Mechanics of a grip system of three-key-board hydraulic tongs developed for offshore oil pipe lines

This paper carries out the analysis of mechanics of a grip system of three-key-board hydraulic tongs developed for offshore oil pipe lines which has been successfully used in oil fields in China. The main improvement of this system is that a lever frame structure is used in the structural design, which reduces greatly the stresses of the major components of the oil pipe tongs. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculation based on thirteen basic equations developed Show that the teeth board of the tongs is not easy to slip as frequently happens to other systems and is of higher reliability.

Theoretical interpretation on ion heating experiments in reverse field pinch devices

A new set of equations for the energies of the mean magnetic field and the mean plasma velocity is derived taking the dynamo effects into account, by which the anomalous phenomenon, T(i) > T(e), observed in some reversed field pinches (RFP's) is successfully explained.

A hall dynamo model for the reversed field pinch

A mechanism for the reversed field pinch (RFP) dynamo is proposed, based on the nonlinear Hall effect of a saturated helical MHD instability. The sign and magnitude of the effect are shown to be those required for the RFP dynamo. Predictions of the model are in accord with RFP fluctuation measurements.

Self-limiting MBE growth and characterization of three-dimensionally confined nanostructures on patterned GaAs(311)A substrates

The formation of triangular-shaped dot-like (TD) structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (311)A substrates patterned with square- and triangular-shaped holes is compared. On substrates patterned with square-shaped holes, TD structures are formed via the pinch-off of two symmetrically arranged {111} planes which develop freely in the regions between the holes on the original substrate surface, while the (111)A sidewalls of the as-etched holes develop a rough morphology during growth. The evolution of the rough ( 1 1 1)A sidewalls is eliminated on substrates patterned with triangular shaped holes resulting in similar TD structures with highly improved uniformity over the entire pattern. Spectrally and spatially resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy reveals the lateral variation of the quantum-well confinement energy in the TD structures generating distinct lateral energy barriers between the top portion and the nearby smooth regions with efficient radiative recombination. Formation of TD structures provides a new approach Do fabricate three-dimensionally confined nanostructures in a controlled manner.

东海内陆架泥质区EC2005孔沉积特征及古环境记录

本论文通过对东海内陆架浙闽沿岸泥质沉积带EC2005孔沉积物岩性、粒度、AMS14C测年、粘土矿物以及全岩矿物衍射分析、沉积物常微量元素和稀土元素分析、总碳氮以及有机碳氮分析、磁化率测试和综合研究，以EC2005孔岩芯记录为依据分析了研究区的沉积环境演化、海平面升降、浙闽沿岸流形成历史以及蕴含的古气候信息，探讨了陆源物质矿物、地球化学成分与粒度的关系。 EC2005孔岩芯自底部至41.00 m（17.3~13.1 ka BP）为末次冰消期以来的湖泊三角洲沉积序列，物质来源主要是来自湖盆流域物质的输入。随着海平面逐渐上升，海水自13.1 ka BP开始侵入研究区，自12.3 ka BP开始海水深度加大，沿岸流的地位开始显现，7.3 ka BP以来，形成了高海平面以来主要受沿岸流控制的浅海沉积。稀土元素结果显示，东海内陆架EC2005孔12.3~9.8 ka BP是以湖盆流域近源物质为主向长江物质为主转变的过渡阶段，自大约10~9.8 ka BP开始，由于海水深度的进一步加大、沿岸流作用进一步增强，长江物质对研究区的物质供给成为主导。海平面的升高以及沿岸流的形成是物质来源发生变化的重要原因。 东海内陆架泥质沉积物中全新世期间长达700 a（5.9~5.2 ka BP）的高分辨率细粒敏感组分资料揭示的东亚冬季风增强，与GRIP冰芯δ18O揭示的冷期具有良好的对应关系。5500 a BP前后东亚冬季风突然增强，与世界范围内的5500 a BP强降温事件非常一致。功率谱分析揭示出62 a和11 a的太阳活动周期以及与现代ENSO周期相似的6 a和5 a周期，因此，中全新世东亚冬季风演化可能是太阳活动以及古ENSO事件对全球气候系统的影响所致。 东海内陆架区对末次冰消期至早全新世气候回暖的记录与该时期世界性的广泛记录相一致，应该是轨道时间尺度上太阳辐射增强与ITCZ北移以及太阳活动变化综合影响的结果。东海内陆架浙-闽沿岸泥质带EC2005孔存在的4个百年时间尺度上快速沉积事件：12.3~12.1 ka BP、7.5~7.3 ka BP、5.9~5.2 ka BP和1.5~1.3 ka BP，与新仙女木事件、7.3 ka BP冷事件、第二新冰期（5.5 ka BP强降温事件）以及北大西洋1.4 ka BP浮冰事件均有良好的对应，世界范围内广泛存在的8.2 ka冷事件对本钻孔沉积也形成了一定影响。 EC2005孔磁化率变化受到多种因素的制约，如岩性粗细、早期成岩作用以及人类活动等的影响。近3.6 ka以来，磁化率的剧烈波动可能是由于人类活动影响造成的。东海内陆架EC2005孔TOC、TN和TOC/TN的大小主要受控于岩性变化。 此外，根据陆源物质粒度和矿物成分之间的关系，建立了陆源物质平均粒径与主要矿物成分含量大小的函数模型。地球化学成分与其所赋存单种矿物的相关性分析则进一步表明，陆源矿物种类和含量控制着地球化学成分及其含量，矿物种类和含量对地球化学成分的控制是决定性的，而粒度对元素（化学成分）的“控制”实际上是由于不同粒度的矿物组分不同而造成。

松辽盆地南部岩性油藏成藏模式与分布规律

According to the basic geologic conditions, the paper is directed by the modem oil-gas accumulation theory and petroleum system in which typical oil pools are analyzed and the shape of lithologic trap and geologic factors are pointed out. The process during which oil and gas migrate from source rock to lithologic trap is rebuilt, and the accumulation model of oil pool is set up. With the comprehensive application of seismic geologic and log data and paying attention to the method and technology which is used to distinguish lithologic accumulation. Promising structural-lithofacies zones are got and the distribution rule of various lithologic accumulation is concluded. With making use of the biologic mark compound, different reservoirs are compared. As a result, the oil and gas in HeiDimiao come from Nenjiang Group's source rocks; in SaErTu from QingShenkou Group's and Nenjiang Group's, and in PuTaohua. GaoTaizi and FuYang from QingShankou Group's. According to the development and distribution of effective source rock, oil distribution and the comparison in the south of SongLiao basin, the characteristic of basin structure and reservoir distribution is considered, and then the middle-upper reservoir of SongLiao basin south are divided into two petroleum system and a complex petroleum system. Because of the characteristic of migration and accumulation, two petroleum systems can furtherly be divided into 6-7 sub-petroleum systems,20 sub-petroleum systems in all. As a result of the difference of the migration characteristic, accumulation conditions and the place in the petroleum system, the accumulation degree and accumulation model are different. So three accumulation mechanism and six basic accumulation model of lithologic trap are concluded. The distribution of lithologic pools is highly regular oil and gas around the generation sag distribute on favorable structural-lithofacies zones, the type of lithological pool vary regularly from the core of sandstone block to the upper zone. On the basic of regional structure and sedimentary evolution, main factors which control the form of trap are discovered, and it is the critical factor method which is used to discern the lithologic trap. After lots of exploration, 700km~2 potential trap is distinguished and 18391.86 * 10~4 tons geologic reserves is calculated. Oil-water distribution rule of pinch-out oil pool is put up on plane which is the reservoirs can be divided into four sections. This paper presented the law of distribution of oil and water in updip pinch-out reservoir, that is, hydrocarbon-bearing formation in plane can be divided into four zones: bottom edge water zone, underside oil and water zone, middle pure oil zone and above residual water zone. The site of the first well should be assigned to be middle or above pure oil zone, thus the exploration value of this type of reservoir can be recognized correctly. In accordance with the characteristics of seism and geology of low permeability thin sandstone and mudstone alternation layer, the paper applied a set of reservoir prediction technology, that is: (1)seism multi-parameter model identification; (2) using stratum's absorbing and depleting information to predict reservoir's abnormal hydrocarbon-bearing range. With the analysis of the residual resource potential and the research of two petroleum system and the accumulation model, promising objective zones are predicted scientifically. And main exploration aim is the DaRngZi bore in the west of ChangLin basin, and YingTai-SiFangZi middle-upper assembly in Honggang terrace.

博兴洼陷西部砂体成因与油气成藏研究

Based on achievements of thirty years of hydrocarbon exploration, this paper uses the modern theories and methods of sedimentology and oil accumulation to study the origin and distribution features of four sandbodies of Gaoqing, Fanjia, Zhenglizhuang and Jinjia from the third member to the lower second member of Shahejie Formation in detail. Various geophysical methods are also used to explain and to predict the spatial distribution of sandbodies, which further shows mechanism and the model of oil accumulation and illuminates the disciplinarians of oil enrichment and its controlling factors in the study area. The most favourable oil pools predicted by this paper have significant economic and social benefits, which has been confirmed by the exploration. The main conclusions and knowledge includes: (1) Resolving the problems, which remain unresolvable for a long time in the western area of Boxing depression, about the original environment and the spatial distribution of sandbodies of Gaoqing, Fanjia, Zhenglizhuang and Jinjia, and illuminating their relationships. It is suggested that two deltas or delta-related sandbody sediments, which include the delta sandbodies of Jinjia and Gaoqing and their frontal turbidite fan sandbody, are developed in the second and third members of Shahejie Formation. The sandbodies of Fanjia, Gaoqing and Zhenglizhuang are components of Gaoqing delta and belong to the sediments of various periods in different part of the delta. Whereas, the sandbody of Jinjia belong to the Jinjia delta or fan-delta created by the uplift of the Western Shandong and in some areas shows the features of juxtaposition, superimposed deposition and fingeration with the sandbodies of Gaoqing and Zhenglizhuang. (2)Proposing that the sandbodies of different origins in the deltas of Gaoqing and Jinjia have obvious different reservoir qualities, among which the delta frontal bedded sandbodies in the second member of Shahejie Formation in Zhenglizhuang are the best ones and the turbidite sandbody of Fanjia is relatively worse. This shows the direction of further reservoir prediction. (3) According to modern petroleum system theory and continental pool-formation theory, the author divided the western area of Boxing depression into the Jinjia—Zhenglizhuang—Fanjia nose structure belt pool-formation system and the Gaoqing fracture belt pool-formation system. The study area is predominantly located in the former belt and subdivided into pool-formation sub-systems of Zhenglizhuang-Fanjia and Jinjia, which have the source rock of mudstone and oil shale from the upper forth member and the third member of Shahejie Formation in Boxing depression. The hydrocarbon migration and accumulation are controlled by Jinjia-Zhenglizhuang-fanjia nose structure and Gaoqing fracture. (4)Proposing that compared with the best developed sandbodies and traps in the west area of Boxing, the source from the Boxing depression is not sufficient, which is the fundamental reason that the hydrocarbon resources in mid-west area is less than in the east of Boxing. (5) Under the direction of the new theory (fluid compartments theory) and new method of modern pool-formation mechanism, two kinds of pool-formation model are established in study, i.e. inner-compartment model and outer-compartment model. The former has abnormal pressure and is the antigenic source seal pool-forming mechanism, whereas the latter has normal pressure and is of the allochthonous source opening pool-formation mechanism. (6)The study shows that the four sandbodies of Gaoqing, Fanjia, Jinjia and Zhenglizhuang sand are all very benefit for pool-formation, among which the Fanjia sandbody is the best favourable one and is likely to form lithological reservoir and fault-lithological reservoir. But the main step of exploration in Gaoqing, Zhenglizhuang sandbodies should be finding out the fault block, reversed roof and stratum-lithological oil reservoir. (7)Established a set of guidelines and techniques for the research and exploration in the large scale of sandbodies. Proposing that the various traps related to reversed fault and basin-ward fault should be found in step slopes and gentle slopes respectively, and the lithological oil reservoir should mainly be found in the sandstone updip pinch out. It is also suggested that Fanjia sandbody is most favourable to form the lithological and fault-lithological and the Gaoqing, Zhenglizhuang and Jinjia sandbodies have the potential of forming fault block, reversed roof and stratum-lithological oil reservoir. (8) Interpretation and prediction the spatial distribution of main sandbodies based on various geophysical methods suggestion that Fanxi, Gao28 south and Gao27 east have better exploration potential.

黄骅坳陷高尘头地区储层非均质性及成藏研究

Gaochentou region is located in the southwest direction of Gaochentou village in Huanghua city of Hebei province. In regionally structural position, It lies in Qikou sag In the middle part of Huanghua depression, which belongs to the east part of the south Dagang structure zone in the middle part of Huanghua depression. Its' very beneficial at regional structure in Gaochentou , and It becomes the advantage area for oil and gas gathered and preserved, Sandstone reservoir of Dongying Formation is main bearing bed .Dongying Formation in Gaochentou region of Huanghua depression is consisted of set of mudstone and sandstone interbeds by deposited delta fades . Dongying Formation can be divided into 3 members from above to below: the first member of Dongying Formation (FMDF), the second member of Dongying Formation (SMDF), and third member of Dongying Formation (TMDF). The lithology of the upper part of FMDF was consisted of mostly middle-grained and fine-grained sandstone, and it is small for the oil-bearing area of the sand bodies .The lithology of the lower part is coarse-grained sandstone bodies which are well connected between sandstone bodies of wells, and the lower part was main bed of oil production in Dongying Formation; SMDF and TMDF are consisted of larger scale set of mudstone, in which the sandbodies are lenticular and pinch out quickly, and the lithology was mostly fine sandstone and silt stone, in which there are little oil and gas .Because the reservoirs in this area are largely influenced by the factors such as lithology, fault and others, and the reservoirs have the strong,heterogeneity , there exists the problem of oil-down and water-up for vertical distribution of oil and gas bearing. It is not very clearly for the three dimension distribution of sandstone , and the geology researchs is not enough. So, it can't satisfy the need of further development and production for Gaochentou oilfield.Having the key problem of oil-down and water-up and the mechanism of the reservoir for Gaochentou area, There are as follow study works, the first, is study of the high-resolution correlation of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary microfacies. Dongying Formation was divided into three parasequence sets and each parasequence set was divided into different amount of parasequences. FMDF, as the main oil and gas producing bed, can be divided into seven parasequences. Oil and gas are discovered in six parasequences except the seventh. On the basis of study of sedimentary microfacies, the sediments of Dongying Formation are considered deposited mainly in delta front subfacies. The microfacies types of Dongying Formation are sub-water distirbutary channel, sub-water natural bank, inter distributary channel bay, distributary channel mouth dam, and delta front mat sand.Seismic facies analysis and logging-constrained inversion technique were applied by Author for transverse prediction of sandstone reservoir. Having 4 modes of interwell single sandbodies correlation technique, Author have described distribution characteristics of sandbodies, and established geological reservoir model of Gaochentou reservoir.Author presented that the reservoirs characteristic have very strong heterogeneity ,and In the section of sandstone interlayed with mudstone,the folium sandstone interlayed with each other, and the wedge shaped sandbodies pinched out in the mudstone. So the pinch-out up sandstone trap and lenticular sandstone trap are easily formed. They are most small scale overlying pinches out in the place of slope. This article applies the concept of deep basin oil to resolve reasonably the problem of which the oil is below the water in Gaochentou area. Combined with the study of sedimentary facies, reservoir and other aspects, the mechanism and patterns of deep basin oil are studied on the basis of characteristics in Gaochentou area.On the basis of the above study, the mechanism of the oil and gas' migration and accumulation in isotropic sandstone and heterogeneous sandstone are thoroughly analyzed through experiments on physical modeling. Experiments on physical modeling show that the discrepancy between sand layers with different permeability and thickness has important influence on the direction, path, and injection layer of oil's migration. At the beginning of the injection of oil and gas in high permeability sand layer, the pressure is low, the migration resistance is small, and the oil and gas are more easily displacing the water in sand. So it can act as good transformation layer or reservoir. But at the beginning of the injection of oil and gas in sand layer with low permeability, the pressure is high, the migration resistance is big, and the oil and gas are more difficultly displacing the water in sand. So it can only act as bad or worse transformation layer or reservoir. Even if it cannot act as transformation layer or reservoir, it can act as water layer or dry layer. The discrepancy between sand layers on permeability and thickness can make discrepancy in injection of oil and gas between different layers. Consequently it leads to small amount of oil and gas injection in sand layers with low permeability. Ultimately it affects the oil's accumulation and distribution in different sand layers.At Last, combining analysis of the structure and pool forming condition, The thesis has established models of reservoir formation to predict the advantage distribution of oil and gas bearing , and put forward the prospective target It is not only of theoretical signification for explosion and importance, but also has realistic value in guiding the progressive petroleum exploration and exploitation.