华北早二叠世鳞木类大孢子囊-孢子叶复合体—无被果孢属(Achlamydocarpon Schumacker-Lambry)的研究

本论文系统回顾了无被果孢属的研究历史，讨论了无被果孢属的鉴定特征及种的划分依据，总结了无被果孢属已有种的特征及分布。在此基础上对山西太原西山煤田太原组7号煤层煤核及河北平泉杨树岭煤矿太原组火山凝灰岩中的无被果孢属进行了详细的解剖学研究，把它们与无被果孢属已有种进行了详细的对比后，共鉴定出二个新种和二个未定种。这二个新种的主要特征如下： 过渡无被果孢（新种）Achlamydocarpon intermedia sp. nov. 大孢子囊大约长6.0－10.0 mm，宽4.6 mm，高1.4mm，背腹扁状，具顶脊，两侧角明显, 近轴端开口。孢子囊壁复杂，分化为三层：最外层为单层柱状细胞层;中层1－2层细胞厚，细胞具深色内含物，壁薄;内层1－3层细胞厚，细胞壁强烈加厚。柱状层朝近轴端方向厚度加大。大孢子叶柄背脊不甚发育，具明显侧翼，侧翼的末端膨大并下垂使得柄的横切面略呈 “M”形。侧翼的宽度由近轴端向远轴端随孢子囊宽度的增加而增加，整体宽度大致保持为孢子囊的宽度的1/2左右。侧翼的近轴面具对称的厚壁组织区域。木质部束在近轴端为近等径状，向远轴端则变为略呈水平伸长状。通气组织发达，独立空腔结构贯穿孢子叶柄的整个长度。败育大孢子似乎具肿块结构。 本新种产于山西太原西山煤田太原组7号煤层煤核中。 2、平泉无被果孢（新种） Achlamydocarpon pingquanensis sp. nov 大孢子囊10.0－15.0 mm长，8.1 mm宽，3.0 mm 高。背腹扁，不具顶脊，两侧角明显，远轴端开口。壁复杂，分化为5层：最外层为薄壁细胞层，厚1-3层细胞;次外层为次生壁强烈增厚的细胞层，厚2-数层细胞;中层为具深色内含物的薄壁细胞层，厚2-数层细胞;次内层为与次外层相似的厚壁细胞层;内层为厚度达数个细胞的薄壁细胞层。孢子叶柄侧翼发育，宽度大于孢子囊宽度。背脊或龙骨很不显著。远轴面有时呈强烈的起伏不平状。大孢子囊底部与孢子囊柄连结部分由厚壁的细胞构成。不育组织垫结构较显著。功能大孢子扁缩，在近轴端发育较好，上表面具一突起结构。败育大孢子瘪缩，结构复杂，具明显肿块结构（？），瘤状肿块结构与败育孢子表面相连部分呈棒状。孢子叶柄近轴面不具有明显的厚壁组织区域;维管束由木质部束、维管束鞘及其所围成的空腔组成，但在远轴端仅剩下木质部束;通气组织发达，在维管束下方形成一独立空腔。 本新种分别产于山西太原西山煤田太原组7号煤层煤核和河北平泉杨树岭煤矿太原组火山凝灰岩中。 过渡无被果孢（新种）的特征介于欧美植物区的变异无被果孢类型和塔赫他间无被果孢类型之间。平泉无被果孢（新种）则与变异无被果孢类型较相近，但二者的大孢子囊壁的最外层完全不同：前者的是柱状细胞层，而后者的则由近等径的类似薄壁组织的细胞构成。二个未定种中，无被果孢（未定种 1）与过渡无被果孢（新种）很相似，区别在于前者的大孢子囊壁缺乏最外层的柱状细胞层以及孢子叶柄具明显的背脊或龙骨。无被果孢（未定种 2）则与塔赫他间无被果孢类型较接近。 根据华夏植物区和欧美植物区的化石材料和文献，探讨了保存不完整的大孢子囊-孢子叶复合体的远轴端和近轴端的判断方法：孢子囊较宽较高、孢子叶柄较为粗大、侧翼较发育、维管束较大、通气腔较发育的一端往往为远轴端，反之则为近轴端。 还讨论了无被果孢属一些构造的演化趋势： 1、孢子囊壁由简单向复杂或高度分化; 2、通气组织由不发达到高度特异化; 3、叶迹从微弱到显著，从简单到复杂; 4、败育大孢子从饱满到瘪缩，从表面平整到高度曲折，结构复杂化 5、大孢子四分体结合紧密度呈下降趋势

Sexual behavior in a one-male unit of Rhinopithecus bieti in captivity

Data regarding the sexual behavior of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) were collected in 1998 in a one-male unit in captivity by all-occurrences sampling during the mating season. Before the present study, little was known about the sexual behavior of this species. This study showed that female solicitation is mainly expressed as "prostration plus glancing laterally" (PG) or "sitting plus head moving up and down" (HM), and male solicitation is exhibited by the "grunt bared-teeth display." The mount-to-ejaculation ratio was 5.2 on average, and single-mount ejaculations (SMEs) were observed in only 4.4% of mounts on days with at least one ejaculation. Therefore, the main copulatory pattern of this species is multiple-mount ejaculation (MME). Females initiated 72% of 18 ejaculatory mounts. Females initiated more ejaculatory mounts than non-ejaculatory ones. In general, the patterns of sexual behavior in this species are similar to those reported for other Colobines. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Monitoring bioaccumulation and toxic effects of hexachlorobenzene using the polyurethane foam unit method in the microbial communities of the Fuhe River, Wuhan

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. Because of its resistance to degradation and mobility, HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial (protozoan in particular) communities in the Fuhe River, Wuhan, a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants, using the standardized polyurethane foam units (PFU) method. Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the Fuhe River in January and August 2006. The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64, and the microbial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88 mu g/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25 mu g/L HCB in August. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage, and the number of species and the diversity index of the protozoan communities. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB on the level of microbial communities.

QtUCP-A program for determining unit-cell parameters in electron diffraction experiments using double-tilt and rotation-tilt holders

A computer program, QtUCP, has been developed based on several well-established algorithms using GCC 4.0 and Qt (R) 4.0 (Open Source Edition) under Debian GNU/Linux 4.0r0. it can determine the unit-cell parameters from an electron diffraction tilt series obtained from both double-tilt and rotation-tilt holders. In this approach, two or more primitive cells of the reciprocal lattice are determined from experimental data, in the meantime, the measurement errors of the tilt angles are checked and minimized. Subsequently, the derived primitive cells are converted into the reduced form and then transformed into the reduced direct primitive cell. Finally all the patterns are indexed and the least-squares refinement is employed to obtain the optimized results of the lattice parameters. Finally, two examples are given to show the application of the program, one is based on the experiment, the other is from the simulation. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Wide-band underwater acoustic absorption based on locally resonant unit and interpenetrating network structure

The interpenetrating network structure provides an interesting avenue to novel materials. Locally resonant phononic crystal (LRPC) exhibits excellent sound attenuation performance based on the periodical arrangement of sound wave scatters. Combining the LRPC concept and interpenetrating network glassy structure, this paper has developed a new material which can achieve a wide band underwater strong acoustic absorption. Underwater absorption coefficients of different samples were measured by the pulse tube. Measurement results show that the new material possesses excellent underwater acoustic effects in a wide frequency range. Moreover, in order to investigate impacts of locally resonant units, some defects are introduced into the sample. The experimental result and the theoretical calculation both show that locally resonant units being connected to a network structure play an important role in achieving a wide band strong acoustic absorption.

An organic sensitizer with a fused dithienothiophene unit for efficient and stable dye-sensitized solar cells

We report a high molar extinction coefficient organic sensitizer for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. In combination with a solvent-free ionic liquid electrolyte, we have demonstrated a similar to 7% cell showing an excellent stability measured under the thermal and light soaking dual stress. This is expected to have an important practical consequence on the production of flexible, low-cost, and lightweight DSC based on plastic matrix.

Efficient white organic light-emitting diodes using europium complex as the red unit

Efficient white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) using europium complex as the red unit are presented. The WOLEDs were fabricated by using the structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/N, N'-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N, N'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB)/4,4-N, N-dicarbazolebiphenyl (CBP) : bis(2,4-diphenylquinolyl-N, C-2) iridium (acetylacetonate) ((PPQ)(2)Ir(acac)) : Eu (III) tris(thenoyltrifluoroacetone) 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Eu(TTA)(3)(Tmphen))/NPB/2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (MADN) : p-bis (p-N, N-di-phenyl-aminostyryl)benzene (DSA-Ph)/9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3)/LiF/Al.

Synthesis and Characterization of One-Dimensional and Molecular M(tren)InAsS4 (M = Mn, Co, and Zn) Compounds with a Noncondensed AsS33- Unit

Four transition-metal-amine complexes incorporating indium thioarsenates with the general formula M(tren)InAsS4 (M=Mn, Co, and Zn) and a noncondensed AsS33- unit have been prepared and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses show that compound 1 (M=Mn) crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system (space group: P (1) over bar) and consists of a one-dimensional (1D) inorganic (1)(infinity){[InAsS4](2-)} chain and [Mn(tren)](2+) groups bonded to the opposite sides of an eight-membered In2As2S4 ring along the backbone of the infinite inorganic chains. Compounds 2 (M=Mn), 3 (M=Zn), and 4 (M=Co) are isomorphous molecular compounds. They all crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system (space group: P2(1)/c). The Mn2+ cation of [Mn(tren)](2+) in 1 has a distorted octahedral environment, while the transition-metal cations of [M(tren)](2+) in the other three compounds locate in trigonal-bipyramidal environments.

The structural composite effect of Au-WO3-Al interconnecting electrode on performance of each unit in stacked OLEDs

In this article, we report the effects of the thickness of metal and oxide layers of the Al/WO3/Au interconnecting structure on the electrical and optical characteristics of the and bottom units of the two-unit stacked organic-light-emitting-devices (OLEDs). It is found that light emission performance of the upper unit is sensitive to the transmittance of semitransparent Al/WO3/Au structure, which can be improved by changing the thickness of each layer of the Al/WO3/Au structure. It is important to note that the introduction WO3 between Al and Au significantly enhances the current efficiency of both the upper and bottom units with respect to that of the corresponding Al/Au structure without WO3. In addition, the emission spectra of both the upper and bottom units are narrower than that of the control device due to microcavity effect. Our results indicate that the All WO3/Au interconnecting structure is a good candidate for fabricating independently controllable high efficiency stacked OLEDs.

Synthesis and properties of novel soluble polyimides having a spirobisindane-linked dianhydride unit

A new synthetic procedure was elaborated allowing the preparation of semiaromatic dianhydride. N-Methyl protected 4-chlorophthalic anhydride was nitrated with HNO3 to produce N-methyl-4-chloro-5-nitrophthalimide (1). The aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction between 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-1,1-spirobisindane and 1 afforded spirobisindane-linked bis(N-methylphthalimide) (2), which was hydrolyzed and subsequently dehydrated to give the corresponding dianhydride (3). The latter was polymerized with five different aromatic diamines to afford a series of aromatic polyimides. The properties of polyimides such as inherent viscosity, solubility, UV transparency and thermal stability were investigated to illustrate the contribution of the introduction of spirobisindane groups into the polyimide backbone. The resulting polyimides were readily soluble in polar solvents such as chloroform, THF and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The glass-transition temperatures of these polyimides were in the range of 254-292 degrees C. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus of the polyimide film were 68.8-106.6 MPa, 5.9-9.8%, 1.7-2.0 GPa, respectively. The polymer films were colorless and transparent with the absorption cutoff wavelength at 286-308 nm.

Tuning the energy level and photophysical and electroluminescent properties of heavy metal complexes by controlling the ligation of the metal with the carbon of the carbazole unit

Four novel Ir-III and Pt-II complexes with cyclometalated ligands bearing a carbazole framework are prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of complexes 1, 3, and 4 reveal that the 3- or 2-position C atom of the carbazole unit coordinates to the metal center. The difference in the ligation position results in significant shifts in the emission spectra with the changes in wavelength being 84 nm for the Ir complexes and 63 nm for the Pt complexes. The electrochemical behavior and photophysical properties of the complexes are investigated, and correlate well with the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Electroluminescent devices with a configuration of ITO/NPB/CBP:dopant/BCP/AlQ(3)/LiF/Al can attain very high efficiencies.

Carbon nanotubes and glucose oxidase bionanocomposite bridged by ionic liquid-like unit: Preparation and electrochemical properties

For their biocompatibility and potential bionanoelectronic applications, integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with biomolecules such as redox enzyme is highly anticipated. Therein, CNTs are expected to act not only as an electron transfer promoter, but also as immobilizing substrate for biomolecules. In this report, a novel method for immobilization of biomolecules on CNTs was proposed based on ionic interaction, which is of universality and widespread use in biological system. As illustrated, glucose oxidase (GOD) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were integrated into a unitary bionanocomposite by means of ionic liquid-like unit on functionalized SWNTs. The resulted bionanocomposite illustrated better redox response of immobilized GOD in comparison of that prepared by weak physical absorption without ionic interaction. As a potential application of concept, the electrochemical detection of glucose was exemplified based on this novel bionanocomposite.

Effect of copolymerized ethylene unit on the crystallization behavior of poly(propylene-co-ethylene)s

The crystallization behavior of two kinds of commercial poly(propylene-co-ethylene)s (PPE1, PPE2) with similar average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, isotacticity and copolymerized ethylene unit content and their fractions was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) techniques. The results indicate that the PPE1 isothermally crystallized films possess thicker and less cross-hatched lamellar structure than those of the PPE2. As for the fractionated samples, the thin films of low temperature (less than or equal to 90 degreesC) fractions (PPE1-80, PPE2-80) of both PPE1 and PPE2 exhibit similar crystallization behavior, while for the high temperature ( greater than or equal to 95 degreesC) fractions (PPE1-108, PPE2-108), the crystalline morphology has marked differences. Compared with PPE2-108, the PPE1-108 isothermally crystallized thin films possess thicker lamellae and less crosshatched lamellar structure, while for the fibrous crystal number, the former is less than that of the latter. The main reason to create the crystallization behavior differences between the two PPEs and their fractions is due to the effect of molecular chain structure, i.e. the different distribution of copolymerized ethylene unit in polypropylene chains.