黄土坡面下坡位土壤侵蚀过程的模拟试验

在中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,采用2个不同坡长小区室内模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面下坡位侵蚀过程进行研究。结果表明:1)坡面下坡位侵蚀模数随降雨过程、降雨强度及坡度的变化均具有大小交错,上下波动的特征,侵蚀模数随降雨过程的变化总体呈先上升后趋于稳定的态势,随降雨强度的增大而增加,随坡度的增大而先增大后减小,再增大再减小;2)坡面上、下坡位侵蚀模数随降雨过程、坡度及降雨强度的变化均具有明显差异,下坡位明显不如上坡位;3)坡面上坡位汇流和下坡位产流与坡面上坡位输沙对坡面下坡位侵蚀模数的影响可用二元线性方程很好地描述,前者的贡献率为47.8%,后者为20.4%;只通过观测分析小区平均侵蚀特征得出的坡面侵蚀过程,掩盖了坡面下坡位的真实侵蚀过程,采取水土保持措施减少坡面上坡位汇流及增加降雨就地入渗,可以有效地治理坡面下坡位的水土流失。

Modification to the Hardisty equation, regarding the relationship between sediment transport rate and particle size

Bagnold-type bed-load equations are widely used for the determination of sediment transport rate in marine environments. The accuracy of these equations depends upon the definition of the coefficient k(1) in the equations, which is a function of particle size. Hardisty (1983) has attempted to establish the relationship between k(1) and particle size, but there is an error in his analytical result. Our reanalysis of the original flume data results in new formulae for the coefficient. Furthermore, we found that the k(1) values should be derived using u(1) and u(1cr) data; the use of the vertical mean velocity in flumes to replace u(1) will lead to considerably higher k(1) values and overestimation of sediment transport rates.