8 resultados para SPD

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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剧烈塑性变形(severe plastic deformations,SPD)纳米化技术是近年来发展的一种力致材料纳米化方法。该方法克服了由粉体压合法带来的残余空隙,球磨法带来的杂质等不足,并且适用于不同形状尺寸的金属,合金,金属间化合物等,因此受到了越来越多的关注。介绍了SPD纳米材料的制备方法及相关纳米材料力学性能研究的现状,并展望了对SPD力致纳米材料的研究趋势。

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A tight-binding (TB) treatment with the inclusion of d orbitals is applied to the electronic structures of graphitic tubes. The results show that the high angular moment bases in TB scheme are necessary to account the severe curvature effect in ultra-thin single wall carbon nanotubes, especially for properly reproducing the band edge overlap behavior in (5, 0) tube, predicted by the existing ab initio calculations. In the large diameter limit, the participation of two synnmetry-allowed d bases provides a natural replication to the recent measured electronic dispersions of valence band of graphene when the strong anisotropy due to the two-dimensional planar hexagonal sheet structure is dealt with properly. In addition, the detailed relation between the two sets of quantum numbers of screw symmetry and that of zone folding is formulated in appendix. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Bulk nanostructured metals are often formed via severe plastic deformation (SPD). The dislocations generated during SPD evolve into boundaries to decompose the grains. Vacancies are also produced in large numbers during SPD, but have received much less attention. Using transmission electron microscopy, here we demonstrate a high density of unusually large vacancy Frank loops in SPD-processed Al. They are shown to impede moving dislocations and should be a contributor to strength. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

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在过去的一个多世纪里,两栖类动物皮肤分泌液作为它们的第一道防御屏障引起了研究者们极大的兴趣,同时也开展了相关的许对研究,到目前为止,已从中分离鉴定出了百余种的活性物质。无指盘臭蛙是我国的一种特有两栖动物,初步的活性检测发现,无指盘臭蛙皮肤分泌液具有很强的抗菌,溶血以及蛋白酶抑制剂活性。 在本论文中,我们利用多肽组学与基因组学的方法对无指盘臭蛙皮肤的抗感染多肽组进行了研究。 通过三步分离纯化过程:一步Sephadex G-50分子筛和两步反相高压液相(RP-HPLC)的方法,从无指盘臭蛙皮肤分泌液中分离纯化得到了21条新的抗菌肽,它们分别属于17个不同的抗菌肽家族,其中8个分别属于已知的5个抗菌肽家族,它们是:Brevinin-1E(2个)、Brevinin-2E(1个)、Esculentin-1(1个)、Esculentin-2(1个)和Nigrocin(3个)抗菌肽家族。另外的13个抗菌肽与已发现的抗菌肽表现出较低的相似性,我们将它们归类到12种新的抗菌肽家族,它们是:Odorranain-A (1个)、Odorranain-B(1个)、 Odorranain-C(1个)、 Odorranain-G (1个)、Odorranain-H (2个)、 Odorranain-J (1个)、Odorranain-L (1个)、Odorranain-M (1个)、 Odorranain-N (1个)、 Odorranain-O (1个)、Odorranain-Q(1个)、 Odorranain-T(1个)。 从单个无指盘臭蛙皮肤里面,我们克隆得到了372条抗菌肽序列,它们编码107条新的抗菌肽,这一发现使得目前发现的两栖类抗菌肽的数目几乎增加了1倍。这也是目前发现的抗菌肽最为丰富的物种。这107条抗菌肽分别属于30个不同的抗菌肽家族,其中有24个为新的抗菌肽家族。这些抗菌肽的多样性可能是通过点突变、碱基的插入或删除、结构域的穿梭以及拼接等多种机制形成的。这些抗菌肽多样性的形成可能与无指盘臭蛙生活环境中微生物的组成有关。30个家族抗菌肽前体序列的SPD区域(包括信号肽和前导肽序列,Signal and Propiece Domain, SPD)非常保守,表明它们可能起源于同一个祖先基因。对7个抗菌肽家族的非同义碱基替代率Dn与同义碱基替代率Ds进行检测发现,它们可能经受着不同选择压力的作用。无指盘臭蛙皮肤抗菌肽在二级结构和功能上都表现出丰富的多样性。在一个两栖类个体里面发现如此丰富的抗菌肽甚是让人惊讶。这一发现也使得我们不得不重新认识先天性免疫在两栖类动物防御系统中的重要性,对两栖类生态环境的分子基础以及那种认为一种两栖类只需要20-30种抗菌肽就足以抵御环境中的微生物的看法重新审视。我们的研究还显示:无指盘臭蛙抗菌肽之间还存在着协同效用。 我们对无指盘臭蛙皮肤抗菌肽的去极化作用进行了研究,发现所检测的7个抗菌肽都可使金黄色葡萄球菌发生去极化,但是它们使细菌发生去极化的能力不同。对12种抗菌肽的抗菌机制研究发现,它们通过多种不同的机制发挥作用:有些在细菌内形成片层样的囊泡状结构,有些导致细胞质壁的分离,有些在细菌的膜上形成穿孔,有些则导致了细菌染色质的固缩。 总之,这些研究为设计新型的抗菌肽提供了有用的参考资料。

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本文分别对20~#碳钢、铝箔、光谱纯铝、高铬钢和2CrB等几种钝性金属在加有化离子的KzCrzO_T、H_3BO_3:Na_zB_4O_T、NaNO_z、C_6H_5COONa等中性缓蚀剂体系及硫酸体系中,发生局部腐蚀时的电化学噪声行为进行了研究。较系统地考察了活化离子浓度、缓蚀剂浓度和类型对噪声频谱的影响。实验结果表明,当电极表面腐蚀形态不同时,测得相应的f_c-活 子浓度曲线形状不同。若在所研究的活化离子浓度范围内,随活化离子浓度升高,样品表面腐蚀形态由小孔腐蚀形态转变为腐蚀坑或表面出现较大面积的活性溶解区,则相应的f_c-活化离子浓度曲线出现极大值f_(cmax)。把f_(cmax)定义为腐蚀形态转变点。若样品表面一直为小孔腐蚀,测得的f_c-活化离子浓度曲线未出现极大值。随活化离子浓度升高,f_c值变化趋势可分为两种情况:一种是铝箔在加有NaCl的C_6H_5COONa、H_3BO_3:Na_zB_4O_T及NaNO_z三种溶液中,f_c与Ci浓度呈直线关系,随Ci离子浓度升高,f_c值上升。另一种是活化离子浓度较低时,活化离子浓度升高,f_c上升。当达到一定值时,活化离子浓度的继续升高,对f_c值基本无影响。这是因为腐蚀状态为小孔腐蚀时,金属表面活化-钝化竞争激烈,噪声较大。而当金属表面出现大片活性溶解时,活化-钝化竞争程度下降,噪声较小,f_c值下降。缓蚀剂浓度。类型对f_(cmax)及相对应的活化离子浓度均有影响。对于一定的金属,根据f_c值的大小可以判断小孔腐蚀倾向或钝化剂抑止孔蚀的能力。f_c值越大,发生孔蚀倾向越大。在本实验研究的几个体系中,极低频率段的功率密度(PSO)都与频率无关,是白噪声。在频率较高时,电化学噪声都由白噪声转变为f~(-n)噪声。视金属不同,n值在1.1-1.7之间。与缓蚀剂浓度。类型和活化离子浓度关系不大。噪场幅值越大,n值越大。不同材料的n值大小顺序依次为高铬钢、ZCrB > 20~#钢、光谱纯铝 > 铝箔。白噪声水平主要与金属材料有关,以高铬钢,ZCrB和2O~#钢的最大,光谱纯铝次之,铝箔最小。提出了小孔腐蚀的随机模型,并推导出了SPD函数的表达式。在这基础上,对不同材料的n值大小及活化离子浓度、缓蚀剂浓度和类型对噪声频谱性能的影响,作了初步的理论解释。

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本文以组织培养技术为手段,在成功实现黄菠罗微体繁殖与植株再生的基础上,通过对5个发育阶段初始材料的继代培养和继代过程中异戊烯基型细胞分裂素(iP型CKs)、玉米素型细胞分裂素(Z型CKs)、赤霉素(GAs)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和多胺的连续检测分析,初步确定了黄菠罗幼-成龄阶段转化与五种内源激素、多胺含量之间的关系,探讨了黄菠罗成龄材料复幼复壮的可能性,确定了黄菠罗幼-成龄阶段转化的生物学指标,其研究结果可为黄菠罗无性系快繁和优良繁殖材料选择提供一定的理论依据,同时也为黄菠罗进一步开发利用打下基础。 主要结论: 1. 黄菠罗组织培养获得成功,优化培养基为 MS+2.5mg/l6-BA+0.25mg/LNAA,且约30年生 树木腋芽或一年生嫩枝可作为黄菠罗快速繁 育较适龄的外植体。 2. 成龄阶段黄菠罗可以获得部分复幼或复壮。 3. 在黄菠罗幼-成龄发育阶段转化的过程中, IAA、Z型CKs/总CKs、IAA/ABA、 Spd-S、Spm-S、DAP-SH、Spm-SH、Put- PH、Spd-PH、总Spd和总Spm逐渐 升高,而Z型CKs、iP型CKs、总CKs、iP型 CKs/总CKs、iP型CKs/GAs、iP型CKs/IAA、 GAs/IAA、iP型CKs/ABA、Z型CKs/IAA、Z型 CKs/GAs、Z型CKs/ABA、DAP-S、Put-S、总 PAs-S、Put-SH、Spd-SH、DAP-PH、Spm- PH、总Put、总PAs、DAP-S/ Spd-S、DAP- S/Spm-S、Put-S/Spd-S、Put-S/Spm-S、 DAP-SH/ Spm-SH、DAP-S/(Spd-S+Spm-S)、 Put-S/(Spd-S+Spm-S)、Put-SH/Spm-SH、 (DAP-S+Put-S)/(Spd-S+Spm-S)和(DAP- SH+Put-SH)/(Spd-SH+Spm-SH)逐渐降低;在 整个继代过程中,Z型CKs、iP型CKs、总 CKs、Gas、IAA、IAA/ABA、iP型CKs/总 CKs、iP型CKs/GAs、Put-S、 Spd-S、总PAs-S、Put-SH、Spm-SH、DAP- PH、Spd-PH、总Put、Put-S/Spd-S、 Put-S/Spm-S、Put-SH/Spd-SH、Put- SH/Spm-SH、Put-S/(Spd-S+Spm-S)、Put- SH/(Spd-SH+Spm-SH)、(DAP-S+Put-S)/ (Spd-S+Spm-S)、(DAP-SH+Put-SH) /(Spd-SH+Spm-SH)和总PAs-S/总PAs-SH逐 渐升高,而ABA、Z型CKs/总CKs、iP型 CKs/IAA、GAs/IAA、Z型CKs/IAA、Z型 CKs/GAs、Z型CKs/iP型CKs、GAs/总CKs、 Spm-S、DAP-SH、Spd-SH、总PAs-SH、Put- PH、Spm-PH、总PAs-PH、总Spd、总Spm和总 PAs逐渐降低。 4. 培养物中5种内源激素代谢表明,Z型CKs/iP 型CKs、iP型CKs/总CKs的比值和GAs含量可 以作为黄菠罗幼-成龄阶段转化的指标,而 iP型CKs/GAs、iP型CKs、总CKs、GAs、iP型 CKs/IAA和IAA/总CKs则是成龄阶段黄菠罗复 幼的主要原因,且对复幼的影响依次降低。 5. 培养物内源多胺代谢表明,游离态和酸可溶 性Put/Spd和Put/( Spd+Spm)、Put-S/Spm- S、和总PAs-S/总PAs-SH可以作为幼-成龄阶 段转化的指标,而总PAs-S则是对成龄黄菠罗 复幼或幼龄黄菠罗保持较高分裂分化能力的 主导因素,依次是总PAs-S、Spd–S、总PAs- S/总PAs-SH、总PAs-SH、Put-S、Put-SH、 (DAP-S+Put-S)/(Spd-S+Spm-S)、Put-S/( Spd-S+Spm-S)、Put-SH/Spm-SH、Put- S/Spd-S。

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The improved mechanical properties of surface nano-crystallized graded materials produced by surface severe plastic deformation ((SPD)-P-2) are generally owing to the effects of the refined structure, work-hardened region and compressive residual stress. However, during the (SPD)-P-2 process, residual stress is produced simultaneously with work-hardened region, the individual contribution of these two factors to the improved mechanical properties remains unclear. Numerical simulations are carried out in order to answer this question. It is found that work hardening predominates in improving the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength of the surface nano-crystallized graded materials, while the influence of the residual stress mainly emerges at the initial stage of deformation and decreases the apparent elastic modulus of the surface nano-crystallized graded materials, which agrees well with the experimental results. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection technique was developed for the analysis of four polyamines (putrescine (Put), cadaverine (Cad), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm)) analysis. The four polyamines contain different amine groups, which have different ECL activity. There are several parameters which influence the resolution and ECL peak intensities, including the buffer pH and concentrations, separation voltage, sample injection, electrode materials, and Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) concentrations. Polyamines are separated by capillary zone electrophoresis in an uncoated fused-silica capillary (50 cm x 25 mum (ID) filled with acidic phosphate buffer (200 mmol/L phosphate, pH 2.0) - 1 mol/L phosphoric acid (9:1 v/v) and a separation voltage of 5 kV (25 muA), with end-column Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL detection. A 5 mmol/L Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) solution plus 200 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 11.0) is added into the reagent reservoir. The calibration curve is linear over a concentration range of two or three orders of magnitude for the polyamines. The analysis time is less than 25 min. Detection limits for Put and Cad are 1.9 x 10(-7) mol/L and 7.6 x 10(-9) mol/L for Spd and Spm, respectively.