Preparation of a carbon supported Pt catalyst using an improved organic sol method and its electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation

The organic sol method for preparing ultrafine transition metal colloid particles reported for the first time by Bonnemann et al. [H. Bonnemann, W Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Jou beta en, B. Korall, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 30 (1991) 1312] has been improved in this paper. The improved organic sol method uses SnCl2 as the reductant and methanol as the organic solvent. Thus, this method is very simple and inexpensive. It was found that the average size of the Pt particles in the Pt/C catalysts can be controlled by adjusting the evaporating temperature of the solvent. Therefore, the Pt/C catalysts prepared by the same method are suitable for evaluating the size effect of the Pt particles on electrocatalytic performance for methanol oxidation. The results of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that when the evaporating temperatures of the solvent are 65, 60, 50, 40, and 30 degrees C, the average sizes of the Pt particles in the Pt/C catalysts prepared are: 2.2, 3.2, 3.8, 4.3, and 4.8 nm, respectively. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) results demonstrated that the small Pt particles are easily oxidized and the decomposition/adsorption of methanol cannot proceed on the surfaces of Pt oxides.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Representative Methods for Determining Young's Modulus and Hardness from Instrumented Indentation Data

The effectiveness of Oliver & Pharr's (O&P's) method, Cheng & Cheng's (C&C's) method, and a new method developed by our group for estimating Young's modulus and hardness based on instrumented indentation was evaluated for the case of yield stress to reduced Young's modulus ratio (sigma(y)/E-r) >= 4.55 x 10(-4) and hardening coefficient (n) <= 0.45. Dimensional theorem and finite element simulations were applied to produce reference results for this purpose. Both O&P's and C&C's methods overestimated the Young's modulus under some conditions, whereas the error can be controlled within +/- 16% if the formulation was modified with appropriate correction functions. Similar modification was not introduced to our method for determining Young's modulus, while the maximum error of results was around +/- 13%. The errors of hardness values obtained from all the three methods could be even larger and were irreducible with any correction scheme. It is therefore suggested that when hardness values of different materials are concerned, relative comparison of the data obtained from a single standard measurement technique would be more practically useful. It is noted that the ranges of error derived from the analysis could be different if different ranges of material parameters sigma(y)/E-r and n are considered.

内蒙古高原成熟和退化羊草草原群落物种功能特性与土壤微生物量C、N、P对氮素添加响应

氮素是大多数陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子。由于人类的工业和农业生产活动不断加剧，导致全球性氮沉降增加，使大多数生态系统氮素的可获得性增强。从而降低或消除了氮素对生态系统的限制作用，加速了生态系统生物地球化学过程，对物种多样性和生态系统结构与功能产生了显著的影响。但由于成土母质、气候条件、地形地貌、植被组成等的差异，不同生态系统类型对氮素增加的响应也不尽相同。欧洲和北美一些发达国家地区对于草地生态系统对于全球性氮沉降增加响应进行了较全面的研究，对于分布广泛的欧亚大陆草原研究相对不足。 本文研究选择对于欧亚大陆草原较具代表性的成熟羊草草原群落及该群落的退化类型为研究对象，从1999年开始，在这两类群落中选取地形相对平缓均一，植被组成一致的地段设置了施肥小区并进行持续氮素添加实验。本文研究了成熟和退化羊草草原群落物种功能特性与土壤微生物量C、N、P对氮素添加响应。 羊草群落中6种主要植物的地上生物量、种群密度、比叶面积、叶氮和叶绿素含量对于氮素添加响应以及各指标之间相关关系的分析表明：比叶面积、基于质量的叶片含氮量和叶绿素含量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b的比值等叶片水平上物种功能特性间的相互作用，共同影响和决定了种群密度和地上生物量对氮素添加的响应。羊草通过提高比叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量和含氮量、种群密度及个体生物量等多重调节功能对氮素添加做出响应。西伯利亚羽茅主要通过提高比叶面积、单位质量叶片的叶绿素含量和含氮量，以及株丛生物量，使其在群落占据优势。大针茅和冰草在提高比叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量和含氮量的调节能力相对较低，种群密度沿氮素添加梯度显著降低。黄囊苔草只能通过提高叶片叶绿素含量和含氮量对氮素添加做出响应，其叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值沿氮素添加梯度逐渐降低，种群密度和地上生物量也显著降低。糙隐子草的叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值沿氮素添加梯度显著降低，但由于糙隐子草具有较高的SLA，且对叶绿素、叶片含氮量的调节能力较强，氮素添加处理没有对其种群密度和地上生物量产生显著的影响。上述结果支持Tilman的光资源竞争假说和Knops等的物种替代假说。 成熟和退化羊草群落土壤微生物量、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮、pH以及凋落物碳、氮、磷含量的测定结果表明：（1）成熟羊草群落表层土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量均随氮素添加量的增加而降低;退化羊草群落表层土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量沿氮素梯度表现出先增加而后降低的趋势;相关分析的结果显示各群落土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷均与土壤pH呈显著的正相关。（2）微生物量碳、氮、磷含量均随土层深度的增加而下将;而对照的微生物量碳、氮、磷含量则与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。（3）年度间降水量差异对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷具有较大影响。综合上述研究结果，我们认为成熟羊草群落土壤微生物生长不受氮素限制，但退化群落不同;氮素添加导致的土壤酸化作用可能是两类群落表层土壤微生物量下降的主要因素，且这种影响主要集中在0-10cm的表层土壤;表层土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷对氮素添加的响应可能还受到其它因子（如生长季降水量）的影响;深层土壤微生物量较低主要是由于土壤有机质含量较低的缘故。

Structuring by multi-beam interference using symmetric pyramids

A method for producing optical structures using rotationally symmetric pyramids is proposed. Two-dimensional structures can be achieved using acute prisms. They form by multi-beam interference of plane waves that impinge from directions distributed symmetrically around the axis of rotational symmetry. Flat-topped pyramids provide an additional beam along the axis thus generating three-dimensional structures. Experimental results are consistent with the results of numerical simulations. The advantages of the method are simplicity of operation, low cost, ease of integration, good stability, and high transmittance. Possible applications are the fabrication of photonic micro-structures such as photonic crystals or array waveguides as well as multi-beam optical tweezers. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Research for HIRFL new improvement project

According to the newest matching mode between the two cyclotrons at HIRFL, the beam obit properties were researched, especially for the harm of existing ‘over-magnetic shim’ in SSC as well as the trajectory in the new mode. The results obtained are encouraging.

Simultaneous genotyping of multiplex single nucleotide polymorphisms of the K-ras gene with a home-made kit

Accurate and fast genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is important in the human genome project. Here an automated fluorescent method that can rapidly and accurately genotype multiplex known SNPs was developed by using a homemade kit, which has lower cost but higher resolution than commercial kit. With this method, oncogene K-ras was investigated, four known SNPs of K-ras gene exon 1 in 31 coloerctal cancer patients were detected. Results indicate that mutations were present in 8(26%) of 31 patients, and most mutations were localized in codon 12. The presence of these mutations is thought to be a critical step and plays an important role in human colorectal carcinogenesisas. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effective thermal conductivity of graded nonlinear composites with heat contact resistance

The perturbation expansion method is used to find the effective thermal conductivity of graded nonlinear composites having thermal contact resistance on the inclusion surface. As an example, we have studied the graded composites with cylindrical inclusions immersed in a homogeneous matrix. The thermal conductivity of the cylindrical inclusion is assumed to have a power-law profile of the radial distance r measured from its origin. For weakly nonlinear constitutive relations between the heat flow density q and the temperature field T, namely, q = -mu del T - chi vertical bar del T vertical bar(2) del T, in both the inclusion and the matrix regions, we have derived the temperature distributions using the perturbation expansion method. A nonlinear effective medium approximation of graded composites is proposed to estimate the effective linear and nonlinear thermal conductivities. by considering the temperature singularity on the inclusion surface due to the heat contact resistance. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

一种修正的莫尔-库仑本构模型及其应用

莫尔-库仑本构模型是理想弹塑性的，只考虑了强度随围压的变化，但没有考虑弹性模量随围压和应力水平的变化情况，这不符合地质材料的实际特性，借助于邓肯-张非线性弹性模型对切线模量的处理方法，对M-C模型中的弹性模量进行了修正。修正以后，弹性阶段的应力-应变曲线将表现为双曲线。为了将该修正模型写进FLAC^3D程序，特编制了前处理程序，并用来对刚性桩的横向承载力进行了数值分析。因为该模型没有对卸载模量重新定义，所以该模型较适合于持续加载的情况。

FexSi grown with mass-analyzed low-energy dual ion beam deposition

Heavily iron-implanted silicon was prepared by mass-analyzed low-energy dual ion beam deposition technique. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiles indicate that iron ions are shallowly implanted into the single-crystal silicon substrate and formed 35 nm thick FexSi films. X-ray diffraction measurements show that as-implanted sample is amorphous and the structure of crystal is partially restored after as-implanted sample was annealed at 400degreesC. There are no new phases formed. Carrier concentration depth profile of annealed sample was measured by Electrochemical C-V method and indicated that FexSi film shows n-type conductivity while silicon substrate is p-type. The p-n junction is formed between FexSi film and silicon substrate showing rectifying effect. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

退火对Si（111）衬底上ZnO薄膜的结构和发光特性的影响

采用磁控溅射法在硅（111）衬底上制备了C轴高度取向的ZnO薄膜，并研究了退火温度和氧气气氛对ZnO薄膜晶体质量、晶粒度大小和光致发光谱的影响。X射线衍射表明，所有薄膜均为高度C轴择优取向，当退火温度低于900℃时，随着退火温度的升高，薄膜的取向性和结晶度都明显提高。室温下对ZnO薄膜进行了光谱分析，退火后的样品均可观测到明显的紫光发射。在一定的退火温度范围内，还可以观测到明显的紫外双峰。空气中退火的样品，当退火温度达到或高于600℃还可观测到绿光发射。实验结果表明，发光峰强度随退火温度和氧气气氛不同而不

低温胁迫下果实组织结构和生理变化及化学调控机理研究

低温贮藏是延缓园艺产品采后成熟、抑制病原菌生长和保持品质的常规方法。然而，许多园艺产品对低温(一般低于10 ºC~12 ºC)相当敏感，如果贮藏温度过低，就易产生冷害，降低其商业价值。所以研究采后园艺产品的冷害机制及如何提高其抗冷性是具有潜在经济价值的科学问题。水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯是植物产生的信号物质，有研究表明这两种物质能够缓解低温贮藏下果实的冷害程度或提高果实的抗冷性，但是相关的作用机理并不清晰。本论文以芒果、桃和黄瓜为材料，研究水杨酸甲酯或茉莉酸甲酯处理的果实在冷害或非冷害贮藏条件下的抗氧化代谢、酚类物质代谢、细胞膜完整性以及细胞壁成分和结构等方面的变化，进一步证实了水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯能够缓解果实的冷害，同时还探讨了提高抗冷性的机制。 　　本论文采用扫描电子显微镜研究果实表皮蜡层的变化，用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究果实细胞壁结构和成分的变化，用原子吸收分光光度计测定细胞壁钙离子的变化，用电导率仪检测果实细胞的完整性。同时测定了果实酚类物质含量、多酚氧化酶(EC 1.10.3.1)活性、过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.7)活性，并分析了果实硬度、糖和酸含量等品质指标。试验结果表明：适宜浓度的水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯均能缓解果实的冷害症状，提高果实的抗冷性。其中，水杨酸甲酯处理能够改变果实表皮蜡层结构;降低表皮脂类物质和细胞壁酚类物质积累;抑制细胞壁纤维物质的降解，调节果胶物质的溶解，保护细胞壁结构。茉莉酸甲酯处理可以保护细胞膜的完整性;调节果实的酚类物质代谢，缓解果实的酶促褐变;抑制细胞壁果胶物质和纤维物质的降解，维持细胞壁结构和果实的硬度，有利于提高果实的抗冷性和缓解果实冷害。 　　虽然不同的果实表现的冷害症状不完全相同，但是低温胁迫对植物组织结构(膜系统和细胞壁结构)的破坏是造成果实冷害的根本原因。提高果实抗冷性的各种调节机制归根结底是通过保护细胞正常结构而发挥作用的。水杨酸甲酯与茉莉酸甲酯处理保护了果实的组织结构，缓解了低温胁迫对果实的伤害，提高了果实的抗冷性。然而，果实自身物质成分的差异是造成冷害症状表现不同的主要原因。 　　

OsLIC1基因参与水稻株型调控的功能研究

CCCH型锌指蛋白是进化上比较保守的一类锌指蛋白家族，其典型的氨基酸的基序为C-X7-8-C-X5-C-X3-H，其中X为任意氨基酸，这类锌指基序一般以重复的双拷贝形式存在。本论文克隆并鉴定了一个全新的、只含有一个CCCH型锌指基序的基因，利用反义RNA策略研究该基因功能，结果发现该基因的反义转基因植株表现出叶夹角增大的表型，因此我们将该基因命名为OsLIC1（Oryza sativa Lamina Increased Leaf Angle Control 1）。生物信息学分析发现该基因定位于水稻6号染色体近端粒的一端，位于BAC克隆AP004324中。OsLIC1与通常的CCCH型锌指蛋白含有多个重复的CCCH锌指基序不同，它只含有一个CCCH型锌指基序。除了CCCH锌指结构域以外，该蛋白在靠近C-端的位置还有一段丝氨酸（Ser）富集的区域，在此区域之前，还有一个在真核生物中相对保守的，以EELR为核心基序的结构域。采用基因枪将含OsLIC1-GFP融合构建的瞬时表达载体轰击入洋葱内表皮细胞，激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现OsLIC1-GFP可以定位到细胞核中。利用酵母转录激活系统发现以EELR为核心基序的结构域具有转录激活的功能。体外核酸结合活性分析显示OsLIC1蛋白可以结合双链DNA，这些结果证明OsLIC1是一个转录因子，这也是在植物中首次发现CCCH型锌指蛋白可以作为转录因子的方式调节基因的表达。 用玉米泛素启动子（Maize Ubiquitin promoter）驱动OsLIC1基因的反义表达载体转化水稻，获得的内源OsLIC1基因表达量下降的转基因植株表现出三个明显的表型：转基因植株的叶夹角增大;转基因的株高低于对照以及转基因植株的穗粒数减少。扫描电镜观察发现转基因植株叶夹角增大是由于近轴面细胞排列发生了改变以及维管束发育受阻引起的。转基因植株的Southern Blot和RT-PCR分析，结合Western Blot分析证明了转基因植株的表型与转基因事件之间的直接联系，并证明了转基因植株中内源OsLIC1在蛋白水平的确受到了抑制。采用RT-PCR技术、Promoter：：GUS和RNA in situ杂交三种方法相结合研究OsLIC1基因的表达模式，结果表明OsLIC1基因主要在叶颈、节以及分蘖原基中表达，这与转基因植株的表型相吻合，进一步证明了转基因植株的表型与基因功能之间的关系。Affymetrix 水稻全基因组芯片分析结果显示许多受油菜素内酯诱导表达的基因在转基因植株的叶颈材料中表达量上调，RT-PCR进一步验证了这一结果。由于在转基因植株中出现的叶夹角增大的表型和水稻油菜素内酯的作用相似，而基因芯片的结果又从分子水平提供了证据和线索。进一步采用RT-PCR和Promoter：：GUS相结合的方法研究OsLIC1基因对油菜素内酯的响应，结果发现OsLIC1基因可以被油菜素内酯诱导表达。而且，OsLIC1基因的反义转基因植株与野生型相比，表现出对油菜素内酯信号更敏感的响应。根据以上结果，推测OsLIC1可能是水稻油菜素内酯信号转导途径的负调控因子。水稻油菜素内酯合成和信号转导的突变体d2-1和d61-1具有直立的叶片的特征。用反义OsLIC1转基因植株以及野生型水稻与d2-1和d61-1突变体分别进行遗传杂交，结果发现在反义OsLIC1转基因植株与d2-1和d61-1突变体的杂交F1代中，都表现出叶夹角增大的表型。但是，在F2代中，在d2-1和d61-1纯合背景下，分别表现出叶夹角增大和叶片直立的表型，说明OsLIC1上位于d2-1，而d61-1则上位于OsLIC1。这一结果进一步证明了OsLIC1是通过参与水稻油菜素内酯信号调节而发挥对水稻叶夹角的调控作用。

FexSi grown with mass-analyzed low-energy dual ion beam deposition

Heavily iron-implanted silicon was prepared by mass-analyzed low-energy dual ion beam deposition technique. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiles indicate that iron ions are shallowly implanted into the single-crystal silicon substrate and formed 35 nm thick FexSi films. X-ray diffraction measurements show that as-implanted sample is amorphous and the structure of crystal is partially restored after as-implanted sample was annealed at 400degreesC. There are no new phases formed. Carrier concentration depth profile of annealed sample was measured by Electrochemical C-V method and indicated that FexSi film shows n-type conductivity while silicon substrate is p-type. The p-n junction is formed between FexSi film and silicon substrate showing rectifying effect. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mode analysis of the UV-written channel waveguide - art. no. 60340J

The effective index method (EIM) was adopted to model the channel waveguide patterned by the UV in photosensitive silica film. The effective indexes of the different dimension symmetrical and asymmetrical channel waveguides were calculated, and the resource of the error of the method was pointed out. At last, the dimension rang to propagate single mode was presented.