13 resultados para Rhixoctonia solani

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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杉木是我国重要的速生丰产树种,分布在北纬21°41′到33°41′,东经102°到122°的广大地区,杉木人工林面积约占我国人工林总面积的1/4,随着连栽代数的增加,土壤中毒和生产力下降程度日趋严重。 本论文以分离自与红树林、珍珠贝、海兔子、海绵、软珊瑚等与海洋动、植物共栖或共生存的106株海洋微生物(54株放线菌,52株细菌)为资源,以杉木连栽致害真菌尖孢镰刀菌萎蔫专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)菌株SF2为靶菌,通过平板对峙试验和土壤原位定殖试验,筛选到一株分离自红树林木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhizo)根际土壤的海洋细菌3728菌株;该菌对SF2具有很强抑菌活性,能够高密度在杉木根际土壤中定殖,对杉木幼苗的生长有一定的促进作用。采用传统的细菌学和分子生物学的鉴定方法对其进行了菌种鉴定,为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。 通过对抗菌谱的研究,发现海洋细菌3728除了对杉木连栽主要致害真菌尖孢镰刀菌萎蔫专化型菌株SF2有很强的抑菌活性外,对大豆连作致害菌 (Penicillium purpurogenum),棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum),棉花立枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani),大豆根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)以及小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminerum)等也有较强的抑制作用。室内模拟试验还表明,在土壤中接种海洋细菌3728后,能够明显增加土壤中氨化细菌和氨化真菌的数量,能够增加土壤中功能性微生物——纤维素分解细菌和纤维素分解真菌的数量和种类,增强了纤维素分解能力。再添加C/N比较低的白三叶草凋落物,土壤中氨化细菌、氨化真菌的数量继续增加,土壤纤维素分解能力更显著提高。这为进一步开展对杉木连栽障碍的生物调控试验,提供了一定的科学依据。

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利用微生物分子生态学方法(16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE,clone library,ARDRA,sequencing),研究了乙草胺、甲胺磷胁迫对土壤抑真菌作用的影响及微生物学机理。首次构建了具有相同理化性质而抑真菌作用不同的土壤模型,报道了乙草胺和甲胺磷胁迫可降低土壤抑真菌作用,土壤细菌,尤其是假单胞菌群落结构以及phlD功能基因丰度和多样性与土壤抑真菌作用密切相关。 经100℃、110℃和121℃处理得到土壤抑真菌作用逐渐下降的系列土壤样品,经PCR-DGGE分析、克隆文库构建以及测序等证实了土壤细菌多样性和群落结构与土壤抑真菌作用密切相关,其中假单胞菌是重要的功能种群,酸细菌、α,β-变形细菌、节杆菌以及一些不可培养细菌可能存在潜在的抑真菌能力。 乙草胺(50、150、250 mg•Kg-1)处理可降低自然清洁土壤抑真菌能力。随着土壤抑真菌作用的逐渐下降,土壤细菌、真菌以及特异性功能种群假单胞菌和芽孢杆菌的群落结构均发生一定改变。乙草胺通过改变土壤微生物群落组成而降低土壤抑真菌作用。甲胺磷(50、150、250 mg•Kg-1)处理在低浓度时即可极大降低土壤抑真菌作用,且不同浓度处理间差异不显著。 乙草胺和甲胺磷胁迫(浓度均为50、150、250 mg•Kg-1)均能降低土壤中总的可培养假单胞菌和抗典型病原真菌立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的假单胞菌多样性,改变其群落结构。同时还能降低重要抗真菌抗生素2,4-DAPG合成的关键功能基因phlD的多样性。而phlD基因的丰度在甲胺磷胁迫下亦逐渐下降。上述影响在实验5周内持续存在,不可恢复。 研究结果表明乙草胺和甲胺磷胁迫可通过改变土壤细菌,尤其是假单胞菌群落结构及phlD功能基因多样性而降低土壤抑真菌作用,对土壤质量存在潜在生态风险。 此外,对土壤真菌DNA的提取方法进行了优化,得到了适于我国北方土壤类型且真菌多样性程度较高的真菌DNA提取方法。

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植物源杀菌剂的开发应用以及从植物中寻找杀菌活性物质作为先导化合物,是目前杀菌研究领域的热点之一。本文以蓼科植物虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.) 为材料,研究了虎杖提取物的杀菌活性和作用机理,确定了虎杖中的有效杀菌活性成分,并以此为先导化合物进行了衍生物合成与结构活性关系的研究。 不同溶剂提取物制备与杀菌活性测定结果表明,乙醇适合作为虎杖植物杀菌剂的提取溶剂,提取率高,对多种植物病原真菌具有广谱的杀菌和抑菌活性,除对黄瓜白粉病(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)表现出很好的防治效果外,对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)、玉米小斑病菌(Helminthosporium maydis)、葡萄炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoconia solani)等也具有很好的抑制作用。虎杖回流提取物对黄瓜白粉病的杀菌作用以保护作用为主,兼具一定的治疗作用,并且具有一定的内吸活性,持效期约为4-7 d。温室试验结果表明,虎杖乙醇回流提取物10%可溶性液剂对黄瓜白粉病的EC90值为172.83 mg/L,田间小区试验表明该制剂在800-1600 mg/L的浓度下,对黄瓜白粉病的防效达到76.3-93.4%,具有较好的应用前景。 对苹果腐烂病菌的抑菌作用机理表明,虎杖乙醇提取物对该病原菌有明显的抑制作用,能够抑制蛋白质、葡萄糖等菌体细胞内物质的合成,从而使病菌代谢速度减慢,抑制其生长。虎杖提取物还能够使几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶这两种细胞壁相关水解酶的活性升高,降解细胞壁而破坏菌体结构,使菌体自溶。 过测定虎杖乙醇回流提取物对黄瓜体内等一些防御酶和病程相关蛋白活性的影响,表明在40 mg/L和400 mg/L浓度下,虎杖乙醇提取物能够使黄瓜叶片内的过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶等不同程度的升高,从而在一定程度上提高植物对病原真菌的抗病能力。 通过生物活性跟踪测定以及pH梯度提取法确定了虎杖中的主要杀菌活性成分为蒽醌类化合物大黄素(emodin)和大黄素甲醚(physcion),结构通过了HPLC-MS和1H NMR确认,并且通过HPLC确定了虎杖乙醇回流提取物中二者的含量分别为3.28%和1.11%。 以虎杖中的有效成份之一的大黄素为原料,通过羟基的甲基化反应合成了包括已知物大黄素甲醚在内的11个大黄素衍生物,其中5个化合物为首次报道,并进行了初步结构活性关系研究。结果表明通过对大黄素3-OH位置以短直链烷基取代,其衍生物对黄瓜白粉病的活性大大提高,其中以甲基取代的衍生物大黄素甲醚的活性为母体大黄素的16.7倍,而以取代苄基修饰的衍生物的活性没有明显提高。一些目标化合物的活性明显优于三唑酮。研究中还意外发现大黄素的甲基化衍生物三甲氧基大黄素在4000 mg/L时能够明显抑制甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食与生长发育,而大黄素和大黄素甲醚则无此作用。

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由于采样条件和培养条件的限制,深海微生物研究的较少,因此目前海洋微生物资源的研究主要集中在近海和浅海。而深海独特的生态环境,使微生物形成了独特的代谢体系,成为新颖化合物的重要来源,具有很好的开发应用前景。本文首次较为系统的研究了深度为1758-3600m南海海底沉积物中深海微生物资源的分离和活性菌株的筛选情况,旨在为探索我国南海深海微生物资源提供一定的科学依据。 采用多种分离培养基从6个不同深度(1758、2620、3200、3500、3587和3600m)的南海深海沉积物样品中,分离到225株深海微生物,包括40株放线菌和185株细菌。以分离得到的225株深海微生物为研究对象,从产蛋白酶、抗真菌、杀虫三个方面进行活性菌株的筛选,研究南海深海沉积物中的微生物资源状况: (1).将分离到的225株深海微生物,同时在10℃、28℃、45℃三个温度下进行产低温蛋白酶、中温蛋白酶、高温蛋白酶的筛选。初筛结果表明:这225株深海微生物大都有大小不同的产蛋白酶能力。10℃有产蛋白酶的有109株,28 ℃产蛋白酶的有160株,45℃产蛋白酶的有117株。筛选到一株在45℃下有较强产蛋白酶能力的菌株B1394,其酶活可达873U/ml,有一定的应用前景。通过形态观察、生理生化测定、16SrDNA序列测定,将B1394定名为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。其粗酶液性质研究发现:最适酶活温度60℃,最适pH 8.0, 40℃、50℃和60℃热稳定性较好, Mn2+ 、Mg2+ 、Ca2+对该蛋白酶有激活作用,Hg2+ 、Fe3+ 、Cu2+ 、Zn2+ 、 Fe2+对其有抑制作用,苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)几乎完全抑制其活性,推断为丝氨酸蛋白酶。 (2).对其中100株深海细菌和40株深海放线菌,以立枯丝核菌( Rhizoctonia solani)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)为靶菌进行了抗真菌活性的筛选。初筛结果表明:分别有37株和35株深海细菌对立枯丝核菌和白色念珠菌有抑菌活性,分别占被检测细菌数目的37%和35%;有18株深海放线菌对立枯丝核菌有抑制作用,占被检测放线菌总数的45%。筛选到一株有较强抗真菌活性的深海放线菌SHA6,其发酵液对包括尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)在内的10种植物病原菌有明显的抑制作用。对其发酵液的理化性质进行初步研究发现SHA6发酵液具有良好的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性, 对SHA6进行分子生物学鉴定后将其初步定名为为橙色单胞菌(Aurantimonas altamirensis)。 (3).以卤虫为初步筛选模型,对其中的20株深海放线菌进行了杀虫方面的筛选,结果发现有5个深海放线菌菌株表现有较强的杀虫活性。其中深海放线菌SHA4发酵液的乙酸乙脂提取物杀卤虫的活性最强,在浓度为100μg/ml时杀卤虫活性为83%,而在浓度400ppm时,48h可以杀死38%的甜菜夜娥。对SHA4进行分子生物学鉴定后将其初步定为拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis sp)。 总之,本论文阐明了我国南海深海沉积物中微生物资源状况的初步研究结果,为进一步开发利用我国南海深海微生物资源奠定了基础。

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海洋枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis菌株3512A分离自中国南海柳珊瑚。抗菌谱研究表明,该菌对多种动植物病原菌都有很强的抑制作用。稳定性试验表明该菌株产生的抗真菌活性物质对高温、酸和弱碱具有一定耐受性。利用玉米纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani作为靶标菌,结合酸沉淀、快速柱色谱、HPLC等现代色谱手段,对菌发酵液中的抗真菌活性物质进行分离纯化,获得两个活性强的单一化合物,化合物1和3。排油圈试验、甲苯乳化试验、TLC原位酸水解,以及一维核磁共振氢谱1H-NMR等多种研究结果表明,化合物1和化合物3均为脂肽类化合物衍生物。

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Quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan (QCMC) were synthesized and their antifungal activities against Alternaria Solani (A. Solani) and Physalospora piricola Nose (P. piricola Nose) were investigated. The results indicated that the quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives had better inhibitory effects than CMC, and the antifungal activities should be affected by the cation in these compounds.

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目的:探索牛蒡根际镰刀菌与牛蒡之间的相互关系。方法:从全国30个地区采集牛蒡根际土壤样品,进行了根际土壤真菌数量和群落的生态学研究,测定镰刀菌发酵液对牛蒡幼苗和牛蒡子萌发的影响,并对其中毒性最强的两株镰刀菌F130和F131进行了形态学和分子生物学的鉴定。结果:镰刀菌为牛蒡根际的最优势类群,贡献率为34.297%,其次为木霉,贡献率为22.519%;绝大多数镰刀菌对牛蒡有明显的毒性作用,其中F130和F131被鉴定为Fusarium solani。结论:Fusarium solani是牛蒡根际土壤中的致害菌。

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In this paper, 20 kinds of different 2-(alpha-arylamino phosphonate)-chitosan (2-alpha-AAPCS) were prepared by different Schiff bases of chitosan (CS) reacted with di-alkyl phosphite in benzene solution. The structures of the derivatives (2-alpha-AAPCS) were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In addition, the antifungal activities of the derivatives against four kinds of fungi were evaluated in the experiment. The results indicated that all the prepared 2-alpha-AAPCS had a significant inhibiting effect on the investigated fungi when the derivatives concentration ranged from 50 to 500 mu g mL(-1). Furthermore, the antifungal activities of the derivatives increased with increasing the molecular weight and concentration. And the antifungal activities of the derivatives were affected by their dimensional effect and charge density. Besides, the rule and mechanism of the antifungal activities of them were discussed in this paper. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Sulfanilamide derivatives of chitosan (2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanimide)-chitosan (HSACS, LSACS), 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanimide)-6-sulfo-chitosan (HSACSS, LSACSS) and 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanimide)-6-carboxymethyl-chitosan (HSACMCS, LSACMCS)) were prepared using different molecular weights of chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and chitosan sulfates (CSS) reacted with 4-acetamidobenzene sulfonyl chloride in dimethylsulfoxide solution. The structures of the derivatives were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, which showed that the substitution degree of sulfanilamide group of HSACS, HSACSS, HSACMCS, LSACS, LSACSS and LSACMCS were 0.623, 0.492, 0.515, 0.576, 0.463 and 0.477, respectively. The solubility of the derivatives (pH < 7.5) was higher than that of chitosan (pH < 6.5). The antifungal activities of the derivatives against Aiternaria solani and Phomopsis asparagi were evaluated based on the method of Jasso et al. in the experiment. The results indicated that all the prepared sulfanilamide derivatives had a significant inhibiting effect on the investigated fungi in the polymer concentration range from 50 to 500 mu g mL(-1). The antifungal activities of the derivatives increased with increasing the molecular weight, concentration or the substitution degree. The sulfanilamide derivatives of CS, CMCS and CSS show stronger antifungal activities than CS, CMCS and CSS. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Three different acyl thiourea derivatives of chitosan (CS) were synthesized and their structures were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The antimicrobial behaviors of CS and its derivatives against four species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Sarcina) and four crop-threatening pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Saec, and Phyllisticta zingiberi) were investigated. The results indicated that the antimicrobial activities of the acyl thiourea derivatives are much better than that of the parent CS. The minimum value of MIC and MBC of the derivatives against E coli was 15.62 and 62.49 mu g/mL, respectively. All of the acyl thiourea derivatives had a significant inhibitory effect on the fungi in concentrations of 50 - 500 mu g/mL; the maximum inhibitory index was 66.67%. The antifungal activities of the chloracetyl thiourea derivatives of CS are noticeably higher than the acetyl and benzoyl thiourea derivatives. The degree of grafting of the acyl thiourea group in the derivatives was related to antifungal activity; higher substitution resulted in stronger antifungal activity. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Three kinds of Schiff bases of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) were prepared, and their antifungal activities were assessed according to Jasso de Rodriguez's method. The results indicated that 2-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-6-carboxymethylchitosan (HNCMCTS) and 2-(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-6-carboxymethylchitosan (HCCMCTS) had better inhibitory effects than those of chitosan or CMCTS against Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. vasinfectum, Alternaria solani, and Valsa mali. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.