Fractal Pattern Formation In Anodic Bonding Of Pyrex Glass/Al/Si

Anodic bonding of Pyrex glass/Al/Si is an important bonding technique in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) industry. The anodic bonding of Pyrex 7740 glass/Aluminum film/Silicon is completed at the temperature from 300 degrees C to 375 degrees C with a bonding voltage between 150 V and 450 V. The fractal patterns are formed in the intermediate Al thin film. This pattern has the fractal dimension of the typical two-dimensional diffusion-limited aggregation (2D DLA) process, and the fractal dimension is around 1.7. The fractal patterns consist of Al and Si crystalline grains, and their occurrences are due to the limited diffusion, aggregation, and crystallization of Si and Al atoms in the intermediate Al layers. The formation of the fractal pattern is helpful to enhance the bonding strength between the Pyrex 7740 glass and the aluminum thin film coated on the crystal silicon substrates.

Evolutionary implications of multiple SINE insertions in an intronic region from diverse mammals

An analysis of the nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 locus from 30 taxa representing 12 placental orders of mammals reveals the enriched occurrences of short interspersed clement (SINE) insertion events. Mammalian-wide interspersed repeats (MIRs) are present at orthologous sites of all examined species except those in the order Rodentia. The higher substitution rate in mouse and a rare MIR deletion from rat account for the absence of MIR in the rodents. A minimum of five lineage-specific SINE sequences are also found to have independently inserted into this intron in Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Lagomorpha. In the case of Carnivora, the unique amplification pattern of order-specific CAN SINE provides important evidence for the "pan-carnivore" hypothesis of this repeat element and reveals that the CAN SINE family may still be active today. Particularly interesting is the finding that all identified lineage-specific SINE elements show a strong tendency to insert within or in very close proximity to the preexisting MIRs for their efficient integrations, suggesting that the MIR clement is a hot spot for successive insertions of other SINEs. The unexpected MIR excision as a result of a random deletion in the rat intron locus and the non-random site targeting detected by this study indicate that SINEs actually have a greater insertional flexibility and regional specificity than had previously been recognized. Implications for SINE sequence evolution upon and following integration, as well as the fascinating interactions between retroposons and the host genomes are discussed.

Sexual behavior in a one-male unit of Rhinopithecus bieti in captivity

Data regarding the sexual behavior of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) were collected in 1998 in a one-male unit in captivity by all-occurrences sampling during the mating season. Before the present study, little was known about the sexual behavior of this species. This study showed that female solicitation is mainly expressed as "prostration plus glancing laterally" (PG) or "sitting plus head moving up and down" (HM), and male solicitation is exhibited by the "grunt bared-teeth display." The mount-to-ejaculation ratio was 5.2 on average, and single-mount ejaculations (SMEs) were observed in only 4.4% of mounts on days with at least one ejaculation. Therefore, the main copulatory pattern of this species is multiple-mount ejaculation (MME). Females initiated 72% of 18 ejaculatory mounts. Females initiated more ejaculatory mounts than non-ejaculatory ones. In general, the patterns of sexual behavior in this species are similar to those reported for other Colobines. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The Yangtze River dolphin or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer): population status and conservation issues in the Yangtze River, China

1. Baiji were sighted 17 times during three recent simultaneous multi-vessel surveys in the Yangtze River, China (November 4-10, 1997; December 4-9, 1998; October 31-November 5, 1999). There were 11 sightings in 1997 (consisting of 17 animals), five in 1998 (seven animals), and two in 1999 (four animals). It was concluded that 13 individuals Could be considered as a minimum number of the baiji currently in the Yangtze River. 2. An annual rate of population decrease was roughly estimated as 10%. From the body sizes observed, the proportions of old, adult and immature individuals were approximately estimated at 57, 26, and 17% respectively. 3. Baiji showed a significant attraction to confluences and sand bars with large eddies. The present distribution range of the baiji is less than 1400 km in length in the Yangtze main river. Distances between the two nearest groups of baiji appear to be increasing. 4. Two typical sightings are described, in which surfacing and movements of baiji were recorded. Baiji were often found swimming together with finless porpoise. In the surveys they occurred in the same group in 63% of occurrences. Interactions between baiji and finless porpoise are described and discussed. 5. Human activities are the main threats to the baiji. Illegal electrical fishing accounted for 40% of known mortalities during the 1990s. Engineering explosions for maintaining navigation channels have become another main cause of baiji deaths. The last hope of saving the species may be to translocate the remaining baiji into a semi-captive reserve. known as the 'Baiji Semi-natural Reserve'. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Methane hydrate growth velocity in seepage system of Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

The occurrences of diapirs, gas-filled zones and gas plumes in seawater in Qiongdongnan Basin of South China Sea indicate that there may exist seepage system gas-hydrate reservoirs. Assuming there has a methane venting zone of 1500 m in diameter, and the methane flux is 1000 kmol/a, and the temperature of methane hydrate-bearing sediments ranges from 3 degrees C to 20 degrees C, then according to the hydrate film growth theory, by numerical simulation, this paper computes the temperatures and velocities in 0 mbsf, 100 mbsf, 200 mbsf, 425 mbsf over discrete length, and gives the change charts. The results show that the cementation velocity in sediments matrix of methane hydrate is about 0.2 nm/s, and the seepage system will evolve into diffusion system over probably 35000 years. Meanwhile, the methane hydrate growth velocity in leakage system is 20 similar to 40 times faster than in diffusion system.

元谋盆地河湖相沉积记录的上新世印度季风转型事件

The Indian monsoon, an integral part of the global climate system, has been extensively investigated during the past decades. Most of the proxy records are derived from marine sediments and focused on time periods of the late Miocene and Pleistocene. The Pliocene represents a period when Earth’s boundary conditions underwent dramatic changes. However, variations of the Indian monsoon during the Pliocene and its forcing mechanisms have remained unclear. The Yuanmou Basin, located in the region of the Indian monsoon, provides an ideal target for understanding the Pliocene history of Indian monsoon variations. Detailed investigations on the lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and limnology of a 650-m-thick fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary sequence from the basin are carried out in the present study. The clay and clay-plus-fine-silt fractions of the sediments are referred to the midlake-facies components, and changes in the percentages of both fractions generally reflect changes in the water level of the lakes developed in the basin closely related to variations in the intensity of the Indian monsoon. Whereas the greenish-gray lacustrine mud beds represent the environment of deep-water lakes, and the frequency of individual lacustrine mud beds is considered to indicate the frequency of the deep-water lakes developed in the basin associated with the variability of the Indian monsoon. The proxy data suggest that the Indian monsoon experienced abrupt shifts at 3.53, 3.14, 2.78 and 2.42 Ma, respectivey. 1) Since 3.53 Ma, the midlake-facies components displayed a general trend of increase in the concentrations, accompanied by an increase in the sedimentation rate from an average ~10 to 25 cm ka–1. The data suggest that high stands of the lakes in the basin rose progressively, implying a gradual intensification of the Indian monsoon since that time. This shift occurred coeval with the accelerated uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau, denoting a close link between the Indian monsoon strengthening and the Tibetan Plateau uplifting. 2) 2.78 Ma ago, the concentrations of the midlake-facies components decreased abruptly and the dominant fraction of the sediments turned to fluvial sands. The data indicate that lakes in the basin disappeared, reflecting a dramatic decline in the intensity of the Indian monsoon at that time. This shift coincided with the formation of extensive Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, implying a quick response of the low-latitude monsoon regime to the high-latitude glaciation. 3) At 3.14 Ma, the initial appearance of blackish-grey mud beds with long durations and occasional occurrences of lacustrine mud beds indicate that the basin was overall dominated by shallow lakes, implying a shift to decreased variability of the Indian monsoon at that time. At 2.42 Ma, an increase in the frequency and a decrease in the duration of the lacustrine mud beds suggest that deep-water lakes were frequently developed in the basin, denoting a shift to increased variability of the Indian monsoon at that time. The former shift coincides with the onset of large-scale glaciation in the circum Atlantic region and the latter corresponds to the inception of predominance of the 41 ka periodicity in Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet cover fluctuations, presumably suggesting a physical link between the Indian monsoon system and the high-latitude ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere.

塔里木盆地塔中—巴楚地区早二叠世岩浆岩地球化学特征及其成因

Tazhong-Bachu region is located in the Western Tarim basin.The early Permian magmatic rocks occur in the earth surface of Tazhong-Bachu region are mainly distributed in Kepintag,Mazhartag and Wajilitag region. There are a lot of wells, in which researchers found the early Permian magmatic rocks,in desert cover area.Most magmatic rocks are basic rocks, a few of which are ultrabasic rocks and intermediate-acid magmatic rocks.The ultrabasic rocks are are mainly occur in the Cryptoexplosive Breccia Pipes ,which is located in the volcanic complex body of Wajilitag region.The basic rocks can be divided into three rock types：The first type of the magmatic rocks in Tazhong-Bachu region is volcanic rock ,which occurs in the Lower Permian Kupukuziman Formation and Kaipaizileike Formation. Most Volcanic rocks are basalts,a few of which are volcanic breccias and pyroclastic rocks.The basalts are distributed in stratiform occurrences and interbeded the clastic rocks in Kepintag region.The attitudes of the basalts are nearly horizontal.Columnar Joints, gas pore textures and amygdaloidal structure are to develop in basalts.The second type of the magmatic rocks in Tazhong-Bachu region is diabase,which occurs in Mazhartag region.Diabase dike swarms occur in the stratums of Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Lower Permian.They make from NNW direction to SSE direction, the obliquity of stratum is greater than 60°, and the dike thickness is form several cm to several meters. Diabasic texture is found in the rocks .The first type of the magmatic rocks in Tazhong-Bachu region are gabbro- pyroxenite rocks ,which occur in the Wajilitag igneous complex body. The intermediate-acid magmatic rocks, which are mainly syenites, are located in Mazhartag and Wajiltag region. But they are small in the whole Tazhong-Bachu region.There are intermediate-acid magmatic rocks,which are mainly dacite,in the northeast part of the wells in Tazhong-Bachu region.But ,it is not found in earth surface.Through systematical geochemical research of early Permian magmatic rocks,which are distributed in Kepintag,Mazhartag, Wajilitag region and the wells such as F1 well、Z1 well、Z13 well、TZ18 well、H3 well、H4 well et al., the focus on the geochronologic characteristics, the main element,trace element and REE geochemistry, the mineralogic characteristics, the Sr-Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics are put forward. The main points are: 1、A combined study of CL imaging and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating were carried out for zircon grains of the magmatic rocks in the Tazhong-Bachu region from the Tarim basin.The results of the systematic zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating reveal 272±6Ma to 291±10Ma for the magamatic rocks. It indicated that Early Permian is an important period of magmatic acvivity in the Tazhong-Bachu region. 2、There are a big hunch in the curves of primitive mantle-normalized trace element concentrations in the early Permian magmatic rocks from Kepintag, Mazhartag, Wajilitag region and the 14 wells. Light rare earth elements are comparatively rich and heavy rare earth elements are comparatively poor. The slope rates are same between light rare erath elements and heavy rare earth elements. It is not like the curves of the basalts in the convergent margin of plate , in which the slope rates of light rare erath elements is bigger than the alope rates of heavy rare erath elements, and the curves of heavy rare earth elements are comparatively flat. The magmatic rocks of Tazhong-Bachu region rarely have the characteristics of the basalts in the convergent margin of plate, which is that Tantalum, Niobium and Titanium are much poor, and Zirconium, Hafnium and Phosphorus are moderately poor. The magamatic rocks are mostly alkaline, which is indicated by the dots of the (Na2O+K2O)-SiO2 identification diagram. All of these indicate that the early Permian magmatic rocks were formed in an extension environment of intraplate. 3、The Thorium abundance is high and Tantalum abundance is low in most magmatic rocks from Tazhong-Bachu reguion, which is formed for crustal contamination.In the Th/Yb-Ta/Yb identification diagram，most dots are in the region, which means active continental margin, but a few dots are in the region, which means mantle source. It indicated the feeding of continental crust materials. 4、The magnesium content of the olvines from Wagilitag region is richest, and the olvines from Kepintag region is poorest in the tree region. 5、Through the the Sr-Nd and Pb isotopic study of the basalts and diabases from the F1 well core, Z1 well core, Z13 well core,TZ18 well core, and the basalts，gabbros, diabases(diabase-prophyrites) and pl-peridotites from Kepintag,Mazhartag, Wajilitag region , it indicated that all isotopic data is similar and close to enriched mantle.

松辽盆地南部腰英台区块低渗透储层整体压裂改造技术研究

The Yaoyingtai Block is located within the northeastern Changling Depression of southern Songliao Basin, where the reservoir sandstones are petrophysically characterized by very low permeability, which results in the low success probability of artificial fracturing, and the low oil yield by water injection in the course of oil production. In order to improve the situations as stated above, this research aims to work out an integral fracturing technology and strategy applicable to the low permeable reservoirs in Yaoyingtai Block. Under the guidance of geological theory, reservoir engineering and technology, the subsurface occurrences of natural and hydraulic fractures in the reservoirs are expected to be delineated, and appropriate fracturing fluids and proppants are to be optimized, based on the data of drilling, well logging, laboratory and field experiments, and geological data. These approaches lay the basis of the integral fracturing technology suitable for the low permeable reservoir in the study area. Based on core sample test, in-situ stress analysis of well logging, and forward and inversion stress field modeling, as well as fluid dynamic analysis, the maximum in-situ stress field is unraveled to be extended nearly along the E-W direction (clustering along N85-135°E) as is demonstrated by the E-W trending tensional fractures. Hydraulic fractures are distributed approximately along the E-W direction as well. Faulting activities could have exerted obvious influences on the distribution of fractures, which were preferentially developed along fault zones. Based on reservoir sensitivity analysis, integrated with studies on rock mechanics, in-situ stress, natural fracture distribution and production in injection-production pilot area, the influences of primary fractures on fracturing operation are analyzed, and a diagnostic technology for primary fractures during depressurization is accordingly developed. An appropriate fracturing fluid (hydroxypropyl guar gum) and a proppant (Yixing ceramsite, with a moderate-density, 0.45-0.9mm in size) applicable to Qingshankou Formation reservoir are worked out through extensive optimization analysis. The fracturing fluid can decrease the damage to the oil reservoir, and the friction in fracturing operation, improving the effect of fracturing operation. Some problems, such as sand-out at early stage and low success rate of fracturing operations, have been effectively solved, through pre-fracturing formation evaluation, “suspension plug” fracturing, real-time monitoring and limited-flow fracturing. Through analysis of fracture-bearing tight reservoir with variable densities and dynamic analysis of influences of well patterns on fracturing by using numerical simulation, a fracturing operation scheme for the Qingshankou Formation reservoir is proposed here as being better to compress the short factures, rather than to compress the long fractures during hydraulic fracturing. It is suggested to adopt the 450m×150m inverted 9-spot well pattern in a diamond shape with wells placed parallel to fractures and a half fracture length of 60-75m.

北京地区Pc6脉动统计特征及其与TID关系研究

Through the statistical analysis of the geomagnetic data from BMT in 2005, we get the period and frequency characteristic of Pc6 micropulsation in Beijing area. Pc6 micropulsation is a frequently occurred phenomenon in geomagnetism but we still do not have adequate knowledge to it. In this paper, we found that the periods of Pc 6 micropulsation focus on 10 to 30 minutes. They do not have distinct seasonal variation but obtain a little lower occurrence in the winter than other seasons. Then we analysis the geomagnetic data of BMT from 1998 to 2006, which is a solar activity cycle and get some results about the relationship between Pc6 micropulsation and solar activities. In this way, we discuss more about the origin and evolvement mechanism of the Pc6 micropulsation. When the solar is more active than usual years, there are more occurrences of Pc6 micropulsaton observed. The occurrence of Pc6 micropulsation is associated with geomagnetic index. With the increase of AE and Kp index, there are more occurrences of Pc6 micropulsation. Furthermore, we make use of the Doppler data from Peking University in 2005 make a comparative research between TID events and Pc6 micropulsation. There are 42 events can satisfy our request during Dec.23, 2004 to Mar.11, 2006. After the data analysis, we can draw a fundamental conclusion that there are positive links between Pc6 micropulsation and TID event. Moreover, when TID and Pc6 micropulsation occur simultaneously, their occurrences have a positive relationship with AE and Kp index. So we suppose there might be the same source of Pc6 micropulsation and TID event. Finally, we make use of two meridian geomagnetic stations network which has a distance about 1700 km to investigate the transmission characteristic of Pc6 micropulsation when Pc6 micropulsation and TID happened together. We found at that time Pc6 micropulsation is a local phenomenon.

中低纬电离层暴的统计分析与经验建模

As a key issue of ionospheric weather study, systemic studies on ionospheric storms can not only further improve our understanding of the response of the ionosphere to solar and geomagnetic disturbances, but also help us to reveal the chemical, dynamic and electro-dynamic mechanisms during storms. Empirical modelling for regional ionospheric storm is also very useful, because it can provide us with tools and references for the forecasting and further practical application of ionospheric activity. In this thesis, we focus on describing and forecasting of ionospheric storms at middle and low latitudes. The main points of my investigations are listed as follows. (1) By using magnetic storms during the period over 50 years, the dependence of the type, onset time and time delay of the ionospheric storms on magnetic latitude, season and local time at middle and low latitudes in the East-Asian sector are studied. The results show that the occurrences of the types of ionospheric disturbances differ in latitude and season. The onset of the ionospheric storms depends on local time. At middle latitudes, most negative phase onsets are within the local time interval from night to early morning, and they rarely occurred in the local noon and afternoon sectors. At low latitudes, positive phases commence most frequently in the daytime sector as well as pre-midnight sector. The average time delays for both the positive and negative ionospheric storms increase with descending latitudes. The time delay has significant dependence on the local time of main phase onset (MPO). The time delay of positive response is shorter for daytime MPO and longer for night-time MPO, whereas the opposite applies for negative response. (2) Based on some previous researches, a primary empirical model for mid-latitude ionospheric disturbance is set up. By fitting to the observed data, we get a high accuracy with a mean RMSE of only 12-14% in summer and equinox. The model output has been compared with the output of STORM model, and the results show that, our model is much better than STORM in summer and a little better for some mid-latitude stations at equinox. Especially, for the type of two-step geomagnetic storm, our model can present twice descending of foF2 very well. In addition, our model can forecast positive ionospheric storms.

塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区早古生代白云岩形成机理

In Tarim Basin, extensive carbonates of Lower Paleozoic occur, in which thick Cambrian and Lower Ordovician dolostones are widespread and show a potential perspective in hydrocarbon exploration. So they are viewed as an important target for exploration. Tarim Basin is a poly phase composite basin, which underwent multiphase tectonic modification and volcanic activities; these exerted significant influences on the basin-fills and basin fluid evolution, thereby the diagenetic history, particularly on the deep-buried Lower Paleozoic dolostones. Referring to the classification of dolomite texture proposed by Gregg & Sibley (1984) and Sibley & Gregg (1987). In view of crystal size, crystal shape, crystal surface and contact relation, eight genetic textures of dolomite crystals are identified, based on careful petrographic examinatoins. These textures include: 1) micritic dolomite; 2) relict mimetic dolomite; 3)finely crystalline, planar-e(s), floating dolomite; 4)finely crystalline, planar-e(s) dolomite; 5) finely-coarse crystalline, nonplanar-a dolomite; 6)coarse crystalline, nonplanar saddle dolomite; 7) finely-medium crystalline, planar-e(s) dolomite cement; 8) coarse crystalline, nonplanar saddle dolomite cement, in which the former six textures occurs as in matrix, the latter two in the cements. Detailed geochemistry analysis is carried out on the basis of genetic textures of dolomite and related minerals such as quartz and calcite. The result showed that the calcite has the highest average content in Sr, which can be sorted into two groups; micritic dolomite has the highest average content in Sr among all kinds of dolomites; the REE patterns of all kinds of dolomites is similar to those of marine limestone samples. Saddle dolomite cement has δ13C values from -2.44‰ to 1.27‰ PDB, and δ18O values from -13.01‰ to -5.12‰ PDB, which partially overlap with those of matrix dolomite (δ13C values from -2.83‰ to 2.01‰ PDB, δ18O values from -10.63‰ to -0.85‰ PDB). Saddle dolomite cement has 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.7086 to 0.7104, which totally overlap with those of matrix dolomite (0.7084 ~ 0.7116). Compared with saddle dolomite derived from other basins all over the world, the saddle dolomites of Tarim Basin have similar δ13C, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr ratios values with those of matrix dolomite. This scenario reflects the unusual geological setting and special dolomitizing liquid of Tarim Basin. The values of δ18O, δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcite also can be sorted out two groups, which may been resulted from the one stage of extensive uplift of Tarim Basin from Mesozoic to Cenozoic. Fluid inclusion microthermometry data of the diagenetic mineral indicates that matrix dolomite has relatively low homogenization temperatures (Th) of 80～105oC and salinities of 12.3％ (wt% NaCl equivalent); saddle dolomite has highest Th values, which concentrate in 120～160oC and salinities of 13.5～23.7％ (wt% NaCl equivalent); quartz has relatively low Th of 135～155oC and salinities of 17.8～22.5％ (wt% NaCl equivalent); calcite has relatively low Th of 121～159.5oC and salinities of 1.4～17.5％ (wt% NaCl equivalent). These data suggest that the saddle dolomites could have formed in thermal brine fluids. Based on comprehensive petrographical study, detailed geochemistry and fluid inclusion microthermometry analysis on Lower Paleozoic dolomite of Tarim Basin, three types of dolomitisation mechanism are proposed: Penecontemporaneous dolomitisation (Sabkha dolomitisation & Reflux dolomitisation); Burial dolomitisation (shallow-intermediate burial dolomitisation & Deep burial dolomitisation ); Hydrothermal cannibalized dolomitisation. In view of host-specified occurrences of hydrothermal dolomite, the low abundance of saddle dolomite and high geochemical similarities between saddle dolomite and host dolomite, as well as highest Th and high salinities , the hydrothermal dolomite in Tarim Basin is thus unique, which could have been precipitated in modified fluid in the host dolomite through intraformational thermal fluid cannibalization of Mg ions from the host. This scenario is different from the cases that large scale dolomitizing fluid migration took place along the fluid pathways where abundant saddle dolomite precipitated. Detailed observations on 180 petrographic and 60 casting thin sections show original pores in Lower Paleozoic dolomite were almost died out by complicated diagenetic process after a long time geologic evolution. On the other hand, deep-buried dolomite reservoirs is formed by tectonic and hydrothermal reforming on initial dolomites. Therefore, the distribution of structure-controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs is predicted in Tabei and Tazhong Area of Tarim Basin based on the geophysical data.

活动构造区区域地壳稳定性研究——以金沙江水电梯级工程规划区为例

The study of regional crustal stability of active tectonic region basically includes analysis of recent activity of Earth's crust, single factor assessment, study of complexity, and comprehensive assessment of crust stability. In this thesis, some work are made as follows: · Based on abundant data from gravity field, aeromagnetic survey, magnetism, magnetotelluric deep sounding, remote sensing and geotectonic as well as earthquakes observed in recent years around this region and adjacent zones, we can get a through understanding about the structural features and activity of the earth's crust in Chuan-Dian region. The results from explosion earthquake and telluric electromagnetic sounding are consistent with the structural features of the crust manifested by the geophysical field. The data of deep geologic structures are important for us to work out a vivid three-dimensional model of the earth's crustal structure of the Jinsha River region. According to a synthesis, the author of this thesis proposes some indicators for dividing the faulted blocks. It can also be inferred that the movement of the Chuan-Dian faulted block, which is the relatively active part of southwestern China, is controlled by the boundary faults, and the intensive activity and deformation are concentrated along the boundaries of the block. · Mainly discussing respectively the mechanism and laws of active faults, earthquakes, and geological hazards activity, and their influences on the stability and security of engineering, also trying to probe into the way to assess the risk of single factor in this section. Especially with the method of fractal geometry, the thesis has discussed how to study the complexity of each factor. These geologic hazards which are distributed at the uppermost part of the crust in this region form a typical mountainous set of the active tectonic areas. The results of survey show that some slopes are liable- to -sliding with a weak layer of low shear strength. Occurrences of landslides are to a great extent related to local geological structures, in particular active faults. This is why numerous landslides have occurred simultaneously around the epicenter of a strong earthquake or the center of a strong rainfall, which are related to active faults. · The analysis of the crustal stability is based on a regional grid division, and a fuzzy comprehensive analysis method is used to determine the grade of the quality in each grid. The evaluation factors and their weights are taken from the results of the hierarchical analysis. The evaluation indexes consist of qualitative and quantitative ones. The qualitative ones can be quantified through the experts weighing system, while the quantitative ones can be obtained from statistical analysis. For quality grades, four levels are used: stable, essentially stable, sub-stable, and unstable. The results of the evaluation on Jinshajiang region demonstrate that the crustal stability become distinctly worse in the areas controlled by active deep faults. Therefore, detailed investigations on the active faulting and geologic hazards, include earthquake activity are especially necessary for those areas adjacent to the deep fault belts. On the bases of the data available and the survey results, we have made a preliminary assessment for the construction conditions and adaptability of every planned site in the middle or lower reaches of Jinsha River. Finally, the thesis prospected the vista of the study of crustal stability.

山东平度大庄子金矿床地质地球化学特征及成因——兼论层间滑动角砾岩型金矿成矿模式

The author selected the geological and geochemical characteristics and the genesis of the Dazhuangzi gold deposit in the Pingdu City as the central content of the study. The author summarized geological features of the other gold deposits formed within the same geological setting along the margin of the Jiaolai pull-apart basin and compared these gold deposits with the Dazhuangzi gold deposit. On the basis of the first-hand data obtained from field investigation and from mining production reports, ore-controlling structures, geological characteristics and mineralization regularities of the Dazhuangzi gold deposit are studied in detail. According to the analyzing results of petrochemistry, trace element, rare earth element and fluid inclusion etc., the geochemical characteristics, the genesis and the ore-forming material source of the Dazhuangzi gold deposit and that of the other similar gold deposits along the margin of the Jiaolai Basin are proposed. The study results suggest that the Dazhuangzi gold deposit belongs to the typical interstratified glide breccia type gold deposit, which is controlled by the interstratified glide fault structure located along the margin of the Mesozoic pull-apart Jiaolai basin. The interstratified glide fault structure is in the outer part of unconformity belt between the overlying strata and the basement of the pull-apart basin, being along the marble strata of the Jingshan group. The formation of the ore-controlling structure is related closely with the evolution of the Jiaolai Basin in the Mesozoic. The ore-controlling structure underwent the structural stress changes from compressive to tensional and then to compressive stress with strike slipping features sequentially, which were coincided with the regional tectonic stress evolution. The interstratified glide breccia type gold mineralization mainly occurs in the siliceous-marble breccias and cataclastic rocks within the interstratified glide fault structure. The gold minerogenetic epoch is later than 120Ma when the ore-controlling structure was tensioning and strike-slipping. The occurrences of the ore controlling structure and the gold ore bodies are the same as that of the unconformity belt. The geological and geochemical studies show that the source of the ore-forming material is alike with that of the volcanic rocks of the Qingshan formation, which is widespread in the Jiaolai Basin. Both of them came from the deep crust or even the upper mantle. Based on the geological characteristics and the minerogenetic regularities of the Dazhuangzi gold deposit, a genetic model of the deposit is constructed. In addition, the author used the remote sensing image and exploration results of geochemical and geophysical methods to point out several prospecting areas for further exploration. Through comprehensive study on the interstratified glide fault structure and on the interstratified glide breccia type gold deposits along the Jiaolai pull-apart basin, three types of interstratified glide structures and related gold mineralization are set up according to evolution and distribution of main fault as well as related secondary faults in time and space. They are named as Penjiakuang type, Dazhuangzi type and Fayunkuang type. The author summarized up the minerogenetic characteristics and regularities controlled by these three different types of interstratified glide structures respectively, and set up a general minerogenetic model of the interstratified glide breccia type gold deposit.