植物脂肪酸去饱和酶中，硬脂酰ACP去饱和酶(SAD)是最为关键的酶之一。它催化脂肪酸的第一步去饱和反应：18：0-18：l¨。多不饱和脂肪酸是在1 8：1 中由其他去饱和酶再加入双键而生成的。因此，SAD的活性水平是决定植物膜脂不池和度的一个关键因素。 本研究以酸酚法提取的菠菜总RNA为材料，采用反转录一PCR的方法，克隆得到SAD基因，经定向缺失法获得一套该基因的缺失突变体后,用DNA 自动测序仪和双脱氧链终止法测序。获得的SAD基因序列与Nishlda(1992)等发表的菠菜sADcDNA核苷酸序列比较。两者的编码SAD的ORF都为ll97bp，核苷酸差异仅为8bp。但令人惊奇的是我们克隆到的基因，其5‘端上游还存在-个小的ORF，长30bp．编码10个氨基酸。其他报道的SAD基因中都没有这个ORF。 将克隆到的SAD基因构建成两个植物双元表达载体：正义的pB112-13和反义的pB112-6。用叶盘法转化烟草。DNA点杂交和Southern杂交筛选出转基因植株。抗寒性测定表明：当植株置于6'C40小时，转基因植株和对照的相对电导率比较一致，无明显改变;而在88小时，pB121-6转化植株和对照的相对电导率明显升高，以pB1121-6植株升高更多，但pB1121-13转化植株的相对电导率始终保持在较低水平。短暂冰冻处理（-20'C，4O分钟）后置室温下4天，pBl121-6转化烟草总叶绿素含量损失最多，对照次之，而pB1121-13转化烟草中多数植株总叶绿素损伤量都低于其他两种烟草。从这两个抗寒性测定实验，可判定pBl l 2 l—I 3烟株最抗寒，对照次之，而pB1121-6烟株最不抗寒。 由于pB1121-13是增强转基因烟草中SAD活性，而pB1121-6是削弱SAD基因的表达，因此．本研究首次证明通过SAD的基因工程可以改变植物的抗寒性。

Stiction and Anti-Stiction in Mems and Nems

Stiction in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been a major failure mode ever since the advent of surface micromachining in the 80s of the last century due to large surface-area-to-volume ratio. Even now when solutions to this problem are emerging, such as self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and other measures, stiction remains one of the most catastrophic failure modes in MEMS. A review is presented in this paper on stiction and anti-stiction in MEMS and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). First, some new experimental observations of stiction in radio frequency (RF) MEMS switch and micromachined accelerometers are presented. Second, some criteria for stiction of microstructures in MEMS and NEMS due to surface forces (such as capillary, electrostatic, van der Waals, Casimir forces, etc.) are reviewed. The influence of surface roughness and environmental conditions (relative humidity and temperature) on stiction are also discussed. As hydrophobic films, the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) turn out able to prevent release-related stiction effectively. The anti-stiction of SAMs in MEMS is reviewed in the last part.

The Mitogenic and Anti-Apoptotic Activity of Tumor Conditioned Medium on Endothelium

This study was designed to observe the effect of tumor conditioned medium (TCM) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were exposed to TCM from breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231, then we measured their proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution by MTT and flow cytometery (FCM). Following the stimulation of TCM, HUVECs showed higher pro-mitogenic and anti-apoptotic ability than did the negative control group (ECGF-free medium with 20% FBS), but a similar ability to the positive control group (medium with ECGF and 20% FBS). From these results, we can conclude that breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 could secret soluble pro-angiogenic factors that induce HUVEC angiogenic switching, including cell cycle progression, proliferation and growth. The role and character of these factors remain to be further studied.

Embryonic stages and eye-specific gene expression of the local cyprinoid fish Anabarilius grahami in Fuxian Lake, China

Anabarilius grahami is a cyprinoid fish endemic to Fuxian Lake, Yunnan, China. In this study, a comprehensive staging series of A. grahami was produced. The embryonic development of A. grahami was divided into six main periods: zygote period, cleavage per

Phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese brown frogs (Genus rana) inferred from partial mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA gene sequences

Based on partial sequences of the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes, we estimated phylogenetic relationships among brown frogs of the Rana temporaria group from China. From the phylogenetic trees obtained, we propose to include Rana zhengi in the brown frog