CO2浓度升高对三个树种资源分配模式的影响

　　由大气CO2浓度升高导致的气候变化是全球变化的重要研究内容之一。大气 CO2浓度升高会对植物的生理活动产生深刻的影响。本论文以开顶箱（Open top chamber）法控制 CO2浓度，在长期野外实地模拟基础上，研究三个树种资源分配模式的变化，揭示了长白山地区三个主要树种—红松（Pinus koraiensis）、长白松（Pinus sylvestriformis）和蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）叶含碳结构物质和次生代谢物（CBSSCs）含量的变化动态及植物各器官内碳-防卫物质分配模式对CO2浓度升高的响应，这对预测未来CO2浓度升高条件下树木的适应性提供了科学依据。研究结果如下： 1）红松和长白松针叶总非结构性碳水化合物含量在生长季呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势，生长季末期稍有升高，休眠季含量较稳定。脂肪和结构性物质如半纤维素、纤维素和木质素含量在生长季和休眠季中含量比较稳定。 2）CBSSCs在植物叶中的含量存在显著的种间差异性，CBSSCs含量在生长季变化较大，休眠季变化很小。 3）从三个树种叶CBSSCs浓度的年平均值来看，植物对高浓度CO2没有持续和明显的反应，叶内不会出现较高浓度的酚类物质和其它CBSSCs物质。 4）高浓度CO2对植株氮总量没有影响，但由于生长导致的稀释效应使得红松叶、茎全氮浓度显著降低。 5）长期高浓度CO2处理使得红松生长和光合能力都有提高，碳向酚类物质和结构物质的分配提高。由高浓度CO2诱导的植物的这种碳向防卫物质的分配格局符合生长分化平衡模型（GDBe）的预测结果。

Emergy Assessment of a Wheat-Maize Rotation System with Different Water Assignments in the North China Plain

Sustainable water use is seriously compromised in the North China Plain (NCP) due to the huge water requirements of agriculture, the largest use of water resources. An integrated approach which combines the ecosystem model with emergy analysis is presented to determine the optimum quantity of irrigation for sustainable development in irrigated cropping systems. Since the traditional emergy method pays little attention to the dynamic interaction among components of the ecological system and dynamic emergy accounting is in its infancy, it is hard to evaluate the cropping system in hypothetical situations or in response to specific changes. In order to solve this problem, an ecosystem model (Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model) is introduced for emergy analysis to describe the production processes. Some raw data, collected by investigating or observing in conventional emergy analysis, may be calculated by the VIP model in the new approach. To demonstrate the advantage of this new approach, we use it to assess the wheat-maize rotation cropping system at different irrigation levels and derive the optimum quantity of irrigation according to the index of ecosystem sustainable development in NCP. The results show, the optimum quantity of irrigation in this region should be 240-330 mm per year in the wheat system and no irrigation in the maize system, because with this quantity of irrigation the rotation crop system reveals: best efficiency in energy transformation (transformity = 6.05E + 4 sej/J); highest sustainability (renewability = 25%); lowest environmental impact (environmental loading ratio = 3.5) and the greatest sustainability index (Emergy Sustainability Index = 0.47) compared with the system in other irrigation amounts. This study demonstrates that application of the new approach is broader than the conventional emergy analysis and the new approach is helpful in optimizing resources allocation, resource-savings and maintaining agricultural sustainability.

Study on Water Resources Regulation and Reservoir Operating Prediction for Suppression of Salt Water Intrusion in the Pearl River Estuary

Salt water intrusion occurred frequently during dry season in Modaomen waterway of the Pearl River Estuary. With the development of region's economy and urbanization, the salt tides affect the region's water supply more and more seriously in recent years. Regulation and allocation of freshwater resources of the upper rivers of the estuary to suppress the salt tides is becoming important measures for ensuring the water supply security of the region in dry season. The observation data analysis showed that the flow value at the Wuzhou hydrometric station on the upper Xijiang river had a good correlation with the salinity in Modaomen estuary. Thus the flow rate of Wuzhou has been used as a control variable for suppression of salt tides in Modaomen estuary. However, the runoff at Wuzhou mainly comes from the discharge of Longtan reservoir on the upper reaches of Xijiang river and the runoff in the interval open valley between Longtan and Wuzhou sections. As the long distance and many tributaries as well as the large non-controlled watershed between this two sections, the reservoir water scheduling has a need for reasonable considering of interaction between the reservoir regulating discharge and the runoff process of the interval open watershed while the deployment of suppression flow at Wuzhou requires longer lasting time and high precision for the salt tide cycles. For this purpose, this study established a runoff model for Longtan - Wuzhou interval drainage area and by model calculations and observation data analysis, helped to understand the response patterns of the flow rate at Wuzhou to the water discharge of Longtan under the interval water basin runoff participating conditions. On this basis, further discussions were taken on prediction methods of Longtan reservoir discharge scheduling scheme for saline intrusion suppression and provided scientific and typical implementation programs for effective suppression flow process at the Wuzhou section.

Effects of volumetric allocation on heave response of semisubmersible in deep sea

The configuration of semisubmersibles consisting of pontoons and columns and their corresponding heave motion response in incident progressive waves are examined. The purpose of the present study is to provide a theoretical approach to estimating the effects of volumetric allocation on natural period and response amplitude operator (RAO) in heave motion. We conclude that the amplitude of heave motion response can be considerably suppressed by appropriately adjusting volumetric allocation so that the natural heave period keeps away from the range of wave energy. The theoretical formulae are found in good agreement with the corresponding computational results by WAMIT.