石楠属（Photinia Lindl.）与邻近诸属的亲缘关系

本文研究的范围包括蔷薇科（Rosaceae���苹果亚科（Maloideae）的石楠属（Photinia Lindl.）、红果树属（Stranvaesia Lindl.）、楷杷属（Eriobotrya Lindl.）、石斑木属（Raphiolepis Lindl.）和花楸属（Sorbus L.)。 通过对这5个属的形态、解剖、孢粉和染色体数目等的研究，得到以下三个初步结论。 1、Eriobotrya、Raphiolepis和Sorbus三属的界限明确，Stranvaesia和广义的Photinia两属之间的界限较模糊，但此两属与上述三属的分属界限是明确的。 2、从外部形态、叶表皮结构、叶片和叶柄横切面的研究所获资料，有力地证明Photinia属内常绿组和落叶组，Sorbus属内的冠萼组和复叶组之间的区别很明显，本人赞同某些前辈植物学家所采取的小属概念，可把它们分别成为属。 3、Stranvaesia是最原始的属，它有两个演化方向，一是朝落叶方向发展演化形成Sorbus。Stranvaesia演化的另一方向是继续保持常绿习性，Photinia是这一演化支系上的中间过渡环节，而Eriobotrya和Raphiolepis处于较高地位。

云南元谋和山西太谷上新世化石木群研究

首次报道了云南元谋盆地（虎跳滩土林、湾堡土林和新华土林）晚上新世的硅化木材植物群和山西太谷盆地晚上新世的炭屑木材植物群，分析了这两个盆地当时的植被、环境和气候，为认识我国西南地区和北方中部地区晚上新世气候变化提供了生物学证据。 1。云南元谋盆地晚上新世沙沟组（相当于钱方等1991元谋组下部一、二段）化石木植物群包括：裸子植物1种，归属于三尖杉科(Cephalotaxaceae)三尖杉属(Cephalotaxus)或红豆杉科(Taxaceae)穗花杉属(Amentotaxus);被子植物11种，分别归属于楝科(Meliaceae)香椿属(Toona)、大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)秋枫属(Bischofia)、榆科(Ulmaceae)榉属(Zelkova)、豆科(Fabaceae)黄檀属(Dalbergia)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)锥属(Castanopsis)、青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)、 千屈菜科(Lythraceae)紫薇属(Lagerstroemia)、桑科(Moraceae)桑属(Morus)、胡桃科(Juglandaceae)、豆科和壳斗科。其中三尖杉属或穗花杉属、楝科香椿属、豆科黄檀属、壳斗科锥属、青冈属、千屈菜科紫薇属、桑科桑属、胡桃科和壳斗科的化石木在我国为首次报道。依据植物群的组成，当时该盆地周围山地上的森林是以锥属、青冈属和三尖杉属或穗花杉属为主要分子的常绿针阔混交林，盆地内的树木包括楝科香椿属、大戟科秋枫属、豆科和千屈菜科紫薇属等植物;当时的气候为亚热带气候，温暖湿润。与印度同时代植物群相比，元谋植物群不具有典型的热带雨林分子如龙脑香科植物，而在印度晚第三纪则常见热带雨林分子。这种差异可能是因为中印植物区系起源不同，以及地质历史时期青藏高原的隆升造成区域气候分异，从而导致中印古植物区系不同。 2．山西太谷盆地晚上新世小白组化石木植物群包括榆科(Ulmaceae)榆属(Ulmus)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)李属(Prunus)和桑科柘属(Cudrania)，它们的标本保存为炭屑木材。该化石木群的发现，以及综合通过孢粉学研究得出的古气候研究结果，表明当时当地属于典型的温带气候。化石木清晰的生长轮表明当时气候具明显的季节性。现代生态木材解剖学研究发现温带干旱地区植物群中导管分子壁的螺纹加厚比例较高、且明显。化石木标本导管分子壁具明显的螺纹加厚也表明盆地内为温带的气候类型。孢粉学研究和地层中丰富的石膏层也表明当时气候具有明显的干湿波动，地层中多层炭屑的存在证明了当时气候条件下森林火频繁发生。这些炭屑木材的发现丰富了太谷盆地晚上新世植物群，为古植被重建和古环境恢复提供了新的证据

陕北丘陵沟壑区撂荒地自然恢复植被的组成结构与数量分类

采用样带调查与TWINSPAN分类等方法,对陕北丘陵沟壑区延安、安塞和吴旗174个撂荒地样方的物种组成、出现频率与盖度、及群落类型进行了统计与分类。植被组成结构的统计结果表明:该区自然恢复的植被几乎一半是由禾本科、菊科、豆科和蔷薇科的物种组成,北温带、旧世界温带、世界与泛热带分布成分占到总物种数近75%,且以中旱生、中生和旱生的草本类植物为主,具有典型的温带地面芽植物气候特征。植被的数量分类表明:调查样方基本包括了该区自然恢复的主要植被类型,延安、安塞和吴旗的植被在1年生草本群落到多年生蒿禾类草本群落阶段,依次均以猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、赖草(Leymussecalinus)、长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、茭蒿(Artemisia giraldii)、白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemun)等为主要优势物种构成的不同组合的植物群落,且这些物种具有较高的盖度和频度;但在植被演替后期,不同植被带及阴阳坡的演替方向却发生了明显的变化。以延安为代表的森林带,阴坡可形成黄...

中国北方典型生态区表土孢粉组合特征及其与现代植被和气候的关系

Surface pollen assemblages and their relationhips with the modern vegetation and climate provide a foundation for investigating palaeo-environment conditions by fossil pollen analysis. A promising trend of palynology is to link pollen data more closely with ecology. In this study, I summarized the characteristics of surface pollen assemblages and their quantitative relation with the vegetation and climate of the typical ecological regions in northern China, based on surface pollen analysis of 205 sites and investigating of modern vegetation and climate. The primary conclusions are as follows:The differences in surface pollen assemblages for different vegetation regions are obvious. In the forest communities, the arboreal pollen percentages are more than 30%, herbs less than 50% and shrubs less than 10%; total pollen concentrations are more than 106 grains/g. In the steppe communities, arboreal pollen percentages are generally less than 5%; herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, and Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are dominant in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations range from 103 to 106 grains/g. In the desert communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 5%. Although Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia still dominate the pollen assemblages, Ephedra, Tamaricaceae and Nitraria are also significant important in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations are mostly less than 104grains/g. In the sub-alpine or high and cold meadow communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 30%. and Cyperaceae is one of the most significant-taxa in the pollen assemblages. In the shrub communities, the pollen assemblages are consistent with the zonal vegetation; shrub pollen percentages are mostly less than 20%, except for Artemisia and Hippophae rhamnoides communities.There are obvious trends for the pollen percentage ratios of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae (A/C), Pinus to Artemisia (P/A) and arbor to non-arbor (AP/NAP) in the different ecological regions. In the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region, the P/A ratios are generally higher than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 2 and the AP/NAP ratios higher than 0.3. In the temperate steppe regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 1 and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1. In the temperate desert regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios less than 1, and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1.The study on the representation and indication of pollen to vegetation shows that Pinus, Artemisia, Betula, Chenopodiaceae, Ephedra, Selaginella sinensis etc. are over-representative in the pollen assemblages and can only indicate the regional vegetation. Some pollen types, such as Quercus, Carpinus, Picea, Abies, Elaeagus, Larix, Salix, Pterocelis, Juglans, Ulmus, Gleditsia, Cotinus, Oleaceae, Spiraea, Corylus, Ostryopsis, Vites, Tetraena, Caragana, Tamaricaceae, Zygophyllum, Nitraria, Cyperaceae, Sanguisorba etc. are under-representative in the pollen assemblages, and can indicate the plant communities well. Populus, Rosaceae, Saxifranaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Caprifoliaceae etc. can not be used as significant indicators to the plants.The study on the relation of pollen percentages with plant covers shows that Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30% where pine trees exist in the surrounding region. The Picea+Abies pollen percentages are higher than 20% where the Picea+Abies trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Larix pollen percentages vary from 5% to 20% where the Larix trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Betula pollen percentages are higher than 40% where the Betula trees are dominant in the communities" but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Quercus pollen percentages are higher than 10% where the Quercus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants sparse or absent. Carpinus pollen percentages vary from 5% to 15% where the Carpinus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Populus pollen percentages are about 0-5% at pure Populus communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the Populus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Juglans pollen accounts for 25% to 35% in the forest of Juglans mandshurica, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Pterocelis pollen percentages are less than 15% where the Pterocelis trees are dominant in the communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Ulmus pollen percentages are more than 8% at Ulmus communities, but less than 1% where the Ulmus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Vitex pollen percentages increase along with increasing of parent plant covers, but the maximum values are less than 10 %. Caragana pollen percentages are less than 20 % where the Caragana plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Spiraea pollen percentages are less than 16 % where the Spiraea plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent.The study on the relation of surface pollen assemblages with the modern climate shows that, in the axis 1 of DCA, surface samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual precipitations, and the highest determination coefficient (R2) is 0.8 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions. In the axis 2 of DCA, the samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual temperatures, average July temperatures and average January temperatures, and the determination coefficient falls in 0.13-0.29 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions with the highest determination coefficient for the average July temperature.The sensitivity of the different pollen taxa to climate change shows that some pollen taxa such as Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus, Juglans, Spiraea, Oleaceae, Gramineae, Tamariaceae and Ephedra are only sensitive to the change in precipitation.