3 resultados para Polypores

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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多孔菌是指具有孔状子实层的木材腐朽菌,该类群隶属于担子菌门(Basidiomycota),担子菌纲 (Basidiomycetes),是一类数量较多、组成较为复杂的真菌。 多孔菌具有重要的生态功能和经济价值。该类群真菌能够降解木质素和纤维素,在森林生态系统中起着关键的降解还原作用。同时,多孔菌还是重要的生物资源。部分种类能够造成林木病害是林木病原菌;部分多孔菌具有药用、食用价值;有些种类的多孔菌还具有重要的工业应用价值。 华中地区是我国生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,该地区多孔菌资源丰富。然而华中地区的多孔菌研究非常薄弱,该地区的多孔菌资源的种类和分布仍不明确。本文对华中地区不同森林生态类型中的多孔菌进行了广泛调查和标本采集。通过形态学、分子生物学和遗传交配实验,对华中地区的多孔菌多样性与资源进行了系统的研究,并初步分析了华中地区多孔菌的区系特点。 通过本论文的研究,明确了华中地区多孔菌的种类与多孔菌资源的分布,丰富了我国木生真菌的种类,为控制林木病原菌、开发利用有益真菌资源提供了基础数据和科学依据。本论文的主要研究结论如下: 1.华中地区采集的近2000号标本,按照现代分类系统共鉴定出257种多孔 菌,包括5个新种:庄氏地花孔菌Albatrellus zhuangii Y.C. Dai & Juan Li,宽孢全缘孔菌Haploporus latisporus Juan Li & Y.C. Dai,河南纤孔菌Inonotus henanensis Juan Li & Y.C. Dai,覆瓦拟硬孔菌Rigidoporopsis tegularis Juan Li & Y.C. Dai,菌索干皮孔菌Skeletocutis fimbriata Juan Li & Y.C. Dai;4个中国新记录种:假斑点嗜蓝孢孔菌Fomitiporia pseudopunctata (A. David, Dequatre & Fiasson) Fiasson,仲氏针层孔菌Phellinus johnsonianus (Murrill) Ryvarden,合生坛担菌Sistotrema confluens Pers.,姬氏芮氏孔菌Wrightoporia gillesii A. David & Rajchenb.。 2.利用分子系统学方法,确定了两种通过形态学研究难鉴定的种类的分类学地位,并探讨了针层孔菌属和地花孔菌属的系统发育关系。 3.华中地区的异担子菌有岛生异担子菌和小孔异担子菌两种,不存在多年异担子菌这一严重的森林病原菌。该地区的岛生异担子菌为该复合种中的T生物种,为腐生菌,不对针叶树造成严重病害。 4.华中地区的257种多孔菌隶属于担子菌门、担子菌纲,共有8目、17科、75属。优势科依次为多孔菌科,锈革孔菌科和拟层孔菌科。这三科的种类构成了华中地区多孔菌区系的主体。针层孔菌属为华中地区多孔菌的优势属,其他依次为多孔菌属,波氏孔菌属,多年卧孔菌属,干皮孔菌属,栓孔菌属和薄孔菌属。 5.华中地区多孔菌的75个属共划分为6种地理成分:世界广布属,北温带分布属,热带–亚热带分布属,东亚–北美分布属,大洋洲–北美洲分布属和东亚分布属。除世界广布属外,北温带分布属和热带–亚热带分布属是华中地区多孔菌的主体。 6.华中地区的257种多孔菌划分为8种地理成分:世界广布成分,北温带分布成分,泛热带分布成分,亚–欧共有成分,东亚–北美共有成分,东亚–澳大利亚共有成分,东亚成分,中国特有种。除世界广布成分外,以北温带分布成分和泛热带成分为主。华中地区多孔菌区系基本上属温带性质,同时具有一定比例的泛热带成分,说明华中地区多孔菌区系具有明显的从温带到热带的过渡性质。 7.华中地区的多孔菌资源丰富,野生的食、药用多孔菌48种;工业用多孔菌有21种;林木病原菌有37种,其中新报道病原菌1种。 8.华中地区稀有多孔菌有22种,濒危多孔菌10种。

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广西壮族自治区是中国多孔菌资源比较丰富的区域之一,本研究对广西主要林区进行了初步调查,并根据形态学研究方法对广西地区的多孔菌进行了系统分类学研究。 结果显示,广西地区的多孔菌共有15科,60属,140种。研究过程中发现两个新种,分别是菌索容氏孔菌Junghuhnia rhizomorpha H.S. Yuan & Y.C. Dai和小孔大孢卧孔菌Megasporoporia microporela X.S. Zhou &Y.C. Dai;发现7个中国新记录种:萨拉氏灵芝Ganoderma sarasinii Steyaert,唐氏胶囊革菌Gloeocystidiellum donkii S.S. Rattan,线浅孔菌Grammothele lineata Berkeley & M.A. Curtis,粉状捷克革菌Jacksonomyces furfurellus (Bres.) Sheng H. Wu & Z.C. Chen,半伏容氏孔菌Junghuhnia separabilima (Pouzar) Ryvarden,非洲纵隔担孔菌Protomerulius africanus (Ryvarden) Ryvarden和日本芮氏孔菌Wrightoporia japonica Núñez & Ryvarden;78种为广西地区新记录种,占该地区已报道种类的55.7%。 依据分类学的研究结果,对广西地区的多孔菌的种类组成和地理成分进行了初步分析,结果显示,优势科为多孔菌科Polyporaceae(33.3%),其次为皱孔菌科Meripilaceae(10%),优势属为多孔菌属Polyporus(7.9%%)和针层孔菌属Phellinus(5.7%);属的地理成分以世界广布属(68.3%)和热带–亚热带分布属(23.3%)为主,种的地理成分以泛热带分布成分(35%)和世界广布种(30%)为主。 经研究表明广西地区共有森林干基腐朽病原多孔菌21种,食用多孔菌菌有5种,药用多孔菌32种,工业用多孔菌17种,多孔菌资源较丰富。 对重要种类木蹄层孔菌Fomes fomentarius (L.:Fr.) Fr.进行了固体培养研究,结果显示木蹄层孔菌的营养菌丝生长最适培养温度为28℃,最适培养pH值为7,最适培养碳源为蔗糖,最适培养氮源为蛋白胨。

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In last 10 years,extensive field inventories were carried out to investigate Polypore species, the major wood decaying fungi in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve of Northeastern China. The following 27 species were treated as rare or threathened species: Amylocystis lapponica (Romell) Singer, Anomoporia albolutescens (Romell) Pouzar, Anomoporia bombycina (Fr.) Pouzar, Anomoporia vesiculosa Y.C. Dai & Niemel, Antrodia carbonica (Overh.) Ryvarden & Gilb., Antrodia crassa (P. Karst.) Ryvarden, Antrodiella citrinella Niemel & Ryvarden, Diplomitoporus flavescens (Bres.) Dománski, Donkioporia expansa (Desm.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Gloeophyllum carbonarium (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden, Haploporus odorus (Sommerf.) Bondartsev & Singer, Inonotopsis subiculosa (Peck) Parmasto, Nigroporus ussuriensis (Bondartsev & Ljub.) Y.C. Dai & Niemela, Oxyporus sinensis X.L. Zeng, Parmastomyces taxi (Bondartsev) Y.C. Dai & Niemela, Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilat) Y.C. Dai, Phellinus vaninii Ljub., Polyporus vassilievae Thorn, Pycnoporellus fulgens (Fr.) Donk, Skeletocutis brevispora Niemela, Skeletocutis ochroalba Niemela, Skeletocutis perennis Ryvarden, Trechispora candidissima (Schwein.) Bondartsev & Singer, Wolfiporia dilatohypha Ryvarden & Gilb., Wolfiporia curvispora Y.C. Dai, Wrightoporia avellanea (Bres.) Pouzar and Wrightoporia lenta (Oveh. & J. Lowe) Pouzar. Polypores are richer in East Asia than in Europe and North America, not only because of destructive galciations and fewer hosts in the latters, but also because of the geography. NE Asia is a link between Europe and North America. Changbaishan Nature Reserve is very rich in polypores, and over 260 species were recorded in the reserve. Some rare species in North America and Europe, for instance, Anomoporia albolutescens, Antrodia crassa, Diplomitoporus flavescens, Inonotopsis subiculosa and Skeletocutis ochroalba etc. were found in Changbaishan Nature Reserve as well, and these species are in fact rare in the earth. Most of the 27 species occurred on fallen trunks or rotten wood in the reserve, but some of them grew on living trees. 18 species occured on substrate of gymnosperms, and 9 species grew on wood of angiosperm.Among the 27 species, 7 species caused a brown rot,and 20 species produced a white rot. The morphology, substrate and ecology of each species were briefly discussed. The most important tool for polypore conservation is the conservation of their habitats, and it is necessary to study the ecology of the rare and threathened species of polypores in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve. Because most of polypores live on the substrate of fallen trunks and rotten wood, it is very important to keep such substrate in the ecosystem.