松嫩平原南部主要耐盐碱植物群落生物生态学机制的初步探讨

本文采用野外调查分析和室内室验相结合的方法，初步探讨了松嫩平原南部主要耐盐碱植物群落形成和分布的生物生态学机制，得出如下结论： （1）土壤盐碱含量是决定耐盐碱植物群落组成和分布的主导因素。当土壤盐碱含量逐渐增大时，依次分布着虎尾草、羊草、星星草和碱蓬植物群落，并且这些植物群落的种类组成不同。虎尾草、羊草的生态幅度较广，星星草和碱蓬生态幅度较窄。 （2）在野外不同土壤条件下采集的星星草，体内脯氨酸含量有规律地变化。说明在盐碱生境下，植物通过调节体内某些生理反应来适应盐碱生境。 （3）在实验室控制条件下，研究植物对盐碱因素的反应，碱蓬、星星草、虎尾草在生理指标上表现出对盐碱生境的适应性依次减弱。这种适应特性的不同是植物群落形成和分布的主导因素。在盐碱生境下，碱蓬的发芽势、发芽率、呼吸强度、ATP含量和生长量普遍高于其它植物，有一定盐碱（500PPm Na2CO3）存在时，生命活动受促进，在较宽盐碱浓度范围（低于3000PPm Na2CO3）内，受抑制不显著，且以稀盐机制避盐，所以在高含量盐碱土上，碱蓬竞争力强，形成耐盐碱性强的碱蓬群落。星星草在一定盐碱(250 PPm Na2CO3)存在时，生命活动得到促进，在较低浓度的盐碱溶液（1000PPm Na2CO3）中，生命活动被明显抑制，且星星草以拒盐机制躲避盐的伤害，所以在较低含量的盐碱土上，生长良好，形成耐盐碱的群落，该群落耐盐碱性低于碱蓬群落。由于碱蓬和星星草生命活动要求一定量的盐碱，所以在盐碱含量很低的土壤上，生长不好，生态幅度较窄。虎尾草在盐碱存在下，生命活动受到抑制，所以虎尾草只有在盐碱含量很低的土壤上生长良好，形成虎尾草群落。由于在很宽的盐碱浓度范围内，虎尾草受抑制作用不明显，所以虎尾草在其它许多耐盐碱植物群落中，作为伴生种存在，生态幅度较宽。

水体中有机物的紫外光降解研究

当前，水资源污染越来越严重，人类的健康面临着巨大的威胁。高级氧化技术作为一 种经济、高效、无二次污染的水体处理方法，一直是水污染控制与治理领域研究的热点。 本文以环境中典型的有机污染物苯酚和水体中主要有机物腐殖酸为研究对象，利用自 制的紫外光（ultraviolet，UV）离线降解装置，采用紫外-可见光谱法和总有机碳（TOC） 分析法分别研究水相中苯酚、腐殖酸的紫外光降解情况，系统地考察不同初始pH值、初始 浓度、光照时间、光照强度、反应容器等因素对光降解效果的影响。为了模拟实际水体条 件和提高光降解效率，在体系中分别加入NaCl、Na2CO3、NaNO3、NaNO2和双氧水等化学 成分，探讨这些化学物质对苯酚、腐殖酸的紫外光降解效率和降解途径的影响。最后，首 次构建了石英螺旋管内壁负载TiO2膜的在线降解装置，结合UV/H2O2/TiO2联用体系，进行 海水中有机物的光降解研究。 紫外可见光谱分析表明：光降解速率随初始pH 值的降低而提高，相同条件下苯酚在 酸性溶液中降解速率高于碱性溶液，说明苯酚分子比酚氧离子容易光降解；硝酸钠和亚硝 酸钠有利于苯酚的光降解，说明它们在紫外光下容易分解生成自由基；在苯酚水溶液中加 入双氧水，光照15 min 后，光降解效率达到97%。各种介质中苯酚的降解速率大小依次为： 1.5 mmol/L 过氧化氢溶液 ＞ 1.0 mmol/L 硝酸钠的海水 ＞ 海水 ＞ 纯水 ＞ 0.5 mol/L 氯化钠溶液。然而，TOC 数据显示氯化钠的存在对苯酚的矿化有促进作用；同光谱的降解 速率相比，矿化速率要小。 腐殖酸的光降解效率随初始质量浓度的减小而提高，当质量浓度为10 mg/L时，光照 30 分钟后，降解效率高达到88%；初始pH值对腐殖酸的降解效率影响很大，腐殖酸在碱 性条件下比在中性和酸性条件更容易光降解；硝酸钠等盐分对中性和碱性溶液中腐殖酸的 光降解没有明显促进作用，但对酸性溶液中腐殖酸的光降解促进作用明显。采用UV/H2O2联 合降解时，腐殖酸降解效率得到显著提高。 相比离线降解方式，采用石英螺旋管在线降解苯酚和腐殖酸，降解效率均提高了15 倍 以上；海水经过在线降解后，紫外可见光光谱吸光度值缓慢下降；经过多次在线光降解后， 在290 nm波长处出现强烈吸收峰，再次光照后很快消失。这种现象表明海水中可能存在着 粒

Vacuum pyrolysis of waste tires with basic additives

Granules of waste tires were pyrolyzed tinder vacuum (3.5-10 kPa) conditions, and the effects of temperature and basic additives (Na2CO3, NaOH) on the properties of pyrolysis were thoroughly investigated. It was obvious that with or without basic additives, pyrolysis oil yield increased gradually to a maximum and subsequently decreased with a temperature increase from 450 degrees C to 600 degrees C, irrespective of the addition of basic additives to the reactor. The addition of NaOH facilitated pyrolysis dramatically, as a maximal pyrolysis oil yield of about 48 wt% was achieved at 550 degrees C without the addition of basic additives, while a maximal pyrolysis oil yield of about 50 wt% was achieved at 480 degrees C by adding 3 wt% (w/w, powder/waste tire granules) of NaOH powder. The composition analysis of pyrolytic naphtha (i.b.p. (initial boiling point) similar to 205 degrees C) distilled from pyrolysis oil showed that more dl-limonene was obtained with basic additives and the maximal content of dl-limonene in pyrolysis oil was 12.39 wt% which is a valuable and widely-used fine chemical. However, no improvement in pyrolysis was observed with Na2CO3 addition. Pyrolysis gas was mainly composed of H-2, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H4 and C2H6. Pyrolytic char had a surface area comparable to commercial carbon black, but its proportion of ash (above 11.5 wt%) was much higher.

用二-2-乙基己基磷酸从盐酸溶液中萃取Th(Ⅳ)

用二-2-乙基己基磷酸(HDEHP)做萃取剂,Na2CO3做反萃剂,234Th为示踪剂,完成了从盐酸溶液中液-液萃取Th(IV)的实验研究。在不同萃取条件下(包括HDEHP和Na2CO3溶液浓度、震荡时间、有机相和水相比值等)对234Th百分萃取(或反萃取)作了一系列实验。发现,随HDEHP浓度的增加,234Th的萃取效率明显增加。当HDEHP的浓度≥20%时,234Th的萃取效率>97%;用Na2CO3溶液能有效地从有机相中反萃出234Th,当Na2CO3溶液的浓度≥0.5mol/L时,234Th的反萃效率>96%;反萃时,震荡周期长于4min时,两相能达到反萃平衡;随有机相和水相比值的增加,234Th的萃取效率也明显地增加,在合适的萃取条件下,有机相与水相比值≥4:1时,高达97%的234Th进入有机相。

用二-2-乙基己基磷酸和P_2O_5混合物从硝酸溶液中萃取Am(Ⅲ)

用二-2-乙基己基磷酸(HDEHP)和P2O5混合物做萃取剂,241Am3+为示踪剂,做了从硝酸溶液中液-液萃取Am的实验研究。完成了硝酸浓度和震荡时间的变化影响241Am3+萃取效率的条件实验。发现P2O5的浓度≥0.0125mol/L时,241Am3+的萃取效率大于98%;震荡时间≥30s,两相便可达到萃取平衡。分别用二乙撑三胺五乙酸(DTPA)-乳酸以及Na2CO3溶液对241Am3+进行反萃取。结果显示Na2CO3溶液能给出很高的反萃效率。而且,在很短的震荡时间内,两相都能达到反萃平衡。

Novel catalysis of TiO2 for the catalytic alcohols synthesis from CO and H2O

Direct synthesis of alcohols from CO and H2O was investigated using TiO2 catalyst. MeOH (about 24 mg g(-1) h(-1)) and EtOH (about 8 mg g(-1) h(-1)) could be produced under the reaction conditions of T= 573 K, P= 0.5 MPa, CO flow rate of 30 ml min(-1) and CO/H2O = 3/2 during the period of 12 to 44 h time-on-stream. Compared with PbO, TiO2 could preserve stable catalytic activity during a long time of reaction. For the same catalyst TiO2, the reaction performance of alkali carbonates increased with their solubility (K2CO3>Na2CO3>Li2CO3). The corresponding catalytic activity was found to increase with the alkalescence of solvent. The formation mechanism of alcohols was proposed as well. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

分光光度法测定蒙古栎叶中多酚的含量

以没食子酸为标准品,使用福林酚试剂(FC),通过分光光度法,对蒙古栎树叶中植物多酚含量进行了测定.首先从方法的稳定性、线性关系、精确性和准确性角度,对FC法进行了调整,确定了以没食子酸为标准的最佳反应条件.结果表明,最佳反应条件为0.15mL FC试剂(1mol/L),0.15mL 10%体积分数的Na2CO3,25℃反应80min后于760nm处测吸光值.使用调整后的方法测得结果为:蒙古栎叶中总酚含量为6.39%,RSD为1.90%.方法操作简单,结果重现性好,可用来测定蒙古栎叶中总酚的含量.

The study on a PVC membrane electrode for gemfibrozil

In this paper, a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrode is prepared for gemfibrozil, 2, 2-dimethyl-5(2,5-xylyloxy) valeric acid, based on its ion pair complexes with hexadecyltrioctyl ammonium iodide (HTOA). The membrane composition of the electrode was optimized by using the sequential level elimination method for orthogonal experimental design. The electrode has a Nernstian response range from 2.5 X 10(-5) to 0.1 mol/l with an average slope of 55.3 mV/decade. The limit of detection is 7.1 X 10(-6) mol/l. The electrode responses were not affected by pH in the range 10.0-12.3. A Na2B4O7-Na2CO3 buffer of pH = 11.0 was selected as the background electrolyte solution for potentiometric measurements. The electrode was used for determining gemfibrozil in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.

复合厌氧工艺处理生活污水的快速启动研究

采用两段式UASB+AF复合厌氧反应器处理生活污水,着重研究了其快速启动的条件。结果表明,水解酸化段无需调节pH,运行20 d后对COD的去除率即可达60%左右且保持稳定;甲烷化段受pH的影响较大,利用Na2CO3和NaHCO3的混合液调节该段进水的pH值在6.8~7.2之间,6 d后对COD的去除率即可稳定地保持在30%左右。启动期内,温度对水解酸化段的影响不大,但显著影响甲烷化段,在试验条件下,甲烷化反应的最佳温度为30℃;在水解酸化段不设混合液回流、甲烷化段设置混合液回流的条件下,最佳的回流方式为:间隔2 h回流10 s。采取上述优化措施后,系统的启动时间可缩短到30 d以内,仅为常规厌氧工艺启动时间(3~6个月)的1/3~1/6,反应器的运行效率得到了大幅度提高。

Spectra and long-lasting properties of Sm3+-doped yttrium oxysulfide phosphor

We reported, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the Sm3+ -doped yttriurn oxysulfide phosphors has reddish orange long-lasting phosphorescence. The phosphor show prominent luminescence in reddish orange due to the electronic transitions of (4)G(5/2) --> H-6(J) (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2), the afterglow color of this type of phosphors is a mixture of the three above mentioned electronic transition emissions and have a little different when the concentration of the Sm3+ dopant changes. Synthesis procedure of the Sm3+-yttrium oxysulfide reddish orange phosphor through the flux fusion method with binary flux compositions was presented. The synthesized phosphors were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to interpret the structural characterization. The XRD analysis result reveal that the Y2O2S:Sm3+ phosphor synthesized with a binary flux composition containing (S and Na2CO3 at a ratio of 1: 1 at 30 wt.% of total raw material) at 1050degreesC for 3 h was in single-phase. Luminescence properties of the Y2O2S:Sm3+ long-lasting phosphor was analyzed by measuring the excitation spectra, emission spectra and afterglow decay curve. The mechanism of the strong afterglow from Y2O2S:Sm3+ was also discussed in this paper.

Extraction and separation of cerium(IV) from nitric acid solutions containing thorium(IV) and rare earths(III) by DEHEHP

The extraction behaviour of Ce(IV), Th(IV) and part of RE(III), viz., La, Ce, Nd and Yb, has been investigated using di(2-ethylhexyl) 2-ethylhexyl phosphonate (DEHEHP,B) in heptane as an extractant. Results show that extractability varies in the order: Ce(IV) > Th(IV) much greater than RE(III). Therefore, it is possible to find the appropriate conditions under which Ce(IV) can be effectively separated from Th(IV) and RE(III). Furthermore, stripping Ce(IV) from the loaded organic phase can be carried out by dilute H2SO4 with an aliquot of H2O2.Roasted bastnasite made in Baotou (China) by Na2CO3 and leached by HNO3, there is about 50% Ce mainly as tetravalent nitrate along with other RE(III) and Th(IV) in the leachings. Through fractional extraction, taking nitric acid leachings of roasted Bastnasite as feed and DEHEHP as an extractant, we can obtain the CeO2 products with high purity of 99.9-99.99%, with a yield of >85%, in which ThO2/CeO2 < 10(-4).

Electrocatalytic mechanism for formaldehyde oxidation on the highly dispersed gold microparticles and the surface characteristics of the electrode

Electrocatalytic mechanism for the electrochemical oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO) on the highly dispersed Au microparticles electrodeposited on the surface of the glass carbon (GC) electrode in the alkaline Na2CO3/NaHCO3 solution and the surface characteristics of the Au microparticle-modified glass carbon (Au/GC) electrode were studied with in situ FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the final products of HCHO oxidation is HCOO- at the Au/GC electrode and CO2 at the bulk Au electrode. The difference may be ascribed to the different surface characteristics between the Au/GC electrode and the bulk Au electrode. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Catalysis of copper-containing transition metal hydrotalcite-like compounds in the phenol hydroxylation with hydrogen peroxide

Hydrotalcite-like compounds containing carbonate ion as the interlayer anion were prepared by coprecipitation under low supersaturation condition by mixing an aqueous solution of metal nitrates with an aqueous solutions of NaOH and Na2CO3, at room temperature, maintaining pH = 8-10 with vigorous stirring, Following the mixing, the resulting heavy slurry was aged at 353 K for 18 h with vigorous stirring, The precipitate was then filtered, washed several times with hot distilled water and dried in air at 353 K overnight, In this way, CuMI AlCO3-HTLcs and M-I AlCO3-HTLcs were synthesized and characterized by means of XRD and IR, The catalysis of the above mentioned HTLcs were investigated in the phenol hydroxylation with H2O2. The results indicated that all of the copper-containing HTLcs had a higher catalytic activity in the reaction, However, those catalysts that did not contain copper had no catalytic activity in this reaction, This means that copper was the active center in the phenol hydroxylation. Meanwhile, the mechanism was also proposed, which could be used to explain the main reason for higher activity for CuCuAlCO3-HTLcs in the phenol hydroxylation and the effect of Mg2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ on activity of CuMI AlCO3-HTLcs.