基于SVD和能量最小原则的图像自适应降噪算法

基于奇异值分解和能量最小原则,提出了一种自适应图像降噪算法,并给出了基于有界变差的能量降噪模型的代数形式。通过在矩阵范数意义下求能量最小,自适应确定去噪图像重构的奇异值个数。该算法的特点是将能量最小法则和奇异值分解结合起来,在代数空间中建立了一种自适应的图像降噪算法。与基于压缩比和奇异值分解的降噪方法相比,由于该算法避免了图像压缩比函数及其拐点的计算,因此具有快速去噪和简单可行的优点。实验结果证明,该算法是有效的。

珠江流域NDVI和气象因子的变化及相关分析

对于一个特定的区域特定的时间段来说影响植被覆盖变化的主要因素是气候因素，主要包括降水、温度和光照。珠江流域地形复杂，东西狭长，气象因子差异较大，地表植被覆盖较好，研究珠江流域植被覆盖变化与气象因子之间的关系具有重要意义。 本文利用1982-1999年月平均NDVI和气象因子资料，分析了珠江流域植被和气象因子的时空分布特征，采用奇异值分解（SVD）方法和联合EOF方法研究了珠江流域NDVI和降水在年和年际尺度上的异常关系，利用相关系数、多元线性回归方法分析了NDVI与降水及其他一些气象因子的年际相关及滞后相关。 研究发现，珠江流域植被和气象因子在空间分布上具有明显的东西差异性，除温度以外均具有较好的经度方向一致性、纬度方向差异性。植被和气象因子均存在较大的季节变化和明显的年际变化。在1982-1999年期间，流域整体的NDVI在春季和秋季呈增加趋势，夏季和冬季呈下降趋势，整体呈下降趋势。降水在夏季呈明显的增加趋势，其他季节呈下降趋势，整体呈增加趋势，温度夏季呈下降趋势，其他季节呈上升趋势，整体呈升高趋势，光照在春、秋两季呈增强趋势，夏、冬两季呈减弱趋势，整体呈增强趋势。 方差分析发现，珠江流域NDVI和气象因子的年际方差均呈明显东西差异性，在季节上也有较大差异，且NDVI方差较大的季节基本会对应出现一些气象因子方差较大的现象。6-7月NDVI变化较大，降水变化也较大，说明该流域6-7月的植被有可能受当地降水的变化较大影响。早春季节NDVI变化较大，而早春的温度及光照变化也较大，说明早春的植被生长有可能受温度及光照影响较大。 SVD分析发现，NDVI和降水在年内异常上具有较好的空间一致性，在时间上具有1—2个月的滞后；年际尺度上两者异常在空间上存在明显的差异，流域东部(下游)异常为负相关，西部（上游）异常为正相关。NDVI和温度年内异常呈空间一致性，时间上滞后温度一个月，年际异常也表现为空间一致性。NDVI和光照在年内异常具有空间差异性，西北高原地区NDVI和光照年内异常反向，其他地区年内异常同向。 NDVI和各气象因子在整个区域上的年际相关分析发现，NDVI和同期降水呈负相 I 珠江流域 NDVI 和气候因子的变化及相关分析 关，值为-0.2017，NDVI和温度及短波辐射强度呈正相关，相关系数分别为：0.45和0.4，但是在不同的时间段也有很大的不同。流域NDVI和各气象因子年际相关存在明显的空间和季节差异：空间上，流域东部NDVI和降水负相关明显，和温度及太阳短波辐射正相关明显；流域西部NDVI和降水呈弱的正相关，滞后正相关明显，和温度相关不明显；季节上，NDVI在夏季和降水呈显著负相关，在春、秋季节滞后降水、成明显正相关且滞后三个月正相关最为明显。

东亚低空异常季风风场时空特征分析

应用矢量经验正交函数（Vector EOF）方法和长序列网格点风距平资料对东亚季风区低空异常风场进行分析，以揭示东亚季风区矢量风场异常的主要模态及其年际、年代际振荡特征和成因。 研究方法包括： 1)EOF方法是将一个空间观测场的时间序列资料分解成若干重要的正交的空间和时间模态，从而提取大气和海洋观测资料的主要时空变率特征（即模态）。目前，EOF模态也可直接由奇异值分解（SVD）方法计算获得，勿需再对观测资料矩阵进行协方差矩阵的计算。首先将风场资料集的 分量矩阵和 分量矩阵融合成为一个新矩阵 ，然后对该新矩阵 应用SVD方法进行计算，获得 分量和 分量的主要的EOF空间模态及其统一的时间模态。最后，将 分量和 分量的各主要空间模态进行合并处理，形成矢量形式的彼此正交的EOF空间模态。由于是对矩阵 进行EOF分解（而不是对 和 分别进行EOF分解），所获得的 和 的空间特征模态对应于相同的时间系数，从而可以合并成为一个具有现实意义的特征风场（即全风矢量场）。 2)将滤波技术（例如，Butterworth滤波器）和各种谱分析技术（包括功率谱、交叉谱和奇异谱SSA）应用于时间模态，探讨其年际、年代际振荡特征及与ENSO的联系。 所使用资料为NCEP/NCAR提出的1950年1月至2004年12月850 hPa全球月平均风场网格点资料，资料分辨率为2.5°×2.5°。研究区为0～50N，100～150E。 结果表明，东亚异常季风典型流场第一模态（VEOF-1）属于ENSO相关模态，其时间模态与Nino3指数之间具有较高的负相关关系，但以季风异常滞后ENSO进程6～8个月为最显著。这表明，东亚热带和副热带季风风场变异与ENSO之间联系紧密。提出了一个VEOF-1对ENSO响应的概念模型。 前6个模态，其积累方差贡献率接近60％，基本可表达东亚季风区风场异常的典型类型。 （1）东亚异常季风模态VEOF-1以年际尺度振荡最为显著（是年际尺度振荡的代表模态），并以2～4年周期为最显著；东亚异常季风模态VEOF-2至VEOF-4则主要表现为11年～20年尺度的年代际变化。 （2）东亚异常季风VEOF-1时间模态与Nino3指数之间具有较高的负相关，并以VEOF-1落后Nino3距平变化6～8个月为最显著。 对矢量风距平流场作VEOF展开，能揭示季风变异的空间结构特征和时间振荡规律，并具有直观的天气学意义。 VEOF-1属于ENSO相关模态，其时间模态与Nino3指数之间具有较高的负相关关系，但以季风异常的响应滞后ENSO事件6～8个月为最显著。也即在它们之间的遥相关关系中，赤道东太平洋SST持续地异常升高（降低），6～8个月后东亚异常季风VEOF-1模态明显减弱（加强）。

海气热通量与东亚夏季风的关系

本文采用基于风切变的季风指数确定了多年季风爆发的时间；使用实测资料计算分析了2008年南海季风爆发前后海气通量的特征；基于COARE3.0算法，用NCEP2中海气要素再分析资料计算了海气热通量场并与NCEP2中原始热通量场进行了比较；利用EOF方法得到季风爆发早晚年份海气热通量场的时空特征；利用SVD方法分析了热通量场及海温场与季风的关系，初步探讨了海气热通量的变化影响季风爆发的过程和机理。结果表明： 1、2008年南海夏季风爆发期间热带气旋对海气要素的影响较大。动量交换系数与热量交换系数是风速的函数，曲线在风速为4m/s时有一个转折的过程。 2、海温的变化超前于季风爆发时间和强度的变化；热通量的变化超前于海温的变化。热通量通过海温这一中间过程对季风产生作用。 3、季风爆发时间和强度的变化受前期2至3个月时黑潮区域热通量变化的影响。此海域的热通量较大的时候，其后的季风爆发偏早、偏强；反之，季风爆发偏晚、偏弱。

UUV推进系统容错控制分配算法研究

针对水下机器人(UUV)推进系统容错控制分配问题,本文提出了基于SVD分解(奇异值分解)与定点分配的混合算法。与传统的方法相比,它回避了求伪逆矩阵的问题,降低了计算量;能够满足推进器饱和约束限制。利用水下实验平台推进系统模型进行了仿真实验,验证了算法的正确性和有效性。

ROV推进系统故障检测及容错控制研究

遥控水下机器人( ROV )工作在未知的不确定的复杂海洋环境中，其机械部件和控制系统极易出现故障。推进器是ROV的动力装置，对ROV完成水下作业，顺利回收起着至关重要的作用。推进器经常受到水草、异物的干扰而损坏，同时其内部的机械和电子组件也因老化、发热、受力而容易损坏，因此推进系统故障是ROV经常发生的故障之一。故障检测是提高其推进系统可靠性的重要环节，为ROV的容错控制和紧急回收等应急措施提供科学依据。ROV的容错控制对提高ROV的可靠性和机动性有着重要的意义。 针对ROV推进系统的特点，本文研究了ROV推进系统的系统辨识，故障检测和容错控制问题。 本文给出了一种基于控制量输入的ROV模型辨识方法，减小了辨识的工作量。该模型以螺旋桨驱动电机的电压控制量为输入，以各个自由度的运动状态为输出，不需进行螺旋桨推力标定。针对这种辨识方式，本文给出一种ROV系统辨识的非线性模型和简化的线性模型，对于相应的模型设计了辨识方法。通过实验验证了模型和方法的有效性。 针对ROV的故障检测问题，给出基于模型与推进电机电流的故障检测方法，设计了故障检测策略，实现对故障的分离和定位。通过模拟故障实验验证了方法的有效性。 针对ROV推进系统容错控制分配问题，本文提出了基于SVD分解(奇异值分解)与定点分配的混合算法。与传统的方法相比，它回避了求伪逆矩阵的问题，减小了计算量；能够满足推进器饱和约束限制。利用水下实验平台的推进系统模型进行了仿真实验，验证了算法的正确性和有效性。

青藏高原及邻区面波频散反演--岩石圈-软流层体系结构研究

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau lies in the place of the continent-continent collision between Indian and Eurasian plates. Because of their interaction the shallow and deep structures are very complicated. The force system forming the tectonic patterns and driving tectonic movements is effected together by the deep part of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. It is important to study the 3-D velocity structures, the spheres and layers structures, material properties and states of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere for getting knowledge of their formation and evolution, dynamic process, layers coupling and exchange of material and energy. Based on the Rayleigh wave dispersion theory, we study the 3-D velocity structures, the depths of interfaces and thicknesses of different layers, including the crust, the lithosphere and the asthenosphere, the lithosphere-asthenosphere system in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas. The following tasks include: (1)The digital seismic records of 221 seismic events have been collected, whose magnitudes are larger than 5.0 over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas. These records come from 31 digital seismic stations of GSN , CDSN、NCDSN and part of Indian stations. After making instrument response calibration and filtering, group velocities of fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves are measured using the frequency-time analysis (FTAN) to get the observed dispersions. Furthermore, we strike cluster average for those similar ray paths. Finally, 819 dispersion curves (8-150s) are ready for dispersion inversion. (2)From these dispersion curves, pure dispersion data in 2°×2° cells of the areas (18°N-42°N, 70°E-106°E) are calculated by using function expansion method, proposed by Yanovskaya. The average initial model has been constructed by taking account of global AK135 model along with geodetic, geological, geophysical, receiving function and wide-angle reflection data. Then, initial S-wave velocity structures of the crust and upper mantle in the research areas have been obtained by using linear inversion (SVD) method. (3)Taking the results of the linear inversion as the initial model, we simultaneously invert the S wave velocities and thicknesses by using non-linear inversion (improved Simulated Annealing algorithm). Moreover, during the temperature dropping the variable-scale models are used. Comparing with the linear results, the spheres and layers by the non-linear inversion can be recognized better from the velocity value and offset. (4)The Moho discontinuity and top interface of the asthenosphere are recognized from the velocity value and offset of the layers. The thicknesses of the crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere are gained. These thicknesses are helpful to studying the structural differentia between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas and among geologic units of the plateau. The results of the inversion will provide deep geophysical evidences for studying deep dynamical mechanism and exploring metal mineral resource and oil and gas resources. The following conclusions are reached by the distributions of the S wave velocities and thicknesses of the crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere, combining with previous researches. (1)The crust is very thick in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, varying from 60 km to 80 km. The lithospheric thickness in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is thinner (130-160 km) than its adjacent areas. Its asthenosphere is relatively thicker, varies from 150 km to 230 km, and the thickest area lies in the western Qiangtang. India located in south of Main Boundary thrust has a thinner crust (32-38 km), a thicker lithosphere of about 190 km and a rather thin asthenosphere of only 60 km. Sichuan and Tarim basins have the crust thickness less than 50km. Their lithospheres are thicker than the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and their asthenospheres are thinner. (2)The S-wave velocity variation pattern in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system has band-belted distribution along east-westward. These variations correlate with geology structures sketched by sutures and major faults. These sutures include Main Boundary thrust (MBT), Yarlung-Zangbo River suture (YZS), Bangong Lake-Nujiang suture (BNS), Jinshajiang suture (JSJS), Kunlun edge suture (KL). In the velocity maps of the upper and middle crust, these sutures can be sketched. In velocity maps of 250-300 km depth, MBT, BNS and JSJS can be sketched. In maps of the crustal thickness, the lithospheric thickness and the asthenospheric thickness, these sutures can be still sketched. In particular, MBT can be obviously resolved in these velocity maps and thickness maps. (3)Since the collision between India and Eurasian plate, the “loss” of surface material arising from crustal shortening is caused not only by crustal thickening but also by lateral extrusion material. The source of lateral extrusion lies in the Qiangtang block. These materials extrude along the JSJS and BNS with both rotation and dispersion in Daguaiwan. Finally, it extends toward southeast direction. (4)There is the crust-mantle transition zone of no distinct velocity jump in the lithosphere beneath the Qiangtang Terrane. It has thinner lithosphere and developed thicker asthenosphere. It implies that the crust-mantle transition zone of partial melting is connected with the developed asthenosphere. The underplating of asthenosphere may thin the lithosphere. This buoyancy might be the main mechanism and deep dynamics of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet hinterland. At the same time, the transport of hot material with low velocity intrudes into the upper mantle and the lower crust along cracks and faults forming the crust-mantle transition zone.

青藏高原横波速度与各向异性结构及其壳幔形变印迹

As the most spectacular and youngest case of continental collision on the Earth, to investigate the crust and mantle of Tibetan plateau, and then to reveal its characters of structure and deformation, are most important to understand its deformation mechanism and deep process. A great number of surface wave data were initially collected from events occurred between 1980 and 2002, which were recorded by 13 broadband digital stations in Eurasia and India. Up to 1,525 source-station Rayleigh waveforms and 1,464 Love wave trains were analysed to obtain group velocity dispersions, accompanying with the detail and quantitative assessment of the fitness of the classic Ray Theory, errors from focal and measurements. Assuming the model region covered by a mesh of 2ox2o-sized grid-cells, we have used the damped least-squares approach and the SVD to carry out tomographic inversion, SV- and SH-wave velocity images of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings are obtained, and then the radial anisotropy is computed from the Love-Rayleigh discrepancy. The main results demonstrate that follows, a) The Moho beneath the Tibetan Plateau presents an undulating shape that lies between 65 and 74 km, and a clear correlation between the elevations of the plateau and the Moho topography suggests that at least a great part of the highly raised plateau is isostatically compensated. b) The lithospheric root presents a depth that can be substantiated at ~140 km (Qiangtang Block) and exceptionally at ~180 km (Lhasa Block), and exhibits laterally varying fast velocity between 4.6 and 4.7 km/s, even ~4.8 km/s under northern Lhasa Block and Qiangtang Block, which may be correlated with the presence of a shield-like upper mantle beneath the Tibetan Plateau and therefore looked as one of the geophysical tests confirming the underthrusting of India, whose leading edge might have exceeded the Bangong-Nujiang Suture, even the Jinsha Suture. c) The asthenosphere is depicted by a low velocity channel at depths between 140 and 220 km with negative velocity gradient and velocities as low as 4.2 km/s; d) Areas in which transverse radial anisotropy is in excess of ~4% and 6% on the average anisotropy are found in the crust and upper mantle underlying most of the Plateau, and up to 8% in some places. The strength, spatial configuration and sign of radial anisotropy seem to indicate the existence of a regime of horizontal compressive forces in the frame of the convergent orogen at the same time that laterally varying lithospheric rheology and a differential movement as regards the compressive driving forces. e) Slow-velocity anomalies of 12% or more in southern Tibet and the eastern edge of the Plateau support the idea of a mechanically weak middle-to-lower crust and the existence of crustal flow in Tibet.

小波域地震资料的处理方法（WSSP）研究

The modeling formula based on seismic wavelet can well simulate zero - phase wavelet and hybrid-phase wavelet, and approximate maximal - phase and minimal - phase wavelet in a certain sense. The modeling wavelet can be used as wavelet function after suitable modification item added to meet some conditions. On the basis of the modified Morlet wavelet, the derivative wavelet function has been derived. As a basic wavelet, it can be sued for high resolution frequency - division processing and instantaneous feature extraction, in acoordance with the signal expanding characters in time and scale domains by each wavelet structured. Finally, an application example proves the effectiveness and reasonability of the method. Based on the analysis of SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) filter, by taking wavelet as basic wavelet and combining SVD filter and wavelet transform, a new de - noising method, which is Based on multi - dimension and multi-space de - noising method, is proposed. The implementation of this method is discussed the detail. Theoretical analysis and modeling show that the method has strong capacity of de - noising and keeping attributes of effective wave. It is a good tool for de - noising when the S/N ratio is poor. To give prominence to high frequency information of reflection event of important layer and to take account of other frequency information under processing seismic data, it is difficult for deconvolution filter to realize this goal. A filter from Fourier Transform has some problems for realizing the goal. In this paper, a new method is put forward, that is a method of processing seismic data in frequency division from wavelet transform and reconstruction. In ordinary seismic processing methods for resolution improvement, deconvolution operator has poor part characteristics, thus influencing the operator frequency. In wavelet transform, wavelet function has very good part characteristics. Frequency - division data processing in wavelet transform also brings quite good high resolution data, but it needs more time than deconvolution method does. On the basis of frequency - division processing method in wavelet domain, a new technique is put forward, which involves 1) designing filter operators equivalent to deconvolution operator in time and frequency domains in wavelet transform, 2) obtaining derivative wavelet function that is suitable to high - resolution seismic data processing, and 3) processing high resolution seismic data by deconvolution method in time domain. In the method of producing some instantaneous characteristic signals by using Hilbert transform, Hilbert transform is very sensitive to high - frequency random noise. As a result, even though there exist weak high - frequency noises in seismic signals, the obtained instantaneous characteristics of seismic signals may be still submerged by the noises. One method for having instantaneous characteristics of seismic signals in wavelet domain is put forward, which obtains directly the instantaneous characteristics of seismic signals by taking the characteristics of both the real part (real signals, namely seismic signals) and the imaginary part (the Hilbert transfom of real signals) of wavelet transform. The method has the functions of frequency division and noise removal. What is more, the weak wave whose frequency is lower than that of high - frequency random noise is retained in the obtained instantaneous characteristics of seismic signals, and the weak wave may be seen in instantaneous characteristic sections (such as instantaneous frequency, instantaneous phase and instantaneous amplitude). Impedance inversion is one of tools in the description of oil reservoir. one of methods in impedance inversion is Generalized Linear Inversion. This method has higher precision of inversion. But, this method is sensitive to noise of seismic data, so that error results are got. The description of oil reservoir in researching important geological layer, in order to give prominence to geological characteristics of the important layer, not only high frequency impedance to research thin sand layer, but other frequency impedance are needed. It is difficult for some impedance inversion method to realize the goal. Wavelet transform is very good in denoising and processing in frequency division. Therefore, in the paper, a method of impedance inversion is put forward based on wavelet transform, that is impedance inversion in frequency division from wavelet transform and reconstruction. in this paper, based on wavelet transform, methods of time - frequency analysis is given. Fanally, methods above are in application on real oil field - Sansan oil field.