Electro-mass olfactory multi-sensor (EMMS)

For an olfactory sensor or electronic nose, the task is not only to detect the object concentration, but also to recognize it. It is well known that all the elements can be identified by their charge to mass ratio e(+)/m. We tried to imitate this principle for molecular recognition. Two kinds of sensors are used simultaneously in testing. One is quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for detecting the change in mass, the other is interdigital electrode (IE) for detecting the change in conduction, as an electro-mass multi-sensor (EMMS). in this paper, the principle and the feasibility of this method are discussed. The preliminary results on the recognition of alcohol by EMMS coated with lipids are presented. Meanwhile, the multi-sensor can also be used as an instrument for research on some physico-chemistry problems. The change in conduction of coated membrane caused by one absorbed molecule is reported. It is found that when a QCM is coated with membrane, it still obeys the relationship Delta F (frequency change of QCM) = K Delta m (mass change of absorbed substance) and the proportional coefficient, K, depends not only on quartz properties but also on membrane characteristics as well. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Effects of molecular structures on the olfactory responses of phospholipid membranes to four alcohols

In order to understand the relationship between phospholipid molecular structures and their olfactory responses to odorants, we designed and synthesized four phosphatidylcholine analogues with different long hydrocarbon (CH) chains and selected three natural phospholipids with different head-groups. By using interdigital electrodes (IEs) as olfactory sensors (OSs), we measured the responses of the Ifs coated with these seven different lipid membranes to four alcohol vapors in a gas flow system. The Ifs voltage changes were recorded and the voltage-relative saturate vapor pressure (V-P/P degrees) curves were also plotted. It was found that with a methyl (-CH3) placed at the C-8 position in the 18-carbon chain, the olfactory responses could be improved about ten times and with conjugated double bonds (C=C) in the long chains, the sensitivity could be increased by 3 similar to 4 orders of magnitude. As to head-groups, choline is preferred over ethanolamine and serine in phospholipid structures in terms of high olfactory sensitivity: These results are expected to be useful in further designing and manufacturing lipid-mimicking OSs. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

LIPID MICRORESISTOR AS MIMICKING OLFACTORY SENSOR - THE RULE OF THE RESPONSE OF LIPIDS TO C-1-C-4 ALCOHOLS

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and six other PC-similar lipids are coated on interdigital electrodes, IEs, as sensitive membranes. Eight alcohols (C-1-C-4) are tested in a flow system at room temperature. It is found that all responses are log(response)-log(concentration) linear relations. These results agree with Steven's law in psychophysics. Moreover, the thresholds of the sensors are coincident with human olfactory thresholds. The authors have analysed the data of the lipid hypothesis suggested by Kurihara et al. We have found that this hypothesis is also in agreement with Steven's law. Lipid microresistors are real mimicking olfactory sensors. A definition of an olfactory sensor is suggested.

Electro-mass olfactory multi-sensor (EMMS)

For an olfactory sensor or electronic nose, the task is not only to detect the object concentration, but also to recognize it. It is well known that all the elements can be identified by their charge to mass ratio e(+)/m. We tried to imitate this principle for molecular recognition. Two kinds of sensors are used simultaneously in testing. One is quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for detecting the change in mass, the other is interdigital electrode (IE) for detecting the change in conduction, as an electro-mass multi-sensor (EMMS). in this paper, the principle and the feasibility of this method are discussed. The preliminary results on the recognition of alcohol by EMMS coated with lipids are presented. Meanwhile, the multi-sensor can also be used as an instrument for research on some physico-chemistry problems. The change in conduction of coated membrane caused by one absorbed molecule is reported. It is found that when a QCM is coated with membrane, it still obeys the relationship Delta F (frequency change of QCM) = K Delta m (mass change of absorbed substance) and the proportional coefficient, K, depends not only on quartz properties but also on membrane characteristics as well. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

百合鳞茎低温贮藏及热胁迫下新铁炮百合的光合特性

百合是重要的球根花卉，是世界五大切花之一。我国的百合野生资源丰富，但百合鲜切花生产与世界花卉大国相比仍然存在差距，优质的商品种球大量依靠进口，实现商品种球国产化能够促进百合鲜切花生产和农业经济发展。温度是影响百合生长发育最重要的因子之一，影响百合鳞茎发育，限制百合的分布区域。 百合鳞茎具有自然休眠的特性，低温处理是目前打破百合鳞茎休眠的最常用的方法。低温处理期间，鳞茎内发生复杂的反应，淀粉水解，鳞茎内的淀粉酶（α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶）活性增加，可溶性糖主要是蔗糖积累;可溶性蛋白质含量增加，游离氨基酸在鳞茎相对幼嫩的器官中集中;休眠解除期间脱落酸和玉米素核苷含量呈下降趋势，赤霉素含量呈上升趋势且活性增高，鳞茎各部位生长素都有上升，一些其他生长调节剂如Me-JA和多胺对解除百合鳞茎也有作用。低温处理期间，鳞茎内各种激素相互作用，共同调控鳞茎的休眠状态。利用低温处理打破百合鳞茎休眠的过程中，温度要求控制在稳定的范围内。利用冰箱低温处理打破百合鳞茎休眠的实验中，放入样品前冰箱内的温度在所设定温度±1℃范围内波动，且不同部位温度均匀;但冰箱内放入样品后，其内部不同部位的温度相差较大，表现为上部温度高，下部温度低，冰箱内部不同部位温度差异很大。 从百合资源在中国的分布看，华北地区的百合资源相对稀缺，温度是限制其生长的重要环境因子。新铁炮百合能够在炎热的华南地区露地栽培，将其在华北地区进行区域化露地栽培实验，对百合栽培应用推广，扩大栽培面积，降低运输成本，以及保证鲜切花质量有重要意义。通过气体交换测定的光合作用是对高温最敏感和综合的生理指标，可以在植物生长和生物量积累未发生明显变化之前揭示高温的影响。本研究通过人工气候箱，设定四个温度梯度：25℃，32℃，38℃，44℃，处理2h，通过测定新铁炮百合幼苗的光合特性研究其耐热程度、探讨可能的耐热机制。结果表明：净光合作用速率（Pn）在小于38℃时下降幅度不大，大于38℃后显著下降，随着处理温度的提高，气孔导度（Gs）呈下降的趋势，胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）则上升，而气孔限制值（Ls）下降。高温下，两品种叶片最小荧光（Fo）无明显变化，最大荧光（Fm）和光系统II（PSⅡ）最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）下降程度较小;光下，PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）呈下降趋势，44℃处理后显著下降;NPQ随处理温度的提高而上升;处理温度升高，SOD、APX、CAT、POD活力增强。研究表明新铁炮百合能够耐受32-38℃的高温;热胁迫下，叶片通过提高非光化猝灭和抗氧化酶活性两种机制来抵御高温胁迫。

Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis gen. nov., sp nov (Rhabditida : Rhabditidae), a novel member of the entomopathogenic nematodes

During a recent soil sample survey in Eastern China, a new entomopathogenic nematode species, collected from the Chongming Islands in the southern-eastern area of Shanghai, was discovered. Morphological characteristics of different developmental stages of the nematode combined with molecular data showed that this nematode is a new genus of Rhabditidae, and described as Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis gen. nov., sp. nov., for that it shares more morphological characteristics with heterorhabditids than with ste-inernematids. For males, the papillae formula of bursa is 1, 2, 3, 3, with constant papillae number in the terminal group, stoma tubular-shaped and about 1.5 head width; cheilorhabdions cuticularized, esophageal collar present and long, median bulb present. For infective juveniles, EP = 90 (80-105) mu m, ES = 104 (92-120) mu m, tail length = 111 (89-159) mu m, and a = 19.1 (15-21). The percentages of the nucleotides A, T, C and G in the ITS1 regions of the new species are significantly different from those of heterorhabditids and other rhabditids. Molecular phylogenetic trees based on 18S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences data revealed that the new entomopathogenic nematode species forms a monophyletic group, which is a sister group of the clade comprised of some genera of Rhabditidae. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The role of sense organs in the feeding behaviour of Chinese perch

Experiments were conducted to identify the rules of the individual sense organs in the feeding behaviour of Chinese perch Siniperca chuatsi by determining the consumption of natural food after selective removal or blocking of eyes, lateral lines and olfactory organs, and also by observing the behavioural response to visual, mechanical and chemical stimulation by artificial prey. Chinese perch were able to feed properly on live prey fish when either eyes or lateral lines were intact or functional, but could scarcely feed without these two senses. Chinese perch recognized its prey by vision through the perception of motion and shape, and showed a greater dependence on vision in predation when both visual and mechanical cues were available. Chemical stimulation by natural food could not elicit any feeding response in Chinese perch, and gustation was only important to the fish for the last stage of food discrimination in the oropharyngeal cavity. The sensory basis of Chinese perch in feeding is well adapted to its nocturnal stalking hunting strategy. and also explains its peculiar food habit of accepting live prey fish only and refusing dead prey fish or artificial diets. (C) 1998 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

A NOVEL ODOR SENSOR COATED WITH A LIPID-MEMBRANE

In this paper, an interdigital electrode lipid film odour sensor (ILOS) is designed, fabricated and tested. It is made from a microfabricated chemiresistor coated with a synthetic multibilayer film. Nine odorants in gas phase at room temperature have been detected using the odour sensor. For most of the odorants, the relation between the response of the ILOS and odorant concentration obeys Stevens' power law, and there is a good correlation between the minimum odorant concentrations that give rise to a change of the sensor's conductance and human olfactory thresholds.

RESEARCH ON ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES OF AMPHIPHILIC LIPID-MEMBRANES BY MEANS OF INTERDIGITAL ELECTRODES

Lipids are the main component of all cell membranes and also important mimetic materials. Moreover, it was found recently that they can be used as sensitive membranes for olfactory and taste sensors. Hence the understanding of lipid resistance is important both in sensors and in life sciences. Thirteen lipids were examined by means of interdigital electrodes with narrow gaps of 20-50 mu m, made by IC technology. The membrane lateral resistance in air, resisting electrical voltage, the influence of impurities on resistance and the resistance change in acetic acid vapour are presented for the first time. It is shown that the electrical resistivity for self-assembling lipids depends on their duration of being in an electric field and the content of the conductive impurities. The interdigital electrode is a transducer as well as a powerful tool for researching biomaterials and mimicking materials. The conducting mechanism of lipids is discussed. This method is also suitable for some polymer membranes.

Electro-mass multi odor sensor

For an olfactory sensor or electronic nose the task is not only to detect the object concentration, but also to recognize it. It is well known that all the elements can be identified by their charge to mass ratio e+/m. We tried to use this principle for molecular recognition. Two kinds of sensors are used simultaneously in testing. One is Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) for detecting the change in mass, the other is Interdigital Electrode (IE) for detecting the change in conduction. In this paper the principle and the feasibility of this method are reported. The preliminary results on the recognition of alcohols are presented. The multisensor can be used as an instrument for research on material properties and kinetic process as well.

1、蜜蜂嗅觉学习记忆应用基础研究 2、吗啡和胆碱能拮抗剂联合给药对小鼠Y迷宫空间记忆提取及活动性的影响

一、蜜蜂嗅觉学习记忆应用基础研究特殊气味的探测在刑侦工作中意义重大，常用的警犬探测和仪器分析都有其局限之处。蜜蜂嗅觉灵敏，且学习记忆能力突出，具有为刑侦工作所用的潜力。基于此，我们希望通过训练蜜蜂将其对糖水奖励的伸喙反应与指定气味建立条件反射的原理，配合适当的训练方法，达到利用蜜蜂探测危险气味的目的。在实验中，我们首先比较了不同喂养方式的蜜蜂在气味学习中的差别。由于低浓度气味无法直接使蜜蜂建立条件化，我们采用了逐渐降低气味浓度的方法，成功训练蜜蜂对低浓度(3.6×10-7) 醋酸气味建立了条件反射。结果如下： 1)自然放养与人工孵化两种不同喂养方式的蜜蜂，各两组，分别学习醋酸CS+/薄荷CS-，或柠檬CS+/薄荷CS-的气味配对。以“获得(CS+)，巩固(CS-/CS+ CS+/CS- CS-/CS+)，检测，干净空气假阳性检测”的顺序操作。结果显示自然放养蜜蜂对醋酸气味没有偏好（第一次给醋酸气味伸喙率：6%），学习醋酸气味能力较低（24小时后检测正确率：66%， n=25），相对应，该类蜜蜂对柠檬气味显示出明显偏好(第一次给柠檬气味伸喙率：41%，P< 0.01)，而学习效果（检测正确率：50%，n=20）与醋酸组相近(P>0.05)。人工孵化的蜜蜂对醋酸气味学习能力较自然放养蜜蜂大大提高（检测正确率：96%, n=32， P<0.01），同时对柠檬的学习结果（检测正确率：80%, n=32）也明显提高(0.01

慢性阿片类物质滥用对空间认知功能的影响及嗅觉系统与吗啡成瘾的相互作用

中文摘要 　 Ⅰ　慢性阿片类物质滥用对空间认知功能的影响本章首先对成瘾的神经生物学机制进行综述，然后介绍我的实验研究内容，实验目的是探讨海马在阿片类成瘾中的作用，及阿片类物质滥用对空间认知功能的影响。实验1采用单细胞记录技术，记录自由活动大鼠在慢性吗啡给予后戒断期间海马CA1区神经元发放频率，比较其在吗啡相关环境（阳性环境）及无关环境（阴性环境）中神经元发放频率的变化，且比较神经元发放变化率在各组间的差异。实验2检测了在海洛因戒断初期海洛因依赖者的地图/图标跟随及地图/图标工作记忆的能力。实验3采用Y迷宫行为范式检测在戒断不同时期，慢性吗啡给予对小鼠Y迷宫空间识别能力的影响。实验结果如下：实验1：吗啡戒断后，大鼠海马CA1区部分神经元在阳性环境及阴性环境中的发放率有显著性差异，这些神经元分为两类：Ⅰ类神经元在阳性环境中发放频率高于在阴性环境，Ⅱ类神经元在阳性环境中发放频率低于在阴性环境，其中吗啡组的Ⅱ类神经元发放变化率与盐水组相比存在显著性差异。实验2：海洛因依赖者，尤其女性海洛因依赖者，在地图跟随及地图/图标工作记忆中的成绩明显低于正常被试。实验3：在吗啡戒断第2天、第9天、第19天，小鼠Y迷宫空间识别记忆能力均受到损伤。以上实验结果表明，海马神经元在吗啡相关环境与无关环境中发放频率不同，从而编码了环境刺激与药物经历相关的记忆，在阿片类药物成瘾中起到一定作用；以及阿片类物质滥用损伤了大脑空间认知功能。 Ⅱ　嗅觉系统与吗啡成瘾的相互作用本章首先对嗅觉系统的功能及脑疾病引起嗅觉功能异常进行了综述，然后介绍我的实验研究内容，实验目的是探讨嗅觉系统在吗啡成瘾过程中的作用，及慢性吗啡给予对嗅觉功能的影响。实验1：利用条件化位置偏好模型（CPP），研究气味线索对吗啡依赖及渴求的影响。结果发现，单一嗅觉刺激使小鼠建立条件化位置偏好，形成吗啡依赖。当改变外界环境，动物进入完全新异的环境，依然寻求与吗啡相关的气味线索，说明吗啡相关气味线索能有效诱发小鼠对吗啡的渴求。实验2：研究短期及长期吗啡给予后小鼠嗅觉功能的变化。结果发现， 4天或21天的吗啡给予导致小鼠嗅觉敏感度降低（嗅觉阈值升高），而嗅觉辨别能力没有显著影响。小鼠嗅觉记忆能力受到损伤，随着吗啡给予时间的延长，这种记忆损伤更加明显。我们的实验表明嗅觉系统在吗啡依赖及渴求过程起到非常重要的作用，吗啡成瘾导致部分嗅觉功能的损伤。与药物相关的环境线索是诱发渴求及复吸的原因之一，因此，至少在啮齿类动物模型上，用嗅觉刺激作为药物相关的环境线索来研究渴求及复吸的机制，可能是较好的研究方法。

川乌与贝母配伍禁忌的电喷雾质谱研究

The ESI-MS analytical method was established for studying the alkaloids content in the decoctions of Radix aconiti combined with Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii or bulbus fritillariae Cirrhosae.For the co-decoctions of Radix aconiti combined with Thunberg Fritillary Bulb contains more diester-alkaloids than that of co-decoctions of Radix aconiti combined with Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae.When Radix aconiti was combined with Thunberg Fritillary Bulb,diester-alkaloids were mainly dissolved in water.But diester-alkaloids were mainly converted into lipo-alkaloids when Radix aconiti was combined with Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae.

Expression pattern of dmrt4 from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in adult gonads and during embryogenesis

The dmrt (doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor) gene family comprises several transcription factors that share a conserved DM domain. Dmrt1 is considered to be involved in sexual development, but the precise function of other family members is unclear. In this study, we isolated genomic DNA and cDNA sequences of dmrt4, a member of the dmrt gene family, from olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, through genome walking and real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Sequence analysis indicated that its genomic DNA contains two exons and one intron. A transcriptional factor binding sites prediction program identified a sexual development-related protein, Sox9 (Sry-like HMG box containing 9) in its 5' promoter. Protein alignment and phylogenetic analysis suggested that flounder Dmrt4 is closely related to tilapia Dmo (DM domain gene in ovary). The expression of dmrt4 in adult flounder was sexually dimorphic, as shown by real-time RT-PCR analysis, with strong expression in the testis but very weak expression in the ovary. Its expression was also strong in the brain and gill, but there was only weak or no expression at all in some of the other tissues tested of both sexes. During embryogenesis, its expression was detected in most developmental stages, although the level of expression was distinctive of the various stages. Whole mount in situ hybridization revealed that the dmrt4 was expressed in the otic placodes, forebrain, telencephalon and olfactory placodes of embryos at different developmental stages. These results will improve our understanding of the possible role of flounder dmrt4 in the development of the gonads, nervous system and sense organs.

Amphi-Eomes/Tbr1: An amphioxus cognate of vertebrate Eomesodermin and T-Brain1 genes whose expression reveals evolutionarily distinct domain in amphioxus development

A cDNA for a novel T-box containing gene was isolated from the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri. A molecular phylogenetic tree constructed from the deduced amino acid sequence of the isolated cDNA indicates that this gene belongs to the T-Brain subfamily. In situ hybridization reveals that the expression is first detected in the invaginating archenteron at the early gastrula stage and this expression is down-regulated at the neurula stage. In early larvae, the expression appears again and transcripts are detected exclusively in the pre-oral pit (wheel organ-Hatschek's pit of the adult). In contrast to the vertebrate counterparts, no transcripts are detected in the brain vesicle or nerve cord throughout the development. These results are interpreted to mean that a role of T-Brain products in vertebrate forebrain development was acquired after the amphioxus was split from the lineage leading to the vertebrates. On the other hand, comparison of the tissue-specific expression domain of T-Brain genes and other genes between amphioxus and vertebrates revealed that the pre-oral pit of amphioxus has several molecular features which are comparable to those of the vertebrate olfactory and hypophyseal placode. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.