55 resultados para Mercer, Jesse, 1769-1841.

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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The microstructural evolution in localized shear deformation was investigated in an 8090 Al-Li alloy by split Hopkinson pressure bar (strain rate of approximately 10(3) s(-1)) at ambient temperature and 77 K. The alloy was tested in the peak-, over-, under-, and natural-aged conditions, that provide a wide range of microstructural parameters and mechanical properties. Two types of localized shear bands were distinguished by optical microscopy: the deformed shear band and the white-etching shear band. They form at different stages of deformation during localization. There are critical strains for the occurrence of deformed and white-etching localized shear deformation, at the imposed strain rate. Observations by transmission electron microscopy reveal that the white-etching bands contain fine equiaxed grains; it is proposed that they are the result of recrystallization occurring during localization. The deformed-type bands are observed after testing at 77 K in all heat treatment conditions, but they are not as well defined as those developed at ambient temperature. Cracking often occurs along the localized shear at ambient temperature. The decrement in temperature is favorable for the nucleation, growth and coalescence of the microcracks along the shear bands, inducing fracture.

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Multiscale coupling attracts broad interests from mechanics, physics and chemistry to biology. The diversity and coupling of physics at different scales are two essential features of multiscale problems in far-from-equilibrium systems. The two features present fundamental difficulties and are great challenges to multiscale modeling and simulation. The theory of dynamical system and statistical mechanics provide fundamental tools for the multiscale coupling problems. The paper presents some closed multiscale formulations, e.g., the mapping closure approximation, multiscale large-eddy simulation and statistical mesoscopic damage mechanics, for two typical multiscale coupling problems in mechanics, that is, turbulence in fluids and failure in solids. It is pointed that developing a tractable, closed nonequilibrium statistical theory may be an effective approach to deal with the multiscale coupling problems. Some common characteristics of the statistical theory are discussed.

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A two-dimensional (2-D) vortex-induced vibration (VIV) prediction model for high aspect ratio (LID) riser subjected to uniform and sheared flow is studied in this paper. The nonlinear structure equations are considered. The near wake dynamics describing the fluctuating nature of vortex shedding is modeled using classical van der Pol equation. A new approach was applied to calibrate the empirical parameters in the wake oscillator model. Compared the predicted results with the experimental data and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) results. Good agreements are observed. It can be concluded that the present model can be used as simple computational tool in predicting some aspects of VIV of long flexible structures. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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针对大功率激光加工对光束空间强度分布的实际要求,提出了一种用二元光学元件对光束进行变换的方法,即利用均匀采样的矩形孔径Dammann光栅对激光高斯光束进行光束变换,可满足任意点阵分布的输出要求。以线状、均匀、环状和非均匀分布的光强输出为例,介绍了矩形孔径Dammann光栅光束变换技术的设计原理及实现方法,结果表明输出光强分布具有较高的衍射效率和均匀性。将均匀和非均匀分布的输出光束应用在激光加工技术的表面强化上,结果表明试样表面的硬度和耐磨性等力学性能均有提高并且强化层具有较好的均匀性。

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We propose a scheme for realizing negative refractive index in a four-level atomic system. It is shown that such a system can simultaneously exhibit negative permittivity and negative permeability in an optical frequency range. Furthermore, by analysing the dispersion property of the left-handed material, we find that the probe beam can be controlled from superluminal to subluminal or vice versa via choosing appropriate parameters.

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Three different ZnO nanostructures include nanoparticles, ripples and regular nanogratings were successfully prepared by femtosecond laser irradiation under different experimental conditions. The in-situ observation of the second harmonic generation (SHG) excited in ZnO crystals before, during, and after the formation of the nanostructures was investigated. The obtained results show that the formed nanostructures contribute to the enhancement of the SHG. We propose that the second harmonics in the sample surface plays an important role in the formation of nanostructures. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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该书是国内首次以英文出版向国外系统介绍我国丰富的药用植物种类及临床应用的专著,极具特色的介绍了以现代植物分类学及其他植物学领域的研究对指导药用植物的发掘及生产的意义,还介绍了中草药性味、功能及植物方面识别的知识,在“分论”中从植物系统学观点介绍了中国(部分为亚洲)从低等到高等的药用植物,含177科,1841种、51变种,这些种除包括中国中药书、药典上介绍的种外,许多种是作者10多年在野外考察调查收集的资料。对被子植物中药用植物介绍了所隶属的177科的科特征。科下的种除介绍种的特征外,还介绍分布地区,含有的化学成分,临床及民间用途,还介绍各种代用品或需剔除的“伪品”等,既便于识别、采药,也便于供实验或参考用。在“附录”中,作者按“临床应用”分类从常见病至奇难杂症等分24大类疾病,介绍其应用的药用植物。该书内容丰富、附图栩实、图文并茂,堪称是一“好书”,便于学习、参考及应用。著名的植物学家、美国科学院院士、中科院外籍院士、密苏里植物园主任Dr. P.H.Raven评价该书是“作为迄今世界最大的药用植物志是对植物科学的一个伟大贡献”。台湾中医药学院及药物研究所领导来信亦作好的评价。成果达“国际先进”水平。

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晚第三纪是云南地区环境演变过程中的关键地质历史时段,本论文以晚第三纪晚中新世(吕合)、晚上新世(羊邑和龙陵)地层中的孢粉为研究对象,结合同层位大化石植物证据,参照现代植被,恢复了云南三个化石出产地区的古植被垂直分布景观,并定性地描述了古气候;同时运用共存分析方法(The Co-existence Approach)定量化地重建了三个地区的古气候参数值;初步推测了沉积地可能的古海拔。 吕合晚中新世孢粉植物群含52个孢粉类型,隶属38科,其中25个类型鉴定到属级。植物群中被子植物占73.1%,裸子植物占11.5%,蕨类植物占15.4%。 吕合孢粉植物群的组成反映该地区在沉积时期植被具有垂直分带特征,沉积地附近分布有常绿阔叶林,包括壳斗科的青冈属、栲属、石栎属和漆树科等植物,以及多种亚热带和温带阔叶成分;林中混生少量针叶树(如松属和杉科等);林内蕨类植物较少;距沉积地较远的海拔较高的地区分布由铁杉属、冷杉属、雪松属和云杉属组成的针阔混交林或针叶林。 吕合地区晚中新世的气候参数:年均温:13.3-20.9℃,最热月均温:22.5-27.5℃,最冷月均温:2.5-12.6℃,年较差:12.1-24.8℃,年降雨量:803.6-1254.7mm,最大月降雨量:179.4-281.9mm,最小月降雨量:10.2-18.5mm。 羊邑晚上新世孢粉植物群含52个孢粉类型,隶属32科,其中36个类型鉴定到属级。植物群中被子植物占61.5%,裸子植物占9.6%,蕨类植物占25.0%,藻类植物占3.9%。 羊邑孢粉植物群的组成反映在沉积时期该地区的植被具有明显垂直分带特征。湿性常绿阔叶林分布在沉积地附近,以壳斗科的石栎属、青冈属和栲属为主,混生漆树科、桃金娘科、蓼科、大戟科和金缕梅科的枫香属等植物,林内蕨类植物丰富;针阔叶混交林分布在距沉积地较远海拔较高的山地,主要包括松属,铁杉属,罗汉松属和一些阔叶植物类群;云杉林、冷杉林和铁杉林分布在更高海拔的地区。 根据植物群的组成推测羊邑沉积地的古海拔不高于2000m。 羊邑地区晚上新世的气候参数:年均温:13.3-20.9℃,最热月均温:22.5-27.5℃,最冷月均温:1.9-12.6℃,年较差:12.3-25.8℃,年降雨量:797.5-1254.7mm,最大月降雨量:172.4-249.6mm,最小月降雨量:7.2-12.7mm。 龙陵晚上新世孢粉植物群含86个孢粉类型,隶属61科,其中45个类型鉴定到属级。植物群中被子植物占69.0%,裸子植物占4.6%,蕨类植物占24.1%,藻类植物占2.3%。 龙陵孢粉植物群反映当时沉积地区的植被具有明显垂直分带特征。沉积地附近分布有湿润常绿阔叶林,以壳斗科的青冈属、栲属和石栎属为主,混生杜鹃花科、藤黄科、漆树科和无患子科等植物,林内蕨类植物丰富;在距沉积地较远的高海拔的山地上分布有针阔混交林和针叶林,以松属、云杉属、冷杉属和铁杉属植物为主。 龙陵地区晚上新世的气候参数:年均温 18.6-22.1℃,最热月均温:22.8-27.5℃,最冷月均温:9.7-15.1℃,年较差:12.3-18.1℃,年降雨量:815.8-1254.7mm,最大月降雨量:172.4-249.6mm,最小月降雨量:9.8-11.3mm。 综合吕合、羊邑和龙陵孢粉植物群新研究资料和云南地区已有的第三纪孢粉学资料,云南地区晚第三纪时期孢粉植物群组成相对稳定,均已经反映常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林或针叶林垂直分布的植被景观,具有湿润的山地亚热带气候特点。与我国北方晚第三纪孢粉植物群相比,在对全球气候变化的响应上,云南地区晚第三纪孢粉植物群的变化不如北方显著;与我国南方其它地区晚第三纪孢粉植物群相比,虽然在对全球气候变化的响应均表现出不明显,但云南地区在植物区系组成上更为丰富。

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定量重建地球生态系统的气候参数是当前国际古气候研究的目标之一. 自20世纪70年代以来, 尤其是在海洋学研究领域, 新技术的不断应用使得定量的古气候研究蓬勃发展. 相比之下陆地古气候参数的重建要困难得多, 陆地植物作为对环境的良好记录,一直备受重视. 近数十年来, 国际上广泛开展了利用植物材料定量研究气候的探索, 大量新的方法层出不穷. 德国科学家Mosbrugger和Utescher在1997年倡导的共存分析法(The Coexistence Approach)就是其中之一, 它依据现存最近亲缘类群原理以及植物分布与气候的关系原理, 找到化石植物群中各类群的现存最近亲缘类群对各气候参数的耐受范围; 并将各亲缘类群对同一气候参数的耐受范围叠加一起, 获得对该气候参数的共存区间, 用该区间作为对古气候参数的精确估测. 本文首先阐述在原文位于展开讨论的共存分析的理论基础——探讨植物分布与气候之间关系的耐受性理论. 并以此为指导, 对在该方法中气候台站的选用方法作了改进, 气象台站的选择应以植物的标本记录点为基础: 即使在某一特定的植物分布区内部也应该查看气象台站所在县级行政区域是否有该植物的标本采集信息, 并以此为依据来决定是否选用该气象台站的记录; 选用的气象台站的数量多寡应该以植物分布点的多少来决定. 以此为基础, 我们采用中国的植物分布与气象记录数据, 利用孢粉学的研究结果,定量重建了我国新生代三个地点的古气候参数, 结果如下: 1.内蒙古呼伦湖地区全新世初期气候 MAT: 4.4~10.2℃; MWMT: 22.9~24.1℃; MCMT: -18~-9.1℃; DT: 33.5~40.9℃; MAP: 354.3~686.7mm; MMaP: 103.8~191.9mm; MMiP: 2.7~7.3mm. 我们以扎赉诺尔地区的孢粉学研究为基础, 依据孢粉和盘星藻(Pediastrum Meyen)提供的环境信息并结合前人工作, 恢复了全新世初升温期的植被变化; 定量重建了10.4~10.2kaB.P.时的气候, 为全面理解呼伦湖地区的气候变化以及东亚的夏季风变化提供新的依据. 2.云南洱源上新世气候 MAT: 13.3~18.6℃; MWMT: 24.6~27.5℃; MCMT: 1.9~12.1℃; DT: 14.2~16.6℃; MAP: 619.9~1484.3mm; MMaP: 143.8~245.6mm; MMiP: 12.7~16.4mm. 该结果与羊邑、龙陵上新世古气候及三地的现代气候分析对比表明, 在上新世, 三地年均温符合纬向变化, 而降水量则基本一致. 在现代,洱源与羊邑在气候与植被上很相近, 且与上新世相差不大; 而龙陵地区则发生了显著的变化, 年均温比上新世低, 而降水量则大幅增加. 该变化指示了上新世以来作为青藏高原东部边缘的龙陵地区可能出现了地形的抬升. 3.吉林珲春始新世和中新世气候 始新世: MAT: 14.3~14.9℃; MWMT: 25~26.3℃; MCMT: 1.9~3.7℃; DT: 21.7~23℃; MAP: 797.5~1344mm; MMaP: 185.3~209.8mm; MMiP: 14.2~16.4mm. 中新世: MAT: 14.3~14.9℃; MWMT: 24.3~25.4℃; MCMT: 2.1~3.7℃; DT: 21.7~22.7℃; MAP: 658.7~817.7mm; MMaP: 158.9~174.6mm; MMiP: 7.4~7.6mm. 通过对两个时段的气候参数对比, 始新世时, 吉林珲春地区的气候属于北亚热带气候; 中新世时气候发生了改变, 归属于暖温带南部的气候, 改变了前人关于中新世也归属于被亚热带的认识, 这反映了我国东北部地区与全球新生代降温总趋势具有一定的同步性.

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A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated CW-E 2(T), was isolated from a polluted soil sample collected from Jiangsu Province, China. A taxonomic study of the isolate, including phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene seque

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本发明涉及一种胡蜂抗菌肽及其制备方法和应用,属于生物医学技术领域。胡蜂抗菌肽是从中国节肢类动物胡蜂毒液中分离得到的一种单链多肽,分子量1316.6道尔顿,等电点8.59,多肽全序列为:NH2-IDWKGIAAMAKI-COOH。其制备方法是:电刺激胡蜂收集的蜂毒离心去除沉淀,冷冻干燥后经凝胶过滤柱层析、离子交换柱层析和反相高压液相色谱后分离纯化后得到。胡蜂抗菌肽具有对细菌、真菌、病毒及肿瘤细胞生长强烈活性抑制作用,并且还具有无溶血活性、血浆凝固活性等优点,可作为制备病原微生物感染疾病的治疗药物和肿瘤治疗药物的应用。

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测定了3种原尾虫、5种跳虫和2种双尾虫约450bp的线粒体cytb基因序列。对核苷酸取代率进行了统计分析,计算了种间Kimura22因子遗传距离,用距离法和简约法构建了分子系统树。原尾虫、跳虫和双尾虫均形成单系群,原尾虫和跳虫为姊妹群,双尾虫则与有翅类昆虫亲缘相近。讨论了原尾虫等的系统发育和分类地位。