紫茎泽兰种群补充特征

外来种紫茎泽兰 (Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.) 对我国西南地区生态系统的危害已长达50~60年之久，我国于20世纪70年代开展紫茎泽兰的研究，但目前仍然没有能力将其限制在一个可控范围之内，随着我国对生物多样性重要性认识的加深，对于紫茎泽兰的研究也越来越深入。本文以四川攀枝花受入侵生态系统为例，通过对该地区植被、土壤种子库以及当地紫茎泽兰无性繁殖和种子萌发特征开展研究，分析受入侵生态系统的特征，结合紫茎泽兰种群补充特征，揭示紫茎泽兰入侵机制，探索管理受害生态系统的方法。 所选实验点为紫茎泽兰危害严重的地带，群落中紫茎泽兰为优势种，伴生种灌木18种，草本植物65种，草本层以紫茎泽兰最为昌盛，种群构成为1～4年生植株与其荫庇下大量的实生幼苗，Drude多度极大，频度达100%。紫茎泽兰与灌木重要值之间极显著负相关 (P<0.01) ，与其他草本重要值之间极显著负相关 (P<0.01) ，灌木与其他草本重要值间的相关性不显著 (P>0.05) 。说明紫茎泽兰的生长与灌木或草本间存在微妙的此消彼长的关联，充分显示了紫茎泽兰与当地物种间的竞争事实。 紫茎泽兰种子雨前的种子库为所研究地区绝大部分物种的长久性土壤种子库，本地区种子库的组成物种共有13种，包括灌木和草本。紫茎泽兰占整个种子库储量的61.3%，在长久种子库中占有明显的优势;种子库与植被间相似度为0.31，虽然种子库中物种均为植被的组成成分，但是植被中绝大多数物种种子未检测出，种子库中出现的物种与该物种本身的生理生态特性密切相关。种子雨是种子库的来源，紫茎泽兰种子雨前表层种子储量只占种子雨后的7.4%，中下层储量占33.8%，共占41.2%，即每年仅58.8%的种子在当年雨季萌发，剩余的在土壤中保持休眠状态。依 目前的研究结果，本地植被仅靠自然恢复的可能性不大。 紫茎泽兰种子最适发芽温度为25℃;储藏1.5 a后的种子萌发率有所下降，25℃下萌发率由77%下降为66%;紫茎泽兰种子有良好的休眠机制，对生境的干扰可以促进紫茎泽兰长久土壤种子库的形成，为紫茎泽兰种群补充奠定了基础。稀疏的植被有利于紫茎泽兰种子萌发及幼苗建植，对原生植被的破坏则促进了紫茎泽兰实生苗的补充。因而保护原始生境、减少对原生态系统的破坏，是减少和抑制紫茎泽兰种群补充的有效途径。 紫茎泽兰 (克隆) 离体无性繁殖的部位为根颈部分，其他离体部分没有无性繁殖能力或很弱;灌丛和路域生境下的离体部分在给予相同培养条件下，克隆繁殖效益有差别，灌丛生境萌芽较早，而主茎和叶生长速度较慢。拔除干扰对于紫茎泽兰萌生新枝具有刺激作用，对紫茎泽兰植株上部的割取类似于给它提供更新复壮的机会，因此在紫茎泽兰防治过程中一定要注意将其拔除干净，以防后患。

岷江上游高山林线附近优势树种土壤种子库和幼苗更新特征的研究

岷江上游地区高山/亚高山植被分布的坡向性分异显著，阴阳坡高山林线不仅物种组成差异明显，并且分布海拔呈现出阴坡高阳坡低的格局．阳坡林线树种主要是圆柏属乔木，林线类型多为渐变型，海拔高度大约在3 400m~3 800m；阴坡林线树种主要是冷杉，林线类型多为骤变型，海拔高度约在3 800m~4 400m．本研究采用土壤种子库物理筛选、室内萌发实验及野外群落调查等方法，对岷江上游地区阴坡岷江冷杉和阳坡祁连圆柏两类林线树种不同海拔梯度上土壤种子库以及幼苗库特征进行了调查，从土壤种子库和幼苗更新特征的角度对林线乔木树种种群更新特征进行了分析，进而对该地区高山林线在阴阳坡分布差异的原因进行了探讨，结果显示： 1．土壤种子库 阴坡：阴坡高山林线附近岷江冷杉土壤种子的平均密度大约为50.96粒/m2，其中树线以上10m处土壤种子密度为1.00粒/m2，树线处大约19.33粒/m2，林线交错带内土壤种子密度最高为136.83粒/m2，郁闭林内种子密度小于林线交错带，只有30.50粒/m2，种子平均空壳率为52％，霉变率达34%，完好种子只有6%．土壤种子库垂直分布特征为地被物层含种子比重最大，大约在67.50%左右；其次为0~2cm层，约18.84%左右；2~5cm层所占种子比例最小，约13.66%左右．霉变种子数量与土壤深度呈负相关． 阳坡：阳坡祁连圆柏土壤种子的平均密度为60.16粒/m2．树线以上10m处密度为1.92粒/m2，树线位置大约108.16粒/m2，林线交错带内平均为75.80粒/m2，郁闭林内种子密度小于林线交错带，只有20.00粒/m2．种子平均空壳率为36％，完好种子占49%，霉变率较低，大约为10%．阴阳坡林线树种土壤种子库垂直分布特征为：地被物层含种子最多，其次为0~4cm层，4~10cm层所占种子比例最小，霉变种子数量与土壤深度也呈负相关． 2． 幼苗库调查 阳坡：在树线以上区域没有发现幼苗，林线交错带内幼苗密度平均达3 250株/hm2，郁闭林内仅2 750株/ hm2．整个样地内1～2a幼苗很少甚至没有出现，3～10a的幼苗相对较多．空间分布上，祁连圆柏幼苗在林线交错带内接近随机分布，郁闭林内则介于随机分布和均匀分布之间． 阴坡：在树线以上幼苗密度为1 250株/ hm2，全部为1~2a幼苗，林线交错带内幼苗密度平均达7 000株/ hm2，郁闭林内达6 250株/ hm2．林线附近岷江冷杉幼苗丰富度以及幼苗的出现频率明显高于祁连圆柏，年龄结构也较祁连圆柏完整．岷江冷杉幼苗空间分布除了树线处幼苗的分布为随机分布，其他海拔则为集群分布． 3．从不同土壤深度的种子总量和幼苗数量的相关性检验发现，当年生幼苗数量跟表层种子总量相关性极显著, 但是两年生幼苗的数量与底层种子数量相关性显著．土壤种子在土壤中的垂直分布格局从一定程度上可以反映种子库的年际特征．岷江冷杉土壤种子库较丰富，种子散布后的存活力随着时间的变化逐渐下降，属于季节性瞬时种子库；祁连圆柏土壤种子散布格局为集群型分布，成熟种子大部分散布在母株冠幅内，属于永久性土壤种子库． 4．在阴坡林线交错带及以上区域还存在较为丰富的乔木土壤种子，并且在树线以上区域还发现了少量的岷江冷杉幼苗．从样地乔木的年龄结构发现，在林线交错带内上部到树线位置主要以幼龄林为主，且年龄结构完整，基本符合入侵性林线特征；阳坡林线交错带内幼苗出现频率很低，树线以上区域虽然存在种子库，但是没有幼苗出现，在林线交错带内乔木径级差距很大，年龄结构异常不完整，这种特征的林线将会面临两个可能结果：一种是维持现有状态，保持平衡；另外一种就是退化，但阳坡林线的实际动态趋势还有待长期定点研究． Treelines on the upper region of Minjiang River differ between the north aspect and the south aspect in their appearances, altitudes and tree species. On the north aspect, trees of Abies form a sharp and abrupt treeline ranging from 3800m to 4400m, while on the south the treeline is generally lower(3 400~3 800m), more open and gradual and mostly composed of Sabina. In this study, we examined the altitudinal gradients of soil seed banks and seedling recruitments at the treeline ecotones of a N-aspect and a S-aspect by using soil sieving, germination experiment and field investigations, analyzed the characteristics of population regeneration of tree species at the transitional zone and presented a analysis of the causes to the aspect-related difference in treeline patterns in the study area. Major results of our study include: 1． Soil seed bank N-aspect: Of the 50 plots investigated, the average density of soil seeds is 50.96/m2, in which well-formed seeds account for 6%, empty seeds 52%, parasitized seeds34%, and seeds damaged by animals 8%. The size of soil seed bank varies along altitude, being 1.00 seeds /m2 at the 10m above the treeline and ca.19.33 seeds/m2 at the upper limit of treeline. The highest density (136.83 seeds/m2) occurs at the treeline ecotone. By contrast, the density of soil seed for the closed forest is only 30.50 seeds/m2. In terms of vertical strata, 67.50% of the total seeds are at the surface layer, 18.84% at the middle layer (0~2cm) and 13.66% at deeper layer (2~5cm). The number of parasitized seeds is negatively correlated to soil depth. S-aspect: Of the 50 plots investigated, the average density of soil seeds is 60.16 seeds/m2, and the well-formed seeds account for 49%, empty seeds 36%, parasitized seeds10%, and seeds damaged by animals 1%. The size of soil seed bank varies along altitude, with 1.92 seeds/m2 recorded at the10m above the treeline，108.16 seeds/m2 at the upper limit of treeline, and 75.80 seeds/m2 at the treeline ecotone, while that for the closed forest is 20.00 seeds/m2. The number of seeds decreases with the depth of soil. As is on the N-aspect, the size of soil bank, from large to small, follows the order of the surface layer, the middle layer (0~4cm) and the bottom layer (4~10cm). The number of parasitized seeds is also negatively correlated to the depth of the soil. 2． Seedling bank N-aspect: A mean maximum seedling abundance of 31 000 seedlings/hm2 was recorded near alpine treeline at growing season. The density of seedlings is 1 250 seedlings/ha (all being 1 or 2 years old) at the alpine meadow 10m away above treeline, 7 000 seedlings/ha at treeline ecotone and 6 250 seedlings/ha for closed forest．The spatial distribution of Abies faxoniana seedlings is random at the upper limit of the treeline but clumped at other altitudes． S-aspect: No seedlings were found at the alpine meadow 10m away from the treeline. The density of seedlings was 3 250 seedlings/ha at treeline ecotone and 2 750 seedlings/ha for the closed forest．Hardly any 1 year current and 2 year-old seedlings appeared at the plots. The spatial distribution of Sabina przewalskii seedlings is random at treeline ecotone and between “random” and “even” forest closed forest． 3．Correlation tests of seedling population and seed bank at different soil layers indicated that the emergents were strongly correlated to seed bank at surface layer while the number of two-year seedlings was significantly correlated to the seed bank at the bottom of soil layer, indicating that germination mainly occurs at the soil surface while the middle or bottom layer was the reserve for non-germination or dead seeds. It can thus be postulated that Abies faxoniana soil seed bank is of seasonal transient type. By contrast, the soil seed bank of Sabina przewalskii is of persistent type and the soil seeds and seedlings of this species occurred more frequently near the islands of adult trees. 4．A good many soil seeds of both tree species were found near the treeline ecotone and above at N- and S-aspects. A few young seedlings were found above the Abies treeline. Investigation of five altitudinal transects respectively on N- and S-aspects indicated that Abies faxoniana has a more complete age structure than the stands of Sabina przewalskii. The age of firs decreased from closed forest to the upper limit of treeline, which suggests that the Abies treeline is advancing to higher altitude. While on the south aspect, only few Sabina przewalskii soil seeds and nearly no seedlings were found above the treeline ecotone. The stands exhibit extremely great difference in diameter classes with significantly incomplete age structure. This would lead to two possible results for the treelines: maintaining an equilibrium state at the current position or degenerating. But more studies should be carried out at longer time scales or larger spatial scales to understand whether the Sabina treeline is degenerating.