海南岛蕨类植物的分类、区系地理与保育

摘要 "基于形态－地理学方法，通过野外调查，结合大量标本研究，在前人研究的基础上，对海南蕨类植物的分类进行了进一步修订;主要根据蕨类植物的现代地理分布，结合古生物学等有关资料，初步探讨了海南蕨类植物的区系性质与起源;根据IUCN2001年红色名录的等级和标准，对海南濒危蕨类植物的现状进行了初步评估，讨论了海南蕨类植物的受威胁原因，提出了有关保护的对策。主要结果如下： 1. 海南现有蕨类植物56科140属439个种及种下分类群（包括421种、15变种、2亚种和1变型），其中包括1个中国分布新记录和27个海南分布新记录，1新种――海南符藤蕨Teratophyllum hainanense;另有11个名称首次被处理为异名;澄清了海南假瘤蕨Phymatopteris hainanensis和圆顶假瘤蕨P. obtusa的模式问题，为滇桂三相蕨Ataxipteris dianguiensis、海南假瘤蕨P. hainanensis和浅杯鳞盖蕨Microlepia ampla指定了后选模式。 2. 海南蕨类区系具有以下特点：i. 以水龙骨科Polypodiaceae、金星蕨科Thelypteridaceae、铁角蕨科Aspleniaceae、叉蕨科Tectariaceae和观音座莲科Angiopteridaceae为表征科;ii. 明显的热带性质，科的97.5％、属的92.5％、种的83.6％为热带分布成分;iii. 很高的物种多样性与物种密度，但属内种系贫乏;iv. 与中南半岛的联系最为紧密，海南140个蕨类属中有136个与中南半岛共有，两地属的相似性系数达到87.2%;v. 海南蕨类区系就地起源于华夏古陆，起源时间可以追溯至早石炭世以前。 3. 海南439种蕨类（包括421种、15变种、2亚种和1变型）中，183种为常见蕨类，113种属于资料缺乏的种类（DD），47种属于近危（NT），53种属于易危（VU），37种属于濒危（EN），6种属于极危（CR）。海南的受威胁蕨类植物有96种，海南的绝大部分受威胁蕨类植物都生于保护区以内或得到有效保护的林区之内，已初步得到保护。导致海南96种蕨类受威胁的因素，除了植物本身的生物生态学特性和地理分布上的限制外，主要是人类活动的影响，特别是海南森林在上个世纪被大规模砍伐。为了保护这些受威胁植物，应加强保护区和林区的管理，实施就地保护，积极开展迁地保护和人工繁殖。 "

中国蕨类植物保护生物地理学研究

保护生物地理学（Conservation biogeography）就是运用生物地理学的原理、理论和分析方法，特别是那些有关物种分布格局的信息，去解决生物多样性保护的相关问题，是当前生物多样性及其保护生物学研究领域的热点。通过构建中国蕨类植物物种及分布数据库得知，中国现有蕨类植物63科，221属，2456种，其中有1218种属于中国特有（中国蕨类总数约50%），3种蕨类植物为外来种。科的统计表明：最大的科为鳞毛蕨科、蹄盖蕨科、金星蕨科和水龙骨科4个科所包含的种类占全国总种数的51.5%。鳞毛蕨科、蹄盖蕨科、金星蕨科、水龙骨科、铁角蕨科、凤尾蕨科、碗蕨科、中国蕨科、叉蕨科、观音座莲科等十个大科所含种数占了中国特有种总数的80%。云南、四川、贵州、广西、台湾、湖南、西藏等省区是中国蕨类植物种类数量及中国特有种数量较多的地区；全国有22个省区拥有地方特有种，地方特有蕨类植物数量由西向东、由南向北逐渐递减，云南、台湾、西藏、海南等四省区的地方特有蕨类植物种数占各省区蕨类植物总数10%以上，反映了青藏高原隆起及岛屿现象对中国特有蕨类植物分化的影响。 中国蕨类植物与各地理、环境及气候因子的相关性分析结果表明：（1）随着经度、纬度的增加， 蕨类植物物种总数及中国特有蕨类植物总数具有减少的趋势；（2）蕨类植物在海拔1000-1600米之间、特有蕨类植物在海拔700-2100米之间具有最大的多样性，此区间外随着海拔的降低及升高，物种丰富度依次降低；（3）气候因子特别是一月均温、年均温、相对湿度、年降雨量等因素对蕨类植物及中国特有蕨类植物均具有较大的影响，与最热月均温成低度线性相关或相关不显著；（4）地形因子是影响蕨类植物多样性的一个独立因素，地形条件越复杂，蕨类植物种类及中国特有蕨类植物种类越丰富。 运用SPSS统计分析软件分析了中国蕨类植物在各省之间种的相似性，以省区为单元对中国各省区蕨类植物物种组成进行了聚类分析，最后结果划分成：①南方蕨类植物区（包括横断山—青藏高原亚区、华中亚区、华东亚区、华南亚区）和北方蕨类植物区（包括东北—华北—西北亚区、秦岭亚区、江淮亚区）。 中国蕨类植物区系地理成分分析结果表明：（1）中国—喜马拉雅分布（40.86%）、热带亚洲分布（30.95%）、东亚分布（12.77%）和中国—日本分布（8.24%）构成中国蕨类植物区系成分的主体；在洲际关系方面，中国蕨类植物与大洋洲的蕨类植物关系最为紧密，共有种最多，达94种；与南美洲共有的蕨类植物种类最少，仅32种。（2）基于地理成分的聚类分析结果表明，可将我国蕨类植物区系地理区划为代表温带亚洲成分的（特别是中亚、西亚地中海分布成分）西北温带亚洲植物区、代表古热带成分的华南古热带植物区和代表广义东亚成分的东亚植物区，东亚植物区可继续下分为中国东北—俄罗斯远东亚区（该区分布有大量的东亚－北美间断分布类型）、中国—日本植物亚区、中国—喜马拉雅植物亚区。 运用IUCN濒危物种等级对中国蕨类植物及其国家重点保护蕨类植物进行了现状评估，结果表明：可能灭绝（EX）的2种，极危（CR）的蕨类植物有33种，属于濒危（EN）的蕨类植物51种，属于易危（VU）的蕨类植物有109种，接近受危（NT）的蕨类植物158种，需予关注（LC）的845种，数据不足（DD）的1255种。对国家重点保护蕨类植物的保护级别提出部分变更的建议，对部分没有列入保护名录珍稀蕨类提出保护的建议，并就建议保护级别变更和增加保护的种类进行了必要的说明。

西南极南设得兰群岛中新生代火山岩基底沉积学及其大地构造制约

Livingston Island, the second island of South Shetland Island, constains Mesozoic-Cenozoic basement, Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic sequences, plutonic intrusions and post-subduction volcanic rocks, which document the history and evolution of an important part of the South Shetland Islands magmatic arc. The sedimentary sequence is named the Miers Bluff Formation (MBF) and is interpreted as turbidite since the first geological study on South Shetland Islands, and is interpreted as turbidite. It base and top are not exposed, but a thickness of more than 3000m has been suggested and seems plausible. The turbidite is overlain by Mid - Cretaceous volcanic rocks and intruded by Eocene tonalites. The age of the Miers Bluff Formation is poorly constrained Late Carboniferous -Early Triassic. Sedimentary Environment, tectonic setting and forming age of sedimentary rocks of the Miers Bluff Formation were discussed by means of the methods of sedimentology, petrography and geochemistry, combinig with the study of trace fossils and microfossil plants. The following conclusions are obstained. A sedimentary geological section of Johnsons Dock is made by outside measuring and watching, and then according the section, the geological map near the Spanish Antarctic station was mapped. Four pebbly mudstone layers are first distinguished, which thickness is about 10m. The pebbly mudstone is the typical rock of debris flow, and the depostional environment of pebbly mudstone may be the channel of mid fan of submarine fan. The sedimentsry structural characteristics and size analysis of sandstones show the typical sedimentary feature of turbidity flow and the Miers Bluff Formation is a deep-water turbidite (include some gravity-flow sediments). The materials of palaeocurrents suggest the continental slope dip to southeast, and indicate the provenance of turbidity sediment in the northwest area. By facies analysis, six main facies which include seven subfacies were recognized, which are formed in mid-fan and lower-fan of submarine, meanwhile, the sedimentary features of each facies and subfacies are summarized. The study of clastic composition, major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements indicates the forming setting of the Miers Bluff Formaton is active continental margin and continental island arc and the provenance is dissected magmatic arc which main composition is felsic gneiss. Many trace fossils of the whole succession were found in the turbidites of the Miers Bluff Formation. All these trace fossils are deep sea ichnofossils. There are fifteen ichnogenus, sixteen ichnospecies. Moreover, a new trace fossil was found and a new ichnogenus and new ichnospecies was proposed - Paleaichnus antarctics ichnogen, et ichnosp, nov.. Except the new ichnogenus and ichnospecies, others had been found in deep-sea flysch turbidites. Some are in mudstone and are preserved in the cast convex of overlying sandstone sole, they formed before turbidity flows occurred and belong to the high-different Graphoglyptida of fiysch mudstone. Others as Fucusopsis and Neonereites are preserved in sandstones and stand for trace assemblages after turbidity sedimentation. These trace fossils are typical members of abyssal "Nereites" ichnofacies, and provide for the depositional environment of the Miers Bluff Formation. Fairly diverse microfossil plants have been recovered from the Miers Bluff Formation, Livingston Island, including spores, pollen, acritarchs, wood fragments and cuticles. Containing a total of about 45 species (forms) of miospores, the palynofiora is quantitatively characterized by the dominance of non-striate bisaccate pollen, but spores of pteridophytes and pollen of gymnosperms are proportionate in diversity. It is somewhat comparable to the subzone C+D of the Alisporites zone of Antarctica, and the upper Craterisporites rotundus zone and the lower Polycingulatisporites crenulatus zone of Australia, suggesting a Late Triassic (possibly Norian-Rhaetian) age, as also evidenced by the sporadic occurrence of Aratrisporites and probable Classopollis as well as the complete absence of bisaccate Striatiti. The parent vegetation and paleoclimate are preliminarily deduced. At last, the paper prooses the provenance of sedimentary rocks of the Miers Bluff Formation locates in the east part to the southern Chile(or Southern South American). In the Triassic period, contrasting with New Zealand, Australia and South American of the Pacific margin of Gondwanaland, the Miers Bluff Formation is deposited in the fore-arc basin or back-arc basin of magmatic arc.