Mechanism Analysis of Landslide of a Layered Slope Induced by Drawdown of Water Level

The frequent drawdown of water level of Yangtze River will greatly influence the stability of the widely existing slopes in the Three Gorges reservoir zone, especially those layered ones. Apart from the fluctuating speed of water level, the different geological materials will also play important roles in the failure of slopes. Thus, it must be first to study the mechanism of such a landslide caused by drawdown of water level.A new experimental setup is designed to study the performance of a layered slope under the drawdown of water level. The pattern of landslide of a layered slope induced by drawdown of water level has been explored by means of simulating experiments. The influence of fluctuating speed of water level on the stability of the layered slope is probed,especially the whole process of deformation and development of landslide of the slope versus time. The experimental results show that the slope is stable during the water level rising, and the sliding body occurs in the upper layer of the slope under a certain drawdown speed of water level. In the process of slope failure, some new small sliding body will develop on the main sliding body, and the result is that they speed up the disassembly of the whole slope.Based on the simulating experiment on landslide of a layered slope induced by drawdown of water level, the stress and displacement field of the slope are calculated.The seepage velocity, the pore water pressure, and the gradient of pore water head are also calculated for the whole process of drawdown of water level. The computing results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Accordingly, the mechanism of deformation and landslide of the layered slope induced by drawdown of water level is analyzed. It may provide basis for treating this kind of layered slopes in practical engineering.

Experimental study on pore pressure in rock-soil slope during reservoir water level fluctuation

A test system was developed for measuring the pore pressure in porous media, and a new model was devised for the pore pressure testing in both saturated and unsaturated rock-soil. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the pore pressure during water level fluctuation. The variations of transient pore pressure vs. time at different locations of the simulated rock-soil system were acquired and processed, and meanwhile the deformation and failure of the model are observed. The experiment results show that whether the porous media are saturated or not, the transient pore pressure is mainly dependent on the water level fluctuation, and coupled with the variation of the stress field.

Sensitivity Analysis of Dimensionless Parameters for Physical Simulation of Water-Flooding Reservoir

A numerical approach to optimize dimensionless parameters of water-flooding porous media flows is proposed based on the analysis of the sensitivity factor defined as the variation ration of a target function with respect to the variation of dimensionless parameters. A complete set of scaling criteria for water-flooding reservoir of five-spot well pattern case is derived from the 3-D governing equations, involving the gravitational force, the capillary force and the compressibility of water, oil and rock. By using this approach, we have estimated the influences of each dimensionless parameter on experimental results and thus sorted out the dominant ones with larger sensitivity factors ranging from10-4to10-0 .

Sensitivity Analysis Of The Dimensionless Parameters In Scaling A Polymer Flooding Reservoir

A set of scaling criteria of a polymer flooding reservoir is derived from the governing equations, which involve gravity and capillary force, compressibility of water, oil, and rock, non-Newtonian behavior of the polymer solution, absorption, dispersion, and diffusion, etc. A numerical approach to quantify the dominance degree of each dimensionless parameter is proposed. With this approach, the sensitivity factor of each dimensionless parameter is evaluated. The results show that in polymer flooding, the order of the sensitivity factor ranges from 10(-5) to 10(0) and the dominant dimensionless parameters are generally the ratio of the oil permeability under the condition of the irreducible water saturation to water permeability under the condition of residual oil saturation, density, and viscosity ratios between water and oil, the reduced initial oleic phase saturation and the shear rate exponent of the polymer solution. It is also revealed that the dominant dimensionless parameters may be different from case to case. The effect of some physical variables, such as oil viscosity, injection rate, and permeability, on the dominance degree of the dimensionless parameters is analyzed and the dominant ones are determined for different cases.

A coupled model for multiphase fluid flow and sedimentation deformation in oil reservoir and its numerical simulation

A mathematical model for coupled multiphase fluid flow and sedimentation deformation is developed based on fluid-solid interaction mechanism. A finite difference-finite element numerical approach is presented. The results of an example show that the fluid-solid coupled effect has great influence on multiphase fluid flow and reservoir recovery performances, and the coupled model has practical significance for oilfield development.

Numerical Study On Transient Flow In The Deep Naturally Fractured Reservoir With High Pressure

According to the experimental results and the characteristics of the pressure-sensitive fractured formation, a transient flow model is developed for the deep naturally-fractured reservoirs with different outer boundary conditions. The finite element equations for the model are derived. After generating the unstructured grids in the solution regions, the finite element method is used to calculate the pressure type curves for the pressure-sensitive fractured reservoir with different outer boundaries, such as the infinite boundary, circle boundary and combined linear boundaries, and the characteristics of the type curves are comparatively analyzed. The effects on the pressure curves caused by pressure sensitivity module and the effective radius combined parameter are determined, and the method for calculating the pressure-sensitive reservoir parameters is introduced. By analyzing the real field case in the high temperature and pressure reservoir, the perfect results show that the transient flow model for the pressure-sensitive fractured reservoir in this paper is correct.

The Experimental and Numerical Studies on Gas Production from Hydrate Reservoir by Depressurization

A set of experimental system to study hydrate dissociation in porous media is built and some experiments on hydrate dissociation by depressurization are carried out. A mathematical model is developed to simulate the hydrate dissociation by depressurization in hydrate-bearing porous media. The model can be used to analyze the effects of the flow of multiphase fluids, the kinetic process and endothermic process of hydrate dissociation, ice-water phase equilibrium, the variation of permeability, convection and conduction on the hydrate dissociation, and gas and water productions. The numerical results agree well with the experimental results, which validate our mathematical model. For a 3-D hydrate reservoir of Class 3, the evolutions of pressure, temperature, and saturations are elucidated and the effects of some main parameters on gas and water rates are analyzed. Numerical results show that gas can be produced effectively from hydrate reservoir in the first stage of depressurization. Then, methods such as thermal stimulation or inhibitor injection should be considered due to the energy deficiency of formation energy. The numerical results for 3-D hydrate reservoir of Class 1 show that the overlying gas hydrate zone can apparently enhance gas rate and prolong life span of gas reservoir.

淹水对三峡库区几种植物的生理生态影响

自然界木本植物在某些情况下可能面对淹水带来的胁迫伤害，木本植物对淹水的生理生态响应及适应机制的研究，不仅可以从机理上解释河岸带和消落区树种分布的规律，对于大型水库消落区的治理也能起到理论依据的作用，因此，木本植物对淹水的生理生态响应及适应机制历来是植物生理生态研究领域的热点问题之一。 三峡水库蓄水造成库区部分陆地岛屿化，这将对岛屿优势植物带来深远影响。短柄枹栎(Quercus glandulifera)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)是这些岛屿上的三种优势树种。在岛屿形成初期，应用生理生态学手段，在7月和9月分别对其水势和叶绿素荧光进行了野外测定，从而为岛屿化对植物生理生态影响的研究和监测提供重要的本底数据。研究结果表明马尾松较其它两种植物更耐旱。水势和Fv/Fm在清晨高中午低，经过一个晚上可以基本恢复，因此就目前状况看岛上的三种优势植物均生长健康。但是库区蓄水后，在淹水胁迫下植物的生理生态过程将如何变化，还需要后期的连续观测。 枫杨（Pterocarya stenoptera）、池杉（Taxodium ascendens）和栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）是三峡库区河岸带和库塘消落区常见的植物，对于河岸带和库塘消落区的水土保持和水源涵养具有十分重要的作用。通过设计模拟淹水实验，研究了这三种植物对淹水的生理生态响应及适应机制。淹水对枫杨和栓皮栎生理生态过程的早期影响是快速降低了二者的最大净光合速率、气孔导度、最大光化学量子效率（Fv/Fm）。但经过最初的下降后，枫杨的最大净光合速率、气孔导度和最大光化学量子效率逐渐恢复，而栓皮栎的则持续下降。在试验过程中，枫杨和池杉均产生了有利于吸收氧气的不定根和肥大的皮孔，而栓皮栎没有产生不定根。随淹水时间的增加枫杨的叶绿素含量与对照没有显著差异;而栓皮栎的叶绿素含量在第33天后大幅降低，Chla/Chlb的比值下降。淹水后第10天和70天测定的清晨水势，受淹栓皮栎比对照高，而受淹枫杨比对照低。淹水导致池杉和栓皮栎的根/茎/叶膜质过氧化状态均呈现动态变化。淹水处理的栓皮栎根的MDA含量低于对照而池杉的高于对照，比如：淹水24天后，栓皮栎根的丙二醛含量是对照的73％;而池杉是对照的111.5％。淹水处理第10天和第24天两个种的叶和茎MDA含量均高于对照但第50天则略低于对照。淹水导致池杉和栓皮栎两个种的根/茎/叶可溶性糖含量呈现动态变化。持续淹水导致栓皮栎叶片可溶性糖含量相比于对照先略下降后上升，茎可溶性糖含量显著上升而根可溶性含量先下降后上升。而池杉根/茎/叶可溶性糖含量对照和处理之间差异不显著。淹水导致栓皮栎的比叶重（Leaf dry mass per area）持续升高，池杉的与对照没有显著差异。淹水导致栓皮栎的根系活力持续下降，池杉则开始时下降后又升高，这可能与池杉在淹水过程中产生了有利于吸收氧气的不定根，而栓皮栎没有产生不定根有关。 以上生理生态的实验结果说明相对枫杨和池杉，栓皮栎应属于对淹水较敏感的树种。并得到以下一些结论：1）间接支持了“长期淹水导致不耐淹种（如栓皮栎）库量减小，进而导致光合速率下降的负反馈效应”假说;2）淹水对不耐淹种光合速率下降的影响至少包括气孔开度降低、光化学量子效率降低和库尺寸下降导致的光合速率下调的负反馈效应（长期）三个生理生态原因;3）淹水对水势的影响与树种相关;4）淹水并未导致不耐淹种（如栓皮栎）根膜质过氧化状态上升，而是导致其下降。导致其下降的主要原因是根系缺氧造成的;5）淹水胁迫初期耐淹种（如枫杨和池杉）和不耐淹种（栓皮栎）均出现部分生理生态过程的下调，持续时间大概在1－10天内。随后耐淹种生理过程逐渐恢复而不耐淹种在略为恢复1－2天后逐渐下降到较低水平。耐淹种恢复的关键原因可能是不定根和肥大的皮孔的出现。 令人意外的是70天的淹水过程并没有导致栓皮栎的死亡，这说明该树种对淹水具有一定的忍耐能力。因此，栓皮栎分布于河岸带和消落区较高海拔处并很少受到季节性淹水影响的生理生态原因可能还包括其他方面。淹水后可能要面对土壤透气性恢复带来的生理干旱胁迫可能对栓皮栎的生理过程造成影响。因此进一步研究淹水后恢复过程中三个种的生理生态过程对于深刻理解河岸带和消落区树种分布的生理生态原因无疑具有十分重要的理论意义。

Temporal Coherence of Chlorophyll a during a Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir, China

Algal bloom phenomenon was defined as "the rapid growth of one or more phytoplankton species which leads to a rapid increase in the biomass of phytoplankton", yet most estimates of temporal coherence are based on yearly or monthly sampling frequencies and little is known of how synchrony varies among phytoplankton or of the causes of temporal coherence during spring algal bloom. In this study, data of chlorophyll a and related environmental parameters were weekly gathered at 15 sampling sites in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir (TGR, China) to evaluate patterns of temporal coherence for phytoplankton during spring bloom and test if spatial heterogeneity of nutrient and inorganic suspended particles within a single ecosystem influences synchrony of spring phytoplankton dynamics. There is a clear spatial and temporal variation in chlorophyll a across Xiangxi Bay. The degree of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a between pairs of sites located in Xiangxi Bay ranged from -0.367 to 0.952 with mean and median values of 0.349 and 0.321, respectively. Low levels of temporal coherence were often detected among the three stretches of the bay (Down reach, middle reach and upper reach), while high levels of temporal coherence were often found within the same reach of the bay. The relative difference of DIN between pair sites was the strong predictor of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a in down and middle reach of the bay, while the relative difference in Anorganic Suspended Solids was the important factor regulating temporal coherence in middle and upper reach. Contrary to many studies, these results illustrate that, in a small geographic area (a single reservoir bay of approximately 25 km), spatial heterogeneity influence synchrony of phytoplankton dynamics during spring bloom and local processes may override the effects of regional processes or dispersal.

Forecasting Daily Chlorophyll a Concentration during the Spring Phytoplankton Bloom Period in Xiangxi Bay of the Three-Gorges Reservoir by Means of a Recurrent Artificial Neural Network

A recurrent artificial neural network was used for 0-and 7-days-ahead forecasting of daily spring phytoplankton bloom dynamics in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir with meteorological, hydrological, and limnological parameters as input variables. Daily data from the depth of 0.5 m was used to train the model, and data from the depth of 2.0 m was used to validate the calibrated model. The trained model achieved reasonable accuracy in predicting the daily dynamics of chlorophyll a both in 0-and 7-days-ahead forecasting. In 0-day-ahead forecasting, the R-2 values of observed and predicted data were 0.85 for training and 0.89 for validating. In 7-days-ahead forecasting, the R-2 values of training and validating were 0.68 and 0.66, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that most ecological relationships between chlorophyll a and input environmental variables in 0-and 7-days-ahead models were reasonable. In the 0-day model, Secchi depth, water temperature, and dissolved silicate were the most important factors influencing the daily dynamics of chlorophyll a. And in 7-days-ahead predicting model, chlorophyll a was sensitive to most environmental variables except water level, DO, and NH3N.