新疆天山中段北部空中花粉数量的时空变化及其气候与植被指示意义

空中花粉是植被类型、气候状况与大气环境质量的指示物之一。空中花粉雨的取样实验对化石花粉谱的解释和古植被的恢复具有指导意义，因此空中花粉分析成为第四纪孢粉学和古生态学研究的有效辅助手段。本研究在新疆天山中段北坡进行了短期的空中花粉监测（2001年7月~2006年7月），目的是获得局域性和区域性植被所散发的花粉类型及其数量信息，并探讨花粉数量的植被与气候指示意义、花粉传播以及受环境条件影响的程度，同时分析和检测花粉浓度受气候条件的影响情况。空中花粉的收集使用Cour-type捕捉器，分别在3个不同海拔梯度进行5年连续的空中花粉收集（夏秋季节每周一个样品，冬春季节每两周一个样品）。取样地点分别是新疆天山中段北部的天池气象观测站（43°53'58.38"N, 88°07'15.75"E , 海拔1942.5m）、中科院阜康荒漠生态系统定位站（44°17'27.41"N, 87°55'52.65"E, 海拔477m）和准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的北沙窝试验站(44°22'40.74"N, 87°55'9.74"E, 海拔443m），取样点的植被带跨度天山北坡的森林草原到低海拔的典型荒漠。 光学显微镜鉴定的空中花粉主要有43种类型（24科30属），而蕨类、苔藓与真菌孢子数量较少。孢粉类型多样性指数为2.45（Shannon Index）。显然，从样品中所鉴定的空中花粉种类与所观察的植物种类有很大的差距。花粉类型与数量在三个不同海拔梯度的取样点上也有明显差异。天池取样点的花粉类型较丰富，与天山北坡垂直带植被分布以及丰富的植被成分相对应，花粉的优势种类为雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)、蒿属(Artemisia)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)和麻黄属(Ephedra)，高代表性的外源荒漠花粉类型“削弱了”本地花粉类型的代表性;阜康与北沙窝取样点的花粉类型主要来自荒漠成分的藜科、蒿属、麻黄属、蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceae, 白刺属Nitraria为主）、柽柳科（柽柳属为主）、蓼科(Polygonaceae, 沙拐枣属Calligonum为主）等耐旱植物。花粉数量与植被数量并非简单的线性关系。空中和表土花粉的数量分析表明，藜科、蒿属、麻黄属花粉具有超代表性;雪岭云杉花粉的代表性适中;禾本科(Gramineae)、榆属(Ulmus)、白刺属、柽柳科、沙拐枣属花粉代表性较差。 5年平均花粉浓度大小依次是阜康（81.668 grains/100m3）>天池（51.726 grains/100m3）>北沙窝（45.7685 grains/100m3）。蒿属花粉的峰值出现在秋季，并且出现双峰现象（可能与不同蒿类花期分布不均有关），而其它木本和草本类植物花粉浓度的峰值为单峰，具有明显的季节性，春夏之交开花的桦木属、榆属等类型较为明显。藜科花粉的峰值出现在夏季，麻黄和柽柳的峰值出现在盛夏，桦木属、柳属Salix、雪岭云杉等花粉浓度峰值出现在初夏，与其花期物候相对应。木本植物花粉以雪岭云杉为主，其次为桦木属(Betula)、榆属、柳属、胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)花粉，柳属花粉百分比在三个取样点分配比较均匀，桦木属花粉在空间分布上差异明显，与植物分布数量相关。胡颓子科的花粉出现时间短，数量也较少。榆属花粉出现的季节性明显，代表性也较差。因此解释地层中出现类似的低代表性和高代表性的花粉类型时，需要注意其百分比数量的适当校正。木本植物花粉百分比随海拔高度变化成正比关系，对植被的指示性较好。雪岭云杉的年平均花粉浓度在天池取样点明显高于其它两个取样点，5年的平均花粉浓度和百分比与海拔高度呈正比。天池取样点的百分比最高为28.85%，平均为21.15%，而北沙窝与阜康两地5年平均百分比含量分别为0.69%和1.57%，这种时空变化规律与植被数量的关系密切。藜科花粉百分比在阜康和北沙窝取样点占绝对优势，5年的平均花粉浓度与海拔高度呈反比。蒿属花粉年平均浓度与海拔高度关系微弱（R2=0.04，p =0.46），而花粉百分比与海拔高度有显著的线性正比关系（R2=0.72，p<0.0001）。但在低海拔的两个取样点之间差异不明显。 年平均花粉百分比和花粉浓度随海拔梯度而变化，主要花粉类型的变化规律存在差异。暗针叶林雪岭云杉花粉的年平均百分比在低海拔的阜康和北沙窝地区低于3%，在盛花期的6月初，低海拔的取样点也未见超过5%，雪岭云杉花粉的传播在研究区范围内数量分布变化较大，再次表明该类型的花粉在原地沉积效率很高。空中花粉数量能够较好地指示主要的植被带，盛花期内50%以上的雪岭云杉花粉含量则指示了雪岭云杉森林植被带，而高含量的蒿属植物花粉指示了天山山前冲积平原上的蒿类荒漠，相反，高含量的藜科花粉代表了低海拔地区的荒漠。雪岭云杉花粉百分比与浓度均与海拔高度呈显著的线性正比关系，表明雪岭云杉花粉传播的局限性。主要的非木本植物藜科花粉的浓度与海拔高度成反比，蒿属则相反，表明藜科与蒿属花粉在研究区具有很好的植被与气候指示意义。 花粉绝对数量、百分比、浓度具有明显的年际变化，其原因与气候状况的变化有关，年平均花粉浓度、主要类型的花粉浓度与气候参数（降水量、平均温度、最高和最低温度、相对湿度等）的相关分析表明，降水量和湿度与花粉浓度呈负相关程度较高，与其它气候参数则呈显著的正相关。干旱指数、花粉比值、花粉百分比（AP，NAP）与七月份平均气温，年平均降水量的相关系数（Pearson correlation），Ar/Ch与七月平均温度在0.01水平上呈显著的正相关（R2=0.894）, 与年平均降水量在0.01水平上呈显著的负相关（R2=0.874）。AP花粉百分比与七月份平均温度呈显著的负相关（R2=0.71, p<0.0001），与年降水量呈正相关（R2=0.43, p=0.01），而NAP花粉正相反。利用短期监测的空中花粉雨数据计算得到的花粉比值以及干旱指数在研究区具有明确的指示意义，尤其是干旱指数、Ar/Ch、Ar/Ep，这些都可为表土花粉、植被与气候关系模型的建立提供重要的参考信息。 气候参数在很大程度上影响大气花粉的浓度，而风速和风向对空中花粉的传播、散布影响较大，花粉的来源与传播受风向和风速的控制。不同取样点的空中花粉数量差异受地形条件影响很明显，这种差异也可利用地形空气动力学特征的差异来解释，天池监测站因“逆坡”（upslope）的气流促进了低海拔的花粉流向高海拔传播。 研究区的空中花粉数量信息是研究表土花粉、植被和气候关系以及第四纪古生态学的重要基础。本研究提高了对研究区空中孢粉的类型及其传播规律的认识和理解，增加了解空中花粉受环境影响的主要因素及其影响程度，对地层孢粉类型鉴定和花粉数据的解释提出指导性建议，对本地区的古植被与古环境研究增加现代孢粉学的参考依据和信息，并可为建立区域性的现代孢粉－植被－气候关系模型提供可靠依据。 同时，本报告也讨论了存在问题和不足，并提出了今后工作的可能完善方案。

汉江下游武汉段河漫滩沉积物吸附磷的特征

研究了汉江下游武汉段河漫滩7个沉积物的吸附特征及温度和扰动强度对磷吸附等温线的影响,用改进的Langmuir模型和Freundlish模型对实验吸附数据进行拟合,可得到最大吸附容量(Qmax)、原有吸附可交换态磷(NAP)、临界磷平衡浓度(EPC0)和固-液分配系数(Kp)的值.结果表明,改进的Langmuir模型更适用于描述汉江河漫滩沉积物的吸附特征,其物理意义更明确;Kp与Qmax呈较好的线性关系;沉积物吸附和解吸磷能力与温度变化一致;沉积物在等温吸附磷过程中,固体浓度效应在强扰动强度(200 r/m

Analysis of estrogens in environmental waters using polymer monolith in-polyether ether ketone tube solid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple, rapid and sensitive on-line method for simultaneous determination of four endocrine disruptors (17 beta-estradiol, estriol, bisphenol A and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol) in environmental waters was developed by coupling in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD). A poly(acrylamide-vinylpyridine-NAP-methylene bisacrylamide) monolith, synthesized inside a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) tube, was selected as the extraction medium. To achieve optimum extraction performance, several parameters were investigated, including extraction flow-rate, extraction time, and pH value, inorganic salt and organic solvent content of the sample matrix. By simply filtered with nylon membrane filter and adjusting the pH of samples to 6.0 with phosphoric acid, the sample solution then could be directly injected into the device for extraction. Low detection limits (S/N = 3) and quantification limits (S/N = 10) of the proposed method were achieved in the range of 0.006-0.10 ng/mL and 0.02-0.35 ng/mL from spiked lake waters, respectively. The calibration curves of four endocrine disruptors showed good linearity ranging from quantification limits to 50 ng/mL with a linear coefficient R-2 value above 0.9913. Good method reproducibility was also found by intra- and inter-day precisions, yielding the RSDs less than 12 and 9.8%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of these compounds in several environmental waters. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ethylene polymerization by (alpha-diimine)nickel(II) complexes bearing different substituents on para-position of imines activated with MMAO

A series of (alpha-diimine)nickel(II) complexes [ArN = C(Nap)C = NAr]NiBr2 (Nap = 1,8-naphthdiyl, Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3, 3a; Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 3b; Ar = 2,6-Me-2-4-tBuC(6)H(2), 3c; Ar 2,6-Me-2-4-BrC6H2, 3d; Ar = 2,6-Me-2-4-ClC6H2, 3e; Ar 2,6-iPr(2)C(6)H(3), 3f; Ar = 2,4,6-iPr(3)C(6)H(2), 3g; Ar = 2,6-iPr-4-BrC6H2, 3h) have been synthesized, characterized, and investigated as precatalysts for ethylene polymerization in the presence of modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO).

NaCl/Ca/Al as an efficient cathode in organic light-emitting devices

An efficient cathode NaCl/Ca/Al used to improve the performance of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) was reported. Standard NM-bis(1-naphthyl)-NAP-diphenyl-1,1' biphenyl 4,4'-dimaine (NPB)/tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq(3)) devices with NaCl/Ca/Al cathode showed dramatically enhanced electroluminescent (EL) efficiency. A power efficiency of 4.6 lm/W was obtained for OLEDs with 2 nm of NaCl and 10 nm of Ca, which is much higher than 2.0 lm/W, 3.1 lm/W, 2.1 lm/ W and 3.6 lm/W in devices using, respectively, the LiF (1 nm)/Al, LiF (1 nm)/Ca (10 nm)/Al, Ca (10 nm)/Al and NaCl (2 nm)/ Al cathodes. The investigation of the electron injection in electron-only devices indicates that the utilization of the NaCl/Ca/Al cathode substantially enhances the electron injection current, which in case of OLEDs leads to the improvement of the brightness and efficiency.

中国北方典型生态区表土孢粉组合特征及其与现代植被和气候的关系

Surface pollen assemblages and their relationhips with the modern vegetation and climate provide a foundation for investigating palaeo-environment conditions by fossil pollen analysis. A promising trend of palynology is to link pollen data more closely with ecology. In this study, I summarized the characteristics of surface pollen assemblages and their quantitative relation with the vegetation and climate of the typical ecological regions in northern China, based on surface pollen analysis of 205 sites and investigating of modern vegetation and climate. The primary conclusions are as follows:The differences in surface pollen assemblages for different vegetation regions are obvious. In the forest communities, the arboreal pollen percentages are more than 30%, herbs less than 50% and shrubs less than 10%; total pollen concentrations are more than 106 grains/g. In the steppe communities, arboreal pollen percentages are generally less than 5%; herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, and Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are dominant in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations range from 103 to 106 grains/g. In the desert communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 5%. Although Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia still dominate the pollen assemblages, Ephedra, Tamaricaceae and Nitraria are also significant important in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations are mostly less than 104grains/g. In the sub-alpine or high and cold meadow communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 30%. and Cyperaceae is one of the most significant-taxa in the pollen assemblages. In the shrub communities, the pollen assemblages are consistent with the zonal vegetation; shrub pollen percentages are mostly less than 20%, except for Artemisia and Hippophae rhamnoides communities.There are obvious trends for the pollen percentage ratios of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae (A/C), Pinus to Artemisia (P/A) and arbor to non-arbor (AP/NAP) in the different ecological regions. In the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region, the P/A ratios are generally higher than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 2 and the AP/NAP ratios higher than 0.3. In the temperate steppe regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 1 and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1. In the temperate desert regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios less than 1, and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1.The study on the representation and indication of pollen to vegetation shows that Pinus, Artemisia, Betula, Chenopodiaceae, Ephedra, Selaginella sinensis etc. are over-representative in the pollen assemblages and can only indicate the regional vegetation. Some pollen types, such as Quercus, Carpinus, Picea, Abies, Elaeagus, Larix, Salix, Pterocelis, Juglans, Ulmus, Gleditsia, Cotinus, Oleaceae, Spiraea, Corylus, Ostryopsis, Vites, Tetraena, Caragana, Tamaricaceae, Zygophyllum, Nitraria, Cyperaceae, Sanguisorba etc. are under-representative in the pollen assemblages, and can indicate the plant communities well. Populus, Rosaceae, Saxifranaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Caprifoliaceae etc. can not be used as significant indicators to the plants.The study on the relation of pollen percentages with plant covers shows that Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30% where pine trees exist in the surrounding region. The Picea+Abies pollen percentages are higher than 20% where the Picea+Abies trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Larix pollen percentages vary from 5% to 20% where the Larix trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Betula pollen percentages are higher than 40% where the Betula trees are dominant in the communities" but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Quercus pollen percentages are higher than 10% where the Quercus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants sparse or absent. Carpinus pollen percentages vary from 5% to 15% where the Carpinus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Populus pollen percentages are about 0-5% at pure Populus communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the Populus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Juglans pollen accounts for 25% to 35% in the forest of Juglans mandshurica, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Pterocelis pollen percentages are less than 15% where the Pterocelis trees are dominant in the communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Ulmus pollen percentages are more than 8% at Ulmus communities, but less than 1% where the Ulmus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Vitex pollen percentages increase along with increasing of parent plant covers, but the maximum values are less than 10 %. Caragana pollen percentages are less than 20 % where the Caragana plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Spiraea pollen percentages are less than 16 % where the Spiraea plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent.The study on the relation of surface pollen assemblages with the modern climate shows that, in the axis 1 of DCA, surface samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual precipitations, and the highest determination coefficient (R2) is 0.8 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions. In the axis 2 of DCA, the samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual temperatures, average July temperatures and average January temperatures, and the determination coefficient falls in 0.13-0.29 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions with the highest determination coefficient for the average July temperature.The sensitivity of the different pollen taxa to climate change shows that some pollen taxa such as Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus, Juglans, Spiraea, Oleaceae, Gramineae, Tamariaceae and Ephedra are only sensitive to the change in precipitation.