甜菜组织培养中的形态发生和胚胎发生

用双丰8号的叶和幼胚为材料。以MSS���基本培养基进行组培试验和细胞学、组织学、形态学研究。试验发现不定芽以内起源为主，外起源在外相体大于1cm时，不定芽在气孔和表皮毛的位置产生，而当外植体小于0•5 cm时，外起源的位置效应消失，不定芽在球形愈伤组织状结构上形成。无丝分裂可能是产生变异的主要原因。不定芽启动时与维管束并无必然的联系，但在以后的发育过程中则需要维管束结节的存在为其输送各种营养物质。叶令对不定芽的发生没有影响。不定芽与淀粉的关系也再一次得到证实。 在被试的各种因素中，BA的浓度在诱导不定芽时起主导作用1mg/L时的效果最好，而且作用时间特别重要，只有在叶原基分化前施用BA，该叶在离体培养时才能产生不定芽。直接取自大田的叶不能产生不定芽。Z T、K T, NA A、GA、水解酪蛋白对不定芽的发生无明显的促进作用。5%蔗糖效果最佳。2 cm高的小苗在MS附加1mg/L N A A、 5 0 g/L蔗糖的生根培养基上根系发育良好。并能移栽成活。 首次利用甜莱幼胚在八个组合的培养基上获得松散和致密二种类型的愈伤组织。暗培养时，有利于松散愈伤组织的形成，但器官发生能力低。光培养时，有利于致密愈伤组织的形成，并能产生大量的球形胚状体。活性炭和蔗糖在相对高的浓度下有利于球形胚状体的产生，而2•4—D对愈伤组织的诱导和胚状体的形成都没有促进作用。球形胚瘫在附加BA1mg/L、NAA、0.5m g/L活性炭4g/L.蔗糖5 0 g/L的M S培养基上可以产生成熟胚状体，但大量的球形胚状体变异形成叶状结构叶状结构愈伤组织化后。 能产生大量不定芽和球形胚状体。致密愈伤组织在继代培养过程中仍能以较高的频率产生再生植株。小苗在生根培养基上形成良好报系后能移栽成活。

近30年来陕北黄土高原土地利用动态变化分析

基于1975年的LandsatMSS���像,1986年、1997年和2006年的Landsat TM影像,利用遥感影像的计算机自动分类和目视解译,得到这4a的土地利用信息。利用ERDAS中的GIS分析模块和统计方法对这4a的土地利用图进行统计分析,得到1975-1986年、1986-1997年和1997-2006年这3个时间段的土地利用变化的数量、速度、幅度、空间格局特征。结果表明:耕地经历了一个先增加后减少的过程,草地、林地先减少后增加,居民地一直处于增加状态,未利用地从整体上来说处于减少状态,只不过在中期有一定数量的波动;在前期和中期土地利用类型间的相互转化基本一致,后期土地利用类型间的相互转化有所增强;耕地、草地、林地和未利用地是该地区土地利用变化的主导类型,主要是耕地、草地与其它土地利用类型间的相互转化。

Mechanisms of optical confinement in phase-locked laser arrays

The nature of optical confinement in phase-locked laser arrays (PLLAs) with a mesa-stripe structure (MSS) has been studied. Two main mechanisms are distinguished, which are based on the variation of the waveguide effective refractive index due to MSS formation and on the refractive index modulation induced by the heating of the structure. Stable operation was achieved when either weak or strong optical coupling was realized in the PLLA. A phase-locked regime of radiation was obtained only for laser diodes with strong optical coupling. In the latter case the angle divergency was not greater than 2 degrees for the antisymmetric supermode emission from the PLLA.

长白山自然保护区历史森林景观的初步重建

本文在对环境因子 (包括年均温、年降水量、海拔高度、坡度和坡向 )进行空间表达的基础上 ,建立了长白山自然保护区当前森林景观垂直带 (包括阔叶红松林、云冷杉林、岳桦林和苔原 )与这些环境因子间的逻辑斯蒂回归模型 ,然后利用 1 997年各环境因子的空间数字面来反推 1 975年森林景观带的空间分布 ,并根据 1 975年MSS���感影像计算机监督分类的结果 ,用Kappa指数对模型预测结果进行验证。结果表明 ,苔原、岳桦林、云冷杉林和阔叶红松林 1 975年的预测分布面积分别为 72 4 3.83hm2 、65 1 7.0 8hm2 、1 2 5 5 70 .1 6hm2 和 342 64.80hm2 ,与遥感分类结果相比 ,苔原和云冷杉林的面积分别减少了 2 9.0 4 %和 3.0 5 %;岳桦林和阔叶红松林的面积分别增加了 2 4 6.45 %和 8.6%。用逻辑斯蒂回归模型可以较好地预测苔原在保护区内的分布范围 ,同时在一定程度上也能预测阔叶红松林的分布范围 ,但是对岳桦林和云冷杉林分布范围的预测结果较差。尽管如此 ,作为一种方法性的探讨 ,本文可以为森林景观空间分布和环境因子变化的关系以及森林景观对气候变化的反应研究提供一种新思路。

基于遥感的东北农牧交错区景观格局与变化研究——以吉林省长岭县为例

根据 1980年和 2000年的两期Landsat-MSS���Landsat-TM数据,应用景观空间格局指数分析了地处东北农牧交错带的长岭县景观结构及其变化特征。结果表明:耕地始终是研究区域内的基质景观;该地最显著的变化为高覆盖度草地面积的大量减少,耕地和盐碱地面积的增加;各景观类型的斑块在大小上有很大差异;多样性和均匀性减少,景观异质性程度下降。

景观动态的Markov模型研究——以长白山自然保护区为例

在 Markov模型假设的基础上 ,利用长白山自然保护区 1975年 MSS���1985年和 1997年 TM卫星遥感数据 ,在遥感图象处理软件和 GIS软件协助下 ,对遥感影像的计算机监督分类结果 (共分为 13类 )进行处理 ,对 Markov模型的可利用性进行分析与检验 ,得出长白山自然保护区景观变化无后效性 ,符合 Markov模型条件。根据 1985～ 1997年转移概率计算步长 10 a(1985～ 1995年 )的转移概率矩阵 ,从 1975年计算 1985年各景观类型的面积与 1985年各景观类型的实际面积值对比 ,计算得 χ2 >χ20 .0 5(12 ) ;再分别用 1975～ 1985年和 1985～ 1997年的转移矩阵计算 1995年和 2 0 4 7年各景观类型的面积 ,分析得χ2 >χ20 .0 5(12 ) ;对两阶段的转移概率矩阵分析得到 χ2 >χ20 .0 5(14 4 ) ;说明两阶段的 Markov转移过程不具同一性 ,属于两个不同的 Markov过程。不同景观类型转移方式对χ2 值的贡献率可以说明其对景观动态的重要性 ,分析结果表明有重要贡献的类型分别为 :阔叶红松林 5 2 .0 0 % >山杨白桦林 2 4 .6 6 % >云冷杉林 11.4 2 % >落叶松林 2 .4 3% ,说明这 4种景观类型的转移方式对长白山自然保护区的景观动态起重要作用 ,尤其以阔叶松林的作用最大 ;同时对 Markov模型在长白山自然保护区长期景观变化预测的可

基于RS的黄河中游多沙粗沙区土地利用变化分析

据1975年的Landsat MSS���1986年和1997年的Landsat TM影像资料,运用遥感影像计算机自动分类方法获取土地利用信息,用GIS空间分析方法以及数理统计方法全面分析了黄河中游多沙粗沙区1975~1986年和1986~1997年两个时期内各土地利用类型的变化幅度、变化速度、数量变化的区域差异、变化方向以及变化方向的区域差异等。结果表明:后期土地利用类型间的相互转化有所增强;耕地、草地、林地和未利用地是本区土地利用变化的主导类型,耕地、草地与其它土地利用类型间的相互转化分布校广;后期耕地被居民地占用的面积和毁林开荒的面积比前期有所增加。

近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征

在20世纪70年代中后期MSS���像、90年代初期TM图像和2004年TM/ETM图像支持下,通过三期遥感影像的直接对比分析,获得了三江源地区草地退化空间数据集,并在此基础上分析了70年代以来青海三江源地区草地退化的主要时空特征。结果表明:三江源地区草地退化是一个在空间格局上影响范围大,在时间过程上持续时间长的连续变化过程。研究发现,三江源草地退化的格局在70年代中后期已基本形成,70年代中后期至今,草地的退化过程一直在继续发生,总体上不存在90年代至今的草地退化急剧加强现象。草地退化的过程在不同区域和地带有明显不同的表现,如在湿润半湿润地带的草甸类草地上,发生着草地破碎化先导,随后发生覆盖度持续降低,最后形成黑土滩的退化过程;在干旱、半干旱地带的草原类草地上,发生着覆盖度持续降低,最后形成沙地和荒漠化草地的退化过程。三江源地区草地退化具有明显的区域差异,草地退化可以分为7个区,各区草地退化在类型、程度、范围与时间过程方面具有明显不同的特点。

Grassland degradation in the

Supported by MSS images in the mid and late 1970s, TM images in the early 1990s and TM/ETM images in 2004, grassland degradation in the "Three-River Headwaters" region (TRH region) was interpreted through analysis on IRS images in two time series, then the spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the TRH region were analyzed since the 1970s. The results showed that grassland degradation in the TRH region was a continuous change process which had large affected area and long time scale, and rapidly strengthen phenomenon did not exist in the 1990s as a whole. Grassland degradation pattern in the TRH region took shape initially in the mid and late 1970s. Since the 1970s, this degradation process has taken place continuously, obviously characterizing different rules in different regions. In humid and semi-humid meadow region, grassland firstly fragmentized, then vegetation coverage decreased continuously, and finally "black-soil-patch" degraded grassland was formed. But in semi-arid and and steppe region, the vegetation coverage decreased continuously, and finally desertification was formed. Because grassland degradation had obviously regional differences in the TRH region, it could be regionalized into 7 zones, and each zone had different characteristics in type, grade, scale and time process of grassland degradation.

The characteristics of land cover and macroscopical ecology changes in the source region of three rivers in Qinghai-Tibet plateau during last 30 years

We obtained four phases of land cover spatial data sets by interpreting MSS images of middle and late 1970s and three phases of TM images of late 1980s, 2004 and 2008 based on field investigation in Three Rivers' Source Region. We analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of land cover and macro ecological changes in Three Rivers' Source Region in Qinghai-Tibet plateau since middle and late 1970s. Indicated by land cover condition index change rate and land cover change index, land cover and macroscopical ecological condition degenerated (7090 period Zc -0.63, LCCI -0.58)-obviously degenerated (9004 period, Zc -0.94, LCCI -1.76)-slightly meliorated (0408 period, Zc 0.06, LCCI 0.33). This course was jointly driven by climate change, grassland stocking pressure and implement of ecological construction project.

Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the recent evolution of the Huanghe (Yellow) River delta

Hydrological statistical data, remote sensing images, and bathymetric charts were used to study the recent evolution of the Huanghe (Yellow) River delta under human-induced interventions. It was clear that water and sediment discharge from the Huanghe River had dropped rapidly since 1970, particularly after 1986. The water and sediment discharges for the period of 1986-2000 were found to have been reduced to only 29.2% and 31.2% of those in the period of 1950-69. This was caused by human factors in the upper and middle reaches of the Huanghe River, including water diversion, damming and reservoir construction, and water and soil conservation. Based on the results from visual interpretation of processed Landsat (MSS or TMJETM+) images dated from 1976 to 2001 and two digital elevation models generated from bathymetric charts surveyed in 1976 and 1992, we found that human-induced reduction of water and sediment discharge led to coastline retrogradation, with the maximum mean recession rate of -0.51 km yr-1 over the period of 1976-98, and seabed erosion beyond the -20 m isobath between 1976 and 1992. Other impacts of human activities on the recent evolution of the Huanghe River delta, including tidal flats shrinking, artificial coastline increasing, land surface sinking and so on, were also analyzed. We found that: (i) the whole delta, including subaerial and subaqueous, has turned from a highly constructive period to a destructive phase; (ii) channelization and dredging were two of the main causes of delta destruction; (iii) land loss in the Huanghe River delta caused by submersion will be increased in the near future; (iv) the Huanghe River delta was becoming more fragile and susceptible to natural hazards.

柔性制造系统中死锁避免的充要条件第一部分：资源竞争过程的建模

柔性制造系统的主要特点是多种不同类型的工件同时在系统中加工，这些工件竞争系统的有限资源，导致象系统死锁等这样的不希望事件的发生，本文用一种Ｐｅｔｒｉ网模型，称之为着色面向资源的Ｐｅｔｒｉ网（着色ＲＯＰＮ）来描述系统中的这一竞争过程；这一模型揭示了资源竞争过程的本质特点，从而为寻求死锁避免的充要条件提供了基础。

中学生问题解决中操作要求对资源分配的影响

Schema acquisition is one of the mechanisms of learning. How to design reasonable teaching material to promote schema acquisition is an important question that psychological researchers and educators both interested. Cognitive Load Theory indicates that: The cognitive resource of Human is limited, the organization and presentation of the learning material should avoid demanding the learner consume resource in actions that have nothing to do with schema acquisition. How can we do that? Sweller. J. et think: Increasing the operation cost of the learning material would make the students put more resource into the implementation of the operation, this kind of resource consuming has nothing to do with schema acquisition. So, in order to make the students put more resource into actions which relating to schema acquisition, we should decrease the operation cost of the learning material. But, the research results of O'Hara et indicate: In problem-solving of knowledge lean field, increasing the operation cost would make the college students invent more resource to plan and understanding actions. So, Increasing the operation cost would facilitate the schema acquisition. How operation cost will effect the Middle-School Students' (MSS) schema acquisition and resource distribution when they solve problems of knowledge lean/rich field? This is the main question this research want to make inquiry. IN this research, we use three experiments indicate: Increasing the operation cost of actions, the implementing action would be less and the planning action would be more. So, increasing the operation cost can promote the schema acquisition. We use "cost-benefit analysis" strategy to explain this result. This strategy means that: Human is rational, before doing one action, he will weigh the cost and the coming benefit of this action, if the coming benefit is higher than the cost, he will implement this action; if the cost is higher than the coming benefit, this action will be contained. On the one hand, this research further affirms the core opinion of the Cognitive Load Theory: Human's cognitive resource is limited, we should put the limited resource into actions which is related to the schema acquisition; On the other hand, for the learning material designing principle which is advanced by the Cognitive Load Theory, we raise our questions. Besides, the question we raised holds some identical views with the constructive learning opinion: Learning is not passive information absorption, but positively constructing the meaning of the information, besides, this kind of construction can't done by others. The result of this research can provide some theory guidance and experimental basis for the designing of the MSS's science teaching material from a complete new angle.